MMP1, MMP9, and COX2 expressions in promonocytes are induced by breast cancer cells and correlate with collagen degradation, transformation-like morphological changes in MCF-10A acini, and tumor aggressiveness.

Tumor-associated immune cells often lack immune effector activities, and instead they present protumoral functions. To understand how tumors promote this immunological switch, invasive and noninvasive breast cancer cell (BRC) lines were cocultured with a promonocytic cell line in a Matrigel-based 3D system. We hypothesized that if communication exists between tumor and immune cells, coculturing would result in augmented expression of genes associated with tumor malignancy. Upregulation of proteases MMP1 and MMP9 and inflammatory COX2 genes was found likely in response to soluble factors. Interestingly, changes were more apparent in promonocytes and correlated with the aggressiveness of the BRC line. Increased gene expression was confirmed by collagen degradation assays and immunocytochemistry of prostaglandin 2, a product of COX2 activity. Untransformed MCF-10A cells were then used as a sensor of soluble factors with transformation-like capabilities, finding that acini formed in the presence of supernatants of the highly aggressive BRC/promonocyte cocultures often exhibited total loss of the normal architecture. These data support that tumor cells can modify immune cell gene expression and tumor aggressiveness may importantly reside in this capacity. Modeling interactions in the tumor stroma will allow the identification of genes useful as cancer prognostic markers and therapy targets.

Reacciones psicológicas de la mujer ante el diagnóstico de cáncer de mama / No disponible

En este trabajo pretendemos estudiar las reaccionesde la mujer tras recibir el diagnóstico de cáncer demama. Para ello, hemos tomado a aquellas pacientesmastetomizadas que nos consultaron por problemas psicológicosen relación a esta enfermedad y que siguieronun proceso de psicoterapia reglada. En este contexto tanparticular, donde se expresaron libre y espontáneamente,fue posible obtener numerosos enunciados referidosa las vicisitudes por las que pasaron.Se desveló que sus reacciones eran de carácter emocional(no sentimental) y que el contenido de éstasdependía del momento del diagnóstico en que se hallabany de la elaboración que hicieron, pasando por: preocupación,sorpresa, extrañamiento, miedo y hasta desbordamiento.Estas manifestaciones corrían paralelas ala necesidad de que la paciente tomara diversas decisionesen relación al tratamiento, para las cuáles evidentementeno se hallaba capacitada.Finalmente, descubrimos pacientes que mostraronespeciales dificultades en este proceso de asimilacióndebido a las características de su personalidad y, en estesentido, aislamos algunos rasgos especialmente problemáticos:omnipotencia, control, temor al cambio, inflexibilidad, etc(AU)

Our purpose is to study the reactions of women afterreceiving a diagnosis of breast cancer. We took a sampleof mastectomized women who consulted for psychologicalproblems related to the disease and followeda regular process of psychotherapy. In this context offree and spontaneous expression, numerous statementsabout the events that passed by was obtained.We found that the reactions were emotional in nature(not sentimental) and that the content of these dependedon the time of diagnosis going through several stages:concern, surprise, alienation, fear. these events dependedon the decisions to be taken in relation to treatmentfor which they were not capable.Finally we discovered some patients who had greatdifficulty in the process of assimilation due to personalitycharacteristics what allowed us to isolate the problematicfeatures: omnipotence, control, fear of change,inflexibility etc(AU)

Antibodies against recombinant heat shock proteins of 60 kDa from enterobacteria in the sera and synovial fluid of HLA-B27 positive ankylosing spondylitis patients.

OBJECTIVE: To study the association of HLA-B27 with IgG antibodies to different enterobacterial HSP60s in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). METHODS: IgG antibodies to 60 kDa enterobacterial HSPs were determined by ELISA in paired samples of sera and synovial fluid from 21 HLA-B27+ ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients; and in sera from 32 HLA-B27+ AS patients, 35 HLA-B27+ healthy relatives of AS patients, and 60 HLA-B27- healthy individuals with no family members with AS. RESULTS: HLA-B27+ patients and healthy individuals showed significantly higher IgG antibody levels to recombinant enterobacterial HSP60s than HLA-B27- healthy controls. The levels of anti-HSP60Sf and anti-HSP60Ec antibodies correlated with disease activity and anti-HSP60Ec antibodies with male gender. No association between enterobacterial HSP60 antibody levels and disease duration was observed. All groups had lower levels of IgG antibodies to rHSP60 from Streptococcus pyogenes (rHSP60 Spy). In paired samples of sera and synovial fluid from B27+ patients, IgG antibodies to enterobacterial HSP60s were detected, but in significantly higher levels in sera than in synovial fluid. The anti-rHSPSpy IgG response in these samples was lower and similar in the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: A correlation was found between HLA-B27 and the response to recombinat enterobacterial HSP60s. This response could be associated with disease activitir and gender in some proteins and the presence eof IgG antibodies to these proteins in synovial fluid could be associated with the inflammatory process and initiation of AS.

¿En qué consiste el "esquema L"? (Parte I) / What the "schema L" consists of? (Part I)

A lo largo de la obra de Lacan es común encontrar diferentes diagramas que pueden entenderse como intentos de formalizar ciertos aspectos de la teoría psicoanalítica; estos últimos deben quedar claros, al menos desde el punto de vista teórico, para poder actuar correctamente en el trabajo analítico. En esta ocasión, vamos a centrarnos en unos de ellos: el “esquema L”, cuya presentación se produce en unos de sus seminarios orales, dedicado a la posición del “yo” en la teoría de Freud y que captó la atención de facultativos y epecialistas de aquella época. En él su autor trabajaba, de un modo ciertamente original, el funcionamiento de las relaciones intersubjetivas en sus conexiones con el lenguaje. En la primera parte del trabajo, vamos a estudiar los componentes del “esquema L” y las dos relaciones fundamentales que se establecen entre ellos y que forman los ejes “imaginario” y “simbólico”. Lacan los considera en oposición, pues se interfieren mutuamente, de modo tal que el mensaje inconsciente queda interrumpido o cortocircuitado constatemente por la relación imaginaria, formada por el “yo” y su semejante, el “otro”

Along Lacan´s work it´s usual to find several diagrams that can be understood as an attempt to conceptualised some aspects of the psychoanalytic theory. The latter one must be clear, at least from de theoretical point of view, to be able to a properly psychoanalytic work. At this time, we are going to centred on one of them: schema L, whose presentation take place at one on Lacan´s seminar about the ego position in Freud´s theory and which catch the eye of specialist of that time. It´s also an original way of expound the performance of the inter-subjective relations in its connetion with the language. In the first part of this work we study the components of the “schema L” and two of the main relations among themselves that form the two axis: “imaginary” and “symbolic”. Lacan consider these to be in opposition since they interfere with each other so that the unconscious message is broken by the imaginary relation between the ego and its equal “the other”

El concepto del "yo" en el corpus freudolacaniano y sus consecuencias en la práctica clínica y psicoterapéutica / No disponible

Este trabajo se encuentra consagrado a dilucidar el papel del “yo” en las intervenciones tanto clínicas como psicoteraoéuticas con los pacientes. Partimos de la deformación que realizaron ciertas directrices teóricas que asentaron en suelo norteamericano, entre las que se encuentran los representantes de la Ego Psychology. Esta última se ha dedicado a entender al “yo” como elemento independiente del aparato psíquico, caracterizado por us autonomía funcional, sobre el que el psicoanalista tiene que apoyarse en la cura. Para tal fin, este promueve la identificación con su propia persona, consiguiendo finalmente la feliz adaptación del paciente a la sociedad. Tal propuesta es denunciada por Jacques Lacan, quien sostiene que un auténtico tratamiento analítico tiene que traspasar las fronteras del ego, haciendo emerger el deseo del paciente, lo cual coincide con la subversión planteada por Freud. Actuar conforme a los postulados del fundador del psicoanálisis conlleva el descubrimiento de la originalidad del sujeto, más allá de los ideales de adaptación norteamericanos

We try to dilucidate what role the ego play in either clinical or psychotherapeutic work with psychiatrics patients. We criticize here some theoretical guideline from North America as Ego Psychology. This last conceptualise the Ego as an element with functional autonomy of the psyche, on which the psychoanalyst support along the cure. All this finally leads the patient to identify on self with the therapist what is supposed to procure his social adapatation. Jacques Lacan disagree with this proposal since he maintains that tre true psychoanalytical treatment have to goes through the ego, coming out the subjects desire. This follows the really subversion laid by Freud. This procedure from psychoanalysis founder comes close to the originality of the subject beyond the North Americans´ ideals of adaptation

Estudio psicológico del personaje de Cyrano de Bergerac de Edmond Rostand / Psychological study of the character from Cyrano de Bergerac by Edmond Rostand

El trabajo que presentamos seguidamente trata dediscernir las características psicológicas de un personajede una obra literaria: Cyrano de Bergerac, que pertenecea la novela homónima, escrita en el s. XIX por EdmondRostand. Nuestro proceder sigue una serie de pasos biendefinidos: 1º) comienza haciendo una descripción delprotagonista, 2º) se establecen las conexiones internas,subjetivas, de los diferentes aspectos psicológicos halladosy 3º) se intenta filiar en una “estructura clínica”concreta a dicho personaje.La conclusión apunta a que nos encontramos ante unsujeto que, detrás de su brillante puesta en escena y suvalentía, alberga un gran miedo al acercamiento íntimoa la persona que ama. Para resolver el conflicto, va aemplear a un apuesto patán a quién va a dotar de suenorme ingenio formando, entre ambos, al hombre“perfecto”, el único capaz de despertar del deseo de laprotagonista. En el temor e inhibición de Cyrano descubrimosvarios componentes de gran interés: el miedo alrechazo debido a su “defecto” (la gran nariz), la búsquedade lo grandioso que le hace despreciar lo cotidiano ysu deseo de sentirse libre, junto a la incapacidad parasometerse a cualquier tipo de compromiso. La trama alcompleto se caracteriza por mostrar al lector una brillantepresentación de imágenes engañosas, en las quese ven envueltos los tres implicados y demuestra elpoder tan asombroso que poseen las imágenes para elser humano, aspecto en el que Lacan incidió acertadamente.Tal vez esto explique el éxito tan apabullanteque tuvo la obra cuando se estrenó en 1897

In the present work we try to identify psychologicalcharacteristics of a literature character. We’ve chosenCyrano de Bergerac, wrotten in the 19th century byEdmond Rostand. Our method of study takes definitesteps: 1) to describe the character 2) to make connectionsamong several subjective phychological characteristics.3) to include the character into some of the clinicalstructure.We consider Cyrano a man who shows great couragebut resting behind a fear of intimate relationship as aresult of the feeling of ugliness but also because of hisideal of perfection, and his incapacity of commitment.This make him use a handsome friend to get both togetherthe perfect image that his love Roxana desire. Sothree characters are involved in a play of false images.This all explain the powerful value of image accordingto J. Lacan theory

Cuerpo, corporalidad y esquema corporal en la mujer mastectomizada (I) / Body, corporality and body schema in mastectomized women (I)

En este artículo nuestra pretensión ha consistido en mostrar una investigación sobre las reacciones afectivas de las mujeres intervenidas de mastectomía, tras el diagnóstico de cáncer de mama. En la primera parte, presentamos diferentes aspectos psicológicos que creemos imprescindibles para, posteriormente, dedicarnos a mostrar los resultados. Nuestro punto de partida tiene que ver con que las reacciones postmastectomía no pueden entenderse si no analizamos previamente las experiencias referidas al cuerpo, un fenómeno que ya trató la psiquiatría clásica y que se muestra bastante complejo a la observación, pero que es necesario de analizar. De ahí que hayamos tenido que trabajar con las vivencias referidas al “cuerpo”, la “corporalidad” y el “esquema corporal” (EC), dividiendo este último en: “imagen corporal” de la que ya habló Schilder en 1923, y el “cuerpo simbólico”, algo que Lacan nos ha legado. Para terminar, añadimos un nuevo componente: el “esquema corporal sexuado” (ECS), en el que se muestran qué partes son valoradas positivamente y qué otras lo son negativamente dentro del EC. Esto nos induce a plantear una especie de mapa del ECS (m-ECS), donde se recogen partes representadas y no-representadas, provocando estas últimas un “agujero”

In this work we report our research on emotional response in mastectomized women following cancer breast diagnosis. First we consider the main psychological aspects involving the matter, to afterwards reach to their consequences, in the second part of this work. The starting point to be able to understand aftermastectomy emotional response lead us to study about the experience with respect to the body, a complex theme already studied by traditional psychiatry. It is necessary a distinction among different experiences from “corporality”, “body” and “body schema” and between “corporal image” by Schilder, and “symbolic body” according to Lacan theory. We last add a new component: “Sexualized body schema” that includes those parts of the body schema which are either positively or negatively valued. This lead us to pose a sort of sexualized body schema map where different body parts are either represented or notrepresented, resting therefore a “hole”

Cuerpo, corporalidad y esquema corporal en la mujer mastectomizada (II) / Body, corporality and body schema in mastectomized women (II)

En la segunda parte de este artículo, nuestra pretensión es analizar los diferentes sucesos psicológicos que tienen lugar en la mujer sometida a cirugía de mama, tras el diagnóstico de cáncer. Estos han sido tratados de acuerdo con el momento evolutivo por el que atraviesa la paciente. Las primeras etapas de diagnóstico y propuesta de intervención pusieron en escena al cuerpo, provocando miedo a la muerte y a la “fragmentación corporal” respectivamente. El postoperatorio reveló alteraciones en la corporalidad, en los primeros momentos, y del “esquema corporal”, posteriormente, en forma de extrañamiento o, incluso, vivencias de despersonalización. Después de estas etapas, surgen las “actitudes postmastectomía”, que se muestran de modo más persistente y que, muchas veces, requieren intervenciones psicológicas. Consisten estas en alteraciones del “esquema corporal sexuado” (ECS) en forma de pérdida de valor físico y personal, ausencia de deseo, temor al rechazo, retracción social, etc. No podemos olvidar que los efectos secundarios de los tratamientos prescritos (linfedema, alopecia,…) agravaron todo lo anterior, produciendo en algunos casos ideas de autolisis

In this second part of the work, our aim is to analyse the different psychological events that take place in mastectomized women after cancer breast diagnosis. These events have got a different treatment according to the progress point of every woman. First stages, when diagnosis and treatment proposal, stage the body, leading a fear of death and corporal fragmentation. The after surgery reveals corporality disorder at first and then body schema disorder as strangeness and depersonalization. After these stages, postmastectomy attitude arise and often remain too long so psychological attention is required. At this time we find sexualized body schema disorder as losing physique and personal value, a lack of desire, fear of rejection, social withdrawal, and so on. To remember that the side effects of breast cancer treatment makes worse all this and self-destruction ideas may arise

High levels of IgG class antibodies to recombinant HSP60 kDa of Yersinia enterocolitica in sera of patients with uveitis.

AIMS: To determine the levels of IgG class antibodies to recombinant heat shock protein 60 kDa of Yersinia enterocolitica (rHSP60Ye), Klebsiella pneumoniae (rHSP60Kp), Escherichia coli (rHSP60Ec), Shigella flexneri (rHSP60Sf), and Streptococcus pyogenes (rHSP60Sp) in the serum of patients with HLA-B27 associated acute anterior uveitis (HLA-B27 associated AAU), idiopathic acute anterior uveitis (idiopathic AAU), pars planitis, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH), and healthy subjects. METHODS: The genes that code for HSP60Ye, HSP60Kp, HSP60Ec, HSP60Sf, and HSP60Sp were cloned by PCR from genomic DNA. The rHSPs were purified by affinity using a Ni-NTA resin. The serum levels of IgG class antibodies to rHSP60s were determined by ELISA in patients with uveitis (n = 42) and in healthy subjects (n = 25). RESULTS: The majority of patients with uveitis had higher levels of IgG class antibodies to rHSP60Ye compared with levels of healthy subjects (p = 0.01), although these differences were only observed in the HLA-B27 associated AAU (p = 0.005) and in pars planitis patients (p = 0.001). The levels of IgG antibodies to the rHSP60Kp, rHSP60Sf, rHSP60Ec, and rHSP60Sp were similar in patients with uveitis and in healthy subjects (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that HSP60Ye could be involved in the aetiology of HLA-B27 associated AAU and pars planitis.

IgG antibodies to enterobacteria 60 kDa heat shock proteins in the sera of HLA-B27 positive ankylosing spondylitis patients.

OBJECTIVE: To study the association of HLA-B27 and the IgG response to the 60 kDa HSPs of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Yersinia enterocolitica, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. METHODS: IgG against the 60 kDa HSPs of enterobacteria was determined by ELISA in the sera from 49 HLA-B27+ ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients; 41 HLA-B27+ healthy relatives of AS patients and 101 HLA-B27-unrelated healthy individuals. RESULTS: HLA-B27+ patients and healthy individuals, showed significantly higher IgG antibody levels to the Klebsiella, Yersinia and Salmonella HSPs than HLA-B27- healthy controls. B27+ patients had a significantly higher response to E. coli HSP than the two other groups. IgG response anti-Shigella HSP was similar in the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: There is a relationship between HLA-B27 and the response to HSPs 60 from Klebsiella, Yersinia, Escherichia and Salmonella, that may be important in the initiation of AS.

Cellular immune response to Klebsiella pneumoniae antigens in patients with HLA-B27+ ankylosing spondylitis.

OBJECTIVE: To study the reactivity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and healthy controls to Klebsiella pneumoniae antigens and to the GroEL-like proteins from K. pneumoniae (HSP60Kp) and Mycobacterium leprae recombinant heat shock protein 65 (rHSP65Ml). METHODS: PBMC of 13 patients with AS and 9 with RA and 10 controls were stimulated in vitro by heat shock induced K. pneumoniae antigens in a cell blot assay, by insolubilized HSP60Kp, by cytosolic proteins (CP) from K. pneumoniae cultivated at 37 degrees C or 45 degrees C, by soluble HSP60Kp, or by rHSP65Ml. RESULTS: In the cell blot assay 7/13 AS and 3/9 RA patients responded to fraction 4, which contains mainly HSP60Kp, and no controls responded (AS vs. controls: p = 0.007). The response to the insolubilized HSP60Kp was positive in 6/13 AS patients but negative in RA patients and controls (p = 0.004). The response to CP45 degrees C was positive in 7/13 AS, in 2/9 RA, and no controls (AS vs controls: p<0.015). Response to the soluble HSP60Kp was found in 7/13 AS and 5/9 RA patients, but no controls (AS vs. controls: p = 0.0075). Response to rHSP65Ml was positive in 3/13 AS, 7/9 RA patients, and 1/10 controls (AS vs RA: p = 0.027; RA vs. controls: p = 0.005; AS vs. controls: nonsignificant). CONCLUSION: In PBMC of the majority of patients with AS and in some with RA, but not in healthy controls, there are cells that proliferate in the presence of HSP60 of K. pneumoniae.

Antibody response to nitrogenase-positive and -negative Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in juvenile-onset ankylosing spondylitis patients and their first degree relatives: lack of differential recognition of the bacterial nitrogenase.

In the search for the pathogenic consequences of the molecular mimicry between the Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogenase and the HLA-B27 antigen, sera from individuals belonging to 16 kindreds with juvenile-onset ankylosing spondylitis cases, were analyzed for antibodies against nitrogenase-positive and -negative K. pneumoniae whole bacterial extracts. An initial screening for nitrogenase producing K. pneumoniae strains was performed in 31 clinical isolates. The best nitrogenase producing strain was selected as well as a non producing one for immunoblot analysis using sera from 82 subjects, 55 HLA-B27 positive, of which 26 had some clinical manifestations. Even though electrophoretic patterns were different in both strains, there was no distinctive differential recognition of the 30-40 kDa proteins where the nitrogenase subcomponent which shares the sequence QTDRED with the HLA-B27 molecule is located. On the other hand, strong recognition of a protein of 60 kDa (p60Kp) was detected in 75% of HLA-B27 positive tested subjects independently of their clinical status. Studies on the nature of this protein and its participation in the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis are now in progress.