Modified frailty index as an indicator for outcomes, discharge status, and readmission after lower extremity bypass surgery for critical limb ischemia.

Frailty has been associated with poor postoperative outcomes. This study evaluated the 5-factor modified frailty index (mFI-5) to assess complications, mortality, discharge disposition, and readmission in patients undergoing lower extremity (LE) bypass for critical limb ischemia (CLI).The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program vascular module (2011-2017) was utilized to identify patients undergoing LE bypass for CLI. Adverse events included infectious complications, bleeding complications, prolonged ventilation, amputation, readmission, and death. Patients were divided into groups based on mFI-5 scores: mFI1 (0), mFI2 (0.2), mFI3 (0.4), and mFI4 (0.6-1). Data were analyzed using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel statistic for general association and multivariable logistic regression. About 11,530 patients undergoing bypass for CLI were identified (42% rest pain and 58% tissue loss; 23% mFI1, 31% mFI2, 27% mFI3, and 19% mFI4; 64% men and 36% women). An increase in mFI-5 was associated with higher 30-day mortality (mFI1 = 0.62%; mFI12 = 1.45%; mFI13 = 1.35%; and mFI14 = 3.09%; P < .0001). After adjustment for age, mFI4 was associated with increased mortality compared with mFI1 (odds ratio, 3.80; 95% confidence interval, 1.69-8.54). Increased mFI-5 was associated with bleeding complications, wound infections, urinary tract infections, prolonged ventilation, sepsis, unplanned reoperations, and discharge to nonhome destination (all P < .01). Compared with mFI1 (13.5%), mFI4 was associated with increased 30-day readmission (24.8%, P < .0001). In patients undergoing LE bypass for CLI, higher mFI-5 was associated with increased postoperative complications, in-hospital and 30-day mortality, nonhome discharge, and 30-day readmission. The mFI-5 as an easily calculated tool can identify patients at high risk for inferior outcomes. It should be incorporated into discharge planning after LE bypass for CLI.

Trends in management and outcomes of vascular emergencies in the nationwide inpatient sample.

Background: To evaluate trends in frequency, mortality and treatment for non-traumatic vascular emergencies (VE) in the US. Methods: VE in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2005-2014) were identified. ICD-9 CM diagnosis and procedures codes captured six common VE. Results: 228,210,504 emergency admissions with 317,396 procedures for VE were estimated. Mean age was 67.8 years and were primarily men (56.1 %; p < 0.0001). The commonest VE was Acute Limb Ischemia (ALI) (82.4 %) followed by ruptured AAA (10.8 %) and Acute Mesenteric Ischemia (4.71 %). VE increased from 132.8 per 100,000 admissions in 2005 to 153.6 in 2014 (p < 0.001), with mortality decrease for all VE (13.8 % vs. 9.1 %; p < 0.0001). Length of stay decreased (median 8 vs. 7 days; p < 0.0001) but cost of care increased (median $ 25,443 vs. $ 29,353; p < 0.0001). Endovascular treatment increased overall for VE from 23.7 % in 2005 to 37.2 % in 2014 (p < 0.0001). Hospital mortality for VE decreased overall, except ruptured thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm with mortality decrease with endovascular treatment (34.3 vs. 11.1; p = 0.04) and mortality increase with open treatment (44.7 vs. 47.6; p = 0.06). ALI overall mortality decreased from 8.1 % to 5.7 % (p < 0.0001) due to reduced open surgical mortality from 9.6 % to 7.4 % (p < 0.0001); endovascular mortality did not improve over time (4.0 % vs. 3.4 %; p = 0.45). Hospital mortality also increased for endovascular treatment of ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysm (rTAA) from 14.9 % to 27.4 % (p = 0.0003) during this period. Conclusions: VE frequency increased with a decrease in overall mortality over time. Overall hospital stay has decreased but with an increase in the cost of care. Open surgical mortality for VE has also decreased overall, suggesting perioperative care improvements, with the exception of ruptured thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm. Endovascular utilization for VE has significantly increased; associated with lower mortality for most VE, although an increase in hospital mortality after endovascular repair of rTAA was seen. This may be due to an increased implementation of endovascular repair for patients not previously eligible for surgery due to high risk. We recommend careful selection of patients for rTAA treatment as mortality has increased despite endovascular therapy and at an increased cost of care.

Contemporary trends and outcomes of thrombolytic therapy for acute lower extremity ischemia.

OBJECTIVE: Acute limb ischemia is a common vascular emergency requiring immediate intervention. Thrombolysis has been widely utilized for acute limb ischemia; the purpose of this study is to analyze contemporary trends, outcomes and complications of thrombolysis for acute limb ischemia. METHODS: Patients were identified from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2003-2013) using ICD-9. Patients undergoing emergency thrombolysis for acute limb ischemia were evaluated. Three groups were analyzed: thrombolysis alone, thrombolysis and endovascular procedure (T+ENDO), and failed thrombolysis requiring open surgery (T+OPEN). RESULTS: A total of 162,240 patients with acute limb ischemia were estimated: 33,615 patients (20.7%) underwent thrombolysis as the initial treatment. Mean age was 66.2 ± 34.9 years with 54% male. The utilization of thrombolysis increased significantly during the study period (16.8-24.2%, p < 0.0001). The most common group was thrombolysis and endovascular procedure (40.7%), followed by thrombolysis alone (34.1%), and T+OPEN (25.2%). Thrombolysis and endovascular procedure increased significantly over time (31.6-47.8%, p < 0.0001) whereas thrombolysis alone and T+OPEN significantly decreased (39.6-28.6% and 28.7-23.6%, respectively, p < 0.0001). Overall mortality was 4.9%; thrombolysis and endovascular procedure compared to thrombolysis alone and T-OPEN had a lower mortality rate (3.2% vs. 6.1% and 5.9%, p < 0001). The overall stroke rate was 1.9%; thrombolysis alone had the highest stroke rate (3.0%, p < 0.0001) with thrombolysis and endovascular procedure the lowest (1.2%) and T+OPEN 1.7%. The highest amputation rate was T+OPEN (11.6%, p < 0.001) compared to thrombolysis and endovascular procedure (5.1%) and thrombolysis alone (5.3%). T+OPEN had the highest incidence of cardiac (5.5%), respiratory (7.3%) and renal complications (12.5%), pneumonia (4.0%), and fasciotomy (16.8%) (all p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Thrombolysis remains an effective treatment for acute limb ischemia with increased utilization over time. There was a significant increase in thrombolysis and endovascular procedure leading to improved outcomes. Thrombolysis alone carried the highest mortality and stroke rate, with T+OPEN associated with the highest amputation and complications. Although thrombolysis is effective, 25% of patients required an open procedure suggesting that patient selection for thrombolysis first instead of open surgery continues to be a clinical challenge.

Impact of Patient Safety Indicators on readmission after abdominal aortic surgery.

Patient safety is a critical component of health-care quality and measures created by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) to identify hospitalizations with potentially preventable adverse events. This analysis evaluated whether Patient Safety Indicator (PSI) events after open surgical repair (OSR) or endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) were associated with increased risk of readmission. Patients undergoing elective repair of nonruptured AAA from 2009 to 2012 were selected in the Medicare Provider Analysis and Review files using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. To identify PSI events, we used the AHRQ PSI International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification numerator codes. Chi-square test, multivariable logistic regression analysis, nonparametric Wilcoxon rank sum test, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were used for statistics. A total of 66,923 patients undergoing elective AAA repair were evaluated: (1) 9,315 with OSR and (2) 57,608 with EVAR. The most frequent PSI events after OSR versus EVAR were postoperative respiratory failure (PSI, 11; 17.7% vs 1.8%; P < .0001); perioperative hemorrhage/hematoma (PSI, 9; 3.6% vs 2.6%; P < .0001); postoperative sepsis (PSI, 13; 3.5% vs 0.4%; P < .0001); accidental puncture or laceration (PSI, 15; 2.1% vs 0.6%; P < .0001); and postoperative acute kidney injury requiring dialysis (PSI, 10; 1.4% vs 0.2%; P < .0001). The overall 30-day readmission rate was 10.5%. The occurrence of any PSI event overall significantly increased 30-day readmission compared with no event cases (odds ratio [OR] = 1.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.57-1.86). Likelihood of 30-day readmission was greater for postoperative acute kidney injury requiring dialysis (OR = 1.66; 95% CI, 1.28-2.15), postoperative respiratory failure (OR = 1.36; 95% CI, 1.22-1.52), perioperative hemorrhage (OR = 1.34; 95% CI, 1.18-1.52), and postoperative pressure ulcer (OR = 2.88; 95% CI, 1.99-4.17). Occurrence of any PSI event was associated with an increased total hospital and intensive care unit length of stay and total hospital charges (all P < .001). In conclusion, AHRQ PSI events may be used to identify patients at the greatest risk for readmission after AAA repair. The risk for 30-day readmission was 71% higher when a PSI event occurred and was not associated with the type of repair. Minimizing preventable PSI events may be beneficial to reducing hospital readmissions after open and endovascular AAA repair and to improving hospital resource utilization.

Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities After Carotid Procedures.

BACKGROUND: Race has been associated with inferior outcomes after multiple procedures, but the association of socioeconomic status with procedures for cerebrovascular disease is not well established. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Elective carotid artery stenting (CAS) and carotid endarterectomy (CEA) procedures were identified in the National Inpatient Sample, 2012 to 2014. Median household income was estimated from patient ZIP codes. Chi-square and multivariable logistic regression analysis evaluated outcomes, accounting for age, race, gender, comorbidities, procedure, income, insurance, and hospital characteristics. RESULTS: We identified 234 825 carotid procedures (205 835 CEA and 28 990 CAS). Blacks and Hispanics were more likely to be among the lowest quartile income patients (LQIPs) compared to whites (53.5% and 38.7% vs 27.0%, respectively; P < .0002). Compared to highest income quartile patients, LQIP had lower rates of private insurance (16.3% vs 22.0%) and higher Medicaid use (4.7% vs 2.0%; all P < .0002). Lowest quartile income patients were more likely to receive CAS (odds ratio [OR] = 1.32, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.27-1.37), as were blacks and Hispanics (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.02-1.26; OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.24-1.40, respectively). In multivariable regression, postoperative stroke was associated with LQIP, black race, and Hispanic ethnicity (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.06-1.28; OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.33-1.73; OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.24-1.64, respectively). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that whites also had higher odds of stroke in the lower income quartile (OR = 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1-1.4). Mortality was associated with LQIP (OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.2-2.1), black race (OR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.4-2.5), and CAS (OR = 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1-1.6). Length of stay in the lowest income quartile was longer than in patients with the highest income ( P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Race was associated with increased hospital mortality, postoperative stroke, and overall complications after carotid procedures. Lower income was significantly associated with increased stroke and mortality irrespective of race. Disparate utilization and outcomes for carotid procedures are multifactorial. Efforts to reduce disparities will need to focus on race and other socioeconomic factors.

Injury patterns and outcomes in late middle age (55-65): The intersecting comorbidity with high-risk activity - A retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Late middle age (LMA), is a watershed between youth and old age, with unique physical and social changes and declines in vitality, but a desire to remain active despite increasing comorbidity. While post-injury outcomes in the elderly are well studied, little is known regarding LMA patients. We analyzed the injured LMA population admitted to a rural, regional Level 1 Trauma Center relative to outcomes for both younger and older patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our registry was queried retrospectively for patients admitted 7/2008- 12/2015; they were divided into three cohorts: 18-54, 55-65, and >65 years. Demographics, injury details, comorbidities, and outcomes were compiled and compared using ANOVA and Chi-square; p < 0.05 was significant. RESULTS: During the study period, 10,543 were admitted; 1419 (14%) were LMA who experienced overall injury mechanisms, severities and patterns that mirrored the younger cohort. However comorbidity rates were high (56.4%) and comparable to the elderly. LMA patients had the highest rates of alcohol abuse, morbid obesity, and psychiatric illness (p < 0.0001) and suffered the poorest outcomes: highest complications and hospital charges, and longest ICU and hospital LOS. LMA mortality (4.1%) was 41% higher than younger patients (2.9%; p < 0.02) and similar to the older cohort (4.7%; p = 0.32). CONCLUSIONS: The LMA population has similar mechanisms and injury patterns to younger patients, while exhibiting comorbidity rates similar to the elderly. High-energy injuries exact a greater toll in LMA with poorer outcomes and greater resource utilization. Targeted outreach for injury prevention, and future studies, are needed to address high-risk behavior, substance abuse, and societal contributors.

Diabetes control decreases morbidity and mortality after carotid endarterectomy.

BACKGROUND: Single-institution studies have demonstrated a negative effect of diabetes mellitus on outcomes after carotid endarterectomy (CEA). The aim of this study was to compare patients with explicitly controlled and uncontrolled diabetes at the population level. METHODS: Using the National Inpatient Sample 2006-2013, we selected patients undergoing CEA. Rates of stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), and hospital mortality, as well as duration of stay and cost were compared among patients with uncontrolled diabetes (UCDM), well-controlled diabetes (WCDM), and those without diabetes (NDM). RESULTS: We reviewed data from 614,190 patients undergoing CEA. Patients with UCDM, compared with those with WCDM and NDM, had higher rates of stroke (3.27%, 0.93%, and 0.94%, respectively; P < .0001), MI (3.35%, 1.10%, and 0.87%, respectively; P < .0001), and higher hospital mortality (1.43%, 0.25%, and 0.27%, respectively; P < .0001). On multivariate analysis, patients with UCDM compared with WCDM were more likely to develop stroke (odds ratio[OR], 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23-1.71), and MI (OR, 2.26; 95% CI, 1.96-2.60) and were more likely to die (OR, 2.74; 95% CI, 2.19-3.42). Patients with WCDM compared with patients without diabetes had similar likelihoods of stroke (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.90-1.02) and MI (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.98-1.10) but were actually less likely to die (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.76-0.95). CONCLUSION: Patients with uncontrolled diabetes had poorer outcomes after CEA than those with controlled diabetes, whose outcomes were comparable to if not better than individuals without diabetes.

Use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and freedom from amputation after lower extremity revascularization.

OBJECTIVE: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) have not been well evaluated in conjunction with lower extremity revascularization (LER). This study evaluated freedom from amputation in patients who underwent either an open (OPEN) or endovascular (ENDO) revascularization with and without utilization of an ACEI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who underwent LER were identified from 2007-2008 Medicare Provider Analysis and Review files. Demographics, comorbidities, and disease severity were obtained. Post-procedural use of an ACEI was confirmed using combining them with National Drug Codes and Part D Files. Outcomes were analyzed using chi-square analysis, Kaplan-Meier test, and Cox regression. RESULTS: We identified 22,954 patients who underwent LER: 8,128 (35.4%) patients with claudication, 3,056 (13.3%) with rest pain, and 11,770 (51.3%) with ulceration or gangrene. More patients underwent ENDO (14,353) than OPEN (8,601) revascularization and 38% of the cohort was taking an ACEI. Overall, ACEI utilization compared to patients not taking ACEI was not associated with lower amputation rates at 30 days (13.5% vs. 12.6%), 90 days (17.7% vs. 17.1%), or 1 year (23.9% vs. 22.8%) (P>0.05 for all). After adjustment for comorbidities, ACEI utilization was associated with higher amputation rates for patients with rest pain (hazard ratio: 1.4; 95% confidence interval: 1.1-1.8). CONCLUSION: ACEI utilization was not associated with overall improved rates of amputation-free survival or overall survival in the vascular surgery population. However, an important finding of this study was that patients presenting with a diagnosis of rest pain and taking an ACEI who underwent a LER had statistically higher amputation rates and a lower amputation-free survival at 1 year. Further analysis is needed to delineate best medical management for patients with critical limb ischemia and taking ACEI who undergo vascular revascularization.

Outcomes after Motor Vehicle Trauma: Transfers to Level I Trauma Centers Compared with Direct Admissions.

BACKGROUND: The multilevel designation system given to U.S. trauma centers has proven useful in providing injury-level-appropriate care and guiding field triage. Despite the system, patients are often transferred to Level I trauma centers for higher-level care/specialized services. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to assess whether there is a difference in outcomes of patients transferred to Level I centers compared with direct admissions. METHODS: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was queried to identify patients involved in motor vehicle accidents, using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification E-codes. Patients that were admitted to Level I trauma centers were identified using American College of Surgeons or American Trauma Society designations. RESULTS: There were 343,868 patients that met inclusion criteria. Of these patients, 29.2% (100,297) were admitted to Level I trauma centers, 5.7% (5691) of which were identified as trauma transfers. The lead admitting diagnosis for transfers was pelvic fracture (11.5%). Caucasians were 2.62 times as likely to be transferred as African-Americans (confidence interval 2.32-2.97), and 3.71 times as likely as Hispanics (confidence interval 3.25-4.23). Despite transfer patients having higher adjusted severity scores and higher adjusted risk of mortality, there were no differences in mortality (p = 0.95). CONCLUSIONS: Nationally, trauma transfers do not have an increase in mortality when compared with directly admitted patients, despite a higher adjusted severity of illness and higher adjusted risk of mortality.

A contemporary evaluation of carotid endarterectomy outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease in the United States.

Objectives Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been identified as a significant risk factor for poor post-surgical outcomes. This study was designed to provide a contemporary analysis of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) outcomes in patients with CKD, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and normal renal function (NF). Methods The Nationwide Inpatient Sample data 2006-2012 was queried to select patients aging 40 years old and above who underwent CEA during two days after admission and had a diagnosis of ESRD on long-term hemodialysis, patients with non-dialysis-dependent CKD, or NF. Patients with acute renal failure were excluded. We subsequently compared procedure outcomes and hospital resource utilization in these patients. Results Totally 573,723 CEA procedures were estimated: 4801 (ESRD)' 32,988 (CKD)' and 535,934 (NF). Mean age was 71.0 years, 57.7% were males, and 73.7% were white. Overall hospital mortality was 0.20%: 0.69% (ESRD), 0.35% (CKD), and 0.19% (NF), p < 0.0005 between groups. The overall stroke rate was 1.6%: 1.8% (ESRD), 2.0% (CKD), and 1.6% (NF). Comparing NF to CKD there was a significant difference: p < 0.0001. For CKD patients, compared to NF patients, there was an increased risk in cardiac complications (odds ratio = 1.2; 95% CI 1.15-1.32), respiratory complications (odds ratio = 1.2; 95% CI 1.15-1.32), and stroke (odds ratio = 1.1; 95% CI 1.04-1.23). For ESRD patients compared to NF patients there was an increased risk in respiratory complications (odds ratio = 1.3; 95% CI 1.08-1.47) and sepsis (odds ratio = 4.4; 95% CI 3.23-5.94). Mean length of stay and cost were: 2.8 d and $13,903 (ESRD), 2.2 d and $12,057 (CKD), and 1.8 d and $10,130 (NF), all p < 0.0001. Conclusions Patients with ESRD undergoing CEA had an increased risk of respiratory and septic complications, but not a higher risk of stroke compared to patients with normal renal function. The greatest risks of postoperative stroke, respiratory, and cardiac complications were found in patients with CKD. A diagnosis of ESRD and CKD were both found to significantly increase hospital mortality, length of stay and cost. Where clinicians typically consider ESRD patients the highest risk for CEA, further consideration should be given to patients with CKD not yet on dialysis as they had the higher risk of cardiac complications and stroke compared to the others evaluated.

A comparison of initial lactate and initial base deficit as predictors of mortality after severe blunt trauma.

BACKGROUND: After injury, base deficit (BD) and lactate are common measures of shock. Lactate directly measures anaerobic byproducts, whereas BD is calculated and multifactorial. Although recent studies suggest superiority for lactate in predicting mortality, most were small or analyzed populations with heterogeneous injury severity. Our objective was to compare initial BD with lactate as predictors of inhospital mortality in a large cohort of blunt trauma patients all presenting with hemorrhagic shock. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Glue Grant multicenter prospective cohort database was queried; demographic, injury, and physiologic parameters were compiled. Survivors, early deaths (≤24 h), and late deaths were compared. Profound shock (lactate ≥ 4 mmol/L) and severe traumatic brain injury subgroups were identified a priori. Chi-square, t-test, and analysis of variance were used as appropriate for analysis. Multivariable logistic regression and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis assessed survival predictors. P < 0.05 was significant. RESULTS: A total of 1829 patients met inclusion; 289 (15.8%) died. Both BD and lactate were higher for nonsurvivors (P < 0.00001). After multivariable regression, both lactate (odds ratio [OR] 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12-1.23; P < 0.00001) and BD (OR 1.04; 95% CI: 1.01-1.07; P < 0.005) predicted overall mortality. However, when excluding early deaths (n = 77), only lactate (OR 1.12 95% CI: 1.06-1.19; P < 0.0001) remained predictive but not BD (OR 1.00 95% CI: 0.97-1.04; P = 0.89). For the shock subgroup, (n = 915), results were similar with lactate, but not BD, predicting both early and late deaths. Findings also appear independent of traumatic brain injury severity. CONCLUSIONS: After severe blunt trauma, initial lactate better predicts inhospital mortality than initial BD. Initial BD does not predict mortality for patients who survive >24 h.

Carotid artery dissection and motor vehicle trauma: patient demographics, associated injuries and impact of treatment on cost and length of stay.

BACKGROUND: Blunt carotid arterial injury (BCI) is a rare injury associated with motor vehicle collision (MVC). There are few population based analyses evaluating carotid injury associated with blunt trauma and their associated injuries as well as outcomes. METHODS: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) 2003-2010 data was queried to identify patients after MVC who had documented BCI during their hospitalizations utilizing ICD-9-CM codes. Demographics, associated injuries, interventions performed, length of stay, and cost were evaluated. RESULTS: 1,686,867 patients were estimated having sustained MVC; 1,168 BCI were estimated. No patients with BCI had open repair, 4.24 % had a carotid artery stent (CAS), and 95.76 % of patients had no operative intervention. Age groups associated with BCI were: 18-24 (27.8 %), 47-60 (22.3 %), 35-46 (20.6 %), 25-34 (19.1 %), >61 (10.2 %). Associated injuries included long bone fractures (28.5 %), stroke and intracranial hemorrhage (28.5 %), cranial injuries (25.6 %), thoracic injuries (23.6 %), cervical fractures (21.8 %), facial fractures (19.9 %), skull fractures (18.8 %), pelvic fractures (18.5 %), hepatic (13.3 %) and splenic (9.2 %) injuries. Complications included respiratory (44.2 %), bleeding (16.1 %), urinary tract infections (8.9 %), and sepsis (4.9 %). Overall mortality was 14.1 % without differences with regard to intervention (18.5 % vs. 13.9 %; P = 0.36). Stroke and intracranial hemorrhage was associated with a 2.7 times greater risk of mortality. Mean length of stay for patients with BCI undergoing stenting compared to no intervention were similar (13.1 days vs. 15.9 days) but had a greater mean cost ($83,030 vs. $63,200, p = 0.3). CONCLUSION: BCI is a rare injury associated with MVC, most frequently reported in younger patients. Frequently associated injuries were long bone fractures, stroke and intracranial hemorrhage, thoracic injuries, and pelvic fractures which are likely associated with the force/mechanism of injury. The majority of patients were treated without intervention, but when CAS was utilized, it did not impact mortality and trended toward increased costs.

Impact of transfer distance and time on rural brain injury outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: After rural injury, evaluation at local hospitals with transfer to regional trauma centres may delay definitive care. This study sought to determine the impact of such delays on outcomes in patients with TBI within a mature regional trauma system. METHODS: The ETMC Level 1 Trauma registry was queried from 2008-2013 for patients with blunt TBI, aged ≥ 18 and admitted ≤ 24 hours from injury and stratified them as 'transfer' vs 'direct' admission. Demographics, transfer distance, transfer times and outcomes were compared using Chi-square, t-test and multivariable logistic regression; p < 0.05 was significant. RESULTS: During the study period, 1845 patients met inclusion criteria: 947 'direct' and 898 'transfers'. For transfers, median distance was 60.1 miles; mean time to initial care was 1.2 ± 2.7 hours and time to Level 1 care was 5.0 ± 2.4 hours. Transfer patients were older (56 vs 49 years; p < 0.01) and had more comorbidities, but had lower mean ISS (15.9 vs 18.8; p < 0.01) and lower mortality (7.0 vs 10.3%; p < 0.03), complications and LOS. Neurosurgical intervention was comparable (p = 0.88), as was mortality for patients with ISS ≥ 15 (12.4% vs 14.8%; p = 0.28). After regression analysis, advanced age and increasing ISS, not distance or time, predicted mortality. CONCLUSION: Neither transfer distance nor time independently contributed to mortality for TBI after rural injury. An established regional trauma system, with initial local stabilization using ATLS principles, may help reduce negative outcomes for injured patients in rural settings.

Effect of Uncontrolled Diabetes on Outcomes After Cystectomy in Patients With Bladder Cancer: A Population-Based Study.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the complications, mortality, hospital length of stay (LOS), and cost for patients with diabetes undergoing radical cystectomy (RC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were extracted from the National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample for 2001 to 2012 using the "International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification" codes for patients with uncontrolled diabetes (UD) (patients with diabetes receiving treatment that did not keep the blood glucose at acceptable levels) and controlled diabetes (CD) (patients with diabetes not otherwise stated as uncontrolled) who had undergone RC. χ2 and Wilcoxon rank sum tests and multivariable regression analysis were used for statistics. The LOS and cost are presented as the median and interquartile range. RESULTS: In the present study, 989 patients had UD, 15,693 CD, and 73,603 had no diabetes (ND). Postoperative complications were significantly more common in the UD group (73%) than in the CD (51%) and ND (52%) groups (P < .0001). On multivariable analysis, the UD group were more likely than the CD group to have any complication (odds ratio [OR], 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0-2.7), including renal (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.8-2.4) and infectious (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 2.3-3.1) complications. Patients with UD were also 4.3 times (95% CI, 3.1-5.8) more likely to die after surgery than were patients with CD. The ND group was slightly more likely than the CD group to experience any complication (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.09-1.17) and death (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.4-1.8). The LOS and cost for UD patients were greater than for CD patients. On multivariable analysis, UD patients had a 30% increase in LOS and 23% increase in cost (P < .0001). CONCLUSION: The findings from the present study have demonstrated an increase in post-RC complications rates, hospital mortality, and hospital resource usage for patients with UD undergoing RC. UD might be a modifiable preoperative risk factor for post-RC morbidity and mortality. Further studies are needed to validate this association.

Endovascular Repair for Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms has Improved Outcomes Compared to Open Surgical Repair.

INTRODUCTION: Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (rAAA) remains a critical diagnosis, and research is needed to address outcomes following surgical repair. The purpose of this study was to compare nationwide outcomes for patients who received either endovascular repair (EVAR) or open surgical repair (OSAR) for rAAA. METHODS: The Medicare Provider Analysis and Review file from 2005 to 2009 was used to identify patients diagnosed with rAAA and treated with either EVAR or OSAR. Those patients with both procedures were excluded. Primary outcomes included mortality, postoperative complications, and readmission rates. Secondary outcomes included hospital resource utilization and length of stay (LOS). RESULTS: A total of 8480 patients with rAAA who underwent EVAR (n = 1939) or OSAR (n = 6541) were identified. On multivariate regression, the likelihood of dying in the hospital after OSAR compared to EVAR was significantly greater (odds ratio [OR] = 1.95; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.74-2.18). There was significantly greater frequency of postoperative complications after OSAR compared to EVAR (OR = 2.1, 95%CI = 1.86-2.37, P < .0001). Freedom from readmission after OSAR was significantly greater than that after EVAR. Total hospital cost for all services after EVAR was greater than that after OSAR (US$100 875 vs US$89 035; P < .0001), but intensive care unit (ICU) cost for EVAR was significantly less than that for OSAR (US$5516 vs US$8600; P < .0001). Total hospital and ICU LOS were shorter in EVAR compared to OSAR (P < .0001 for both). DISCUSSION: EVAR for rAAA has shown mortality benefits over OSAR as well as reduced ICU and total LOS. This data suggest EVAR is associated with a greater survival benefit, fewer postoperative complications, and may help improve hospital resource utilization.

FabAV antivenin use after copperhead snakebite: clinically indicated or knee-jerk reaction?

BACKGROUND: Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab (Ovine) (FabAV) antivenin is commonly recommended after pit viper snakebites. Because copperhead envenomations are usually self-limited, some physicians are reluctant to use this costly treatment routinely, while others follow a more liberal approach. We hypothesized that, in practice, only patients with evidence of significant (moderate or severe) copperhead envenomation [those with snakebite severity score (SSS) > 3] receive FabAV and examined a large cohort to determine the relationship between clinical findings and FabAV administration. METHODS: All data from patients evaluated for copperhead snakebite at a rural tertiary referral center from 5/2002 to 10/2013 were compiled. Demographics, transfer status, antivenin use, and clinical findings were collected; SSS was calculated. The relationships among FabAV use, clinical findings, and SSS were analyzed using t-test, chi-square, and Pearson's coefficient (p < 0.05 was significant). RESULTS: During the study period, 318 patients were treated for copperhead snakebite; 44 (13.8 %) received antivenin. Median dose was four vials (range: 1-10; IQR: 4,6). There were no deaths. Most patients receiving FabAV (63.6 %) were admitted. With regard to demographics and symptoms, only the degree of swelling (moderate vs. none/mild; p < 0.01) and bite location (hand/arm vs. leg: p < 0.0001) were associated with FabAV use. A SSS > 3, indicating moderate or severe envenomation, was only very weakly correlated with antivenin use (r = 0.217; p < 0.0001). The majority of patients with SSS > 3 (65.8 %) did not receive antivenin while most patients who did receive antivenin (70.5 %) had SSS ≤ 3 (indicating mild envenomation). CONCLUSIONS: Considerable variation occurs in antivenin administration after copperhead snakebite. Use of FabAV appears poorly correlated with patients' symptoms. This practice may expose patients to the risks of antivenin and increasing costs of medical care without improving outcomes. Guidelines used for treating other pit viper strikes, such as rattlesnake or cottonmouth snakebite may be too liberal for copperhead envenomations. Our data suggests that most patients with mild or moderate envenomation appear to do well independent of FabAV use. We suggest, for patients with copperhead snakebite, that consideration be given to withholding FabAV for those without clinical evidence of severe envenomation until prospective randomized data are available.

FabAV antivenin use after copperhead snakebite: clinically indicated or knee-jerk reaction?

Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab (Ovine) (FabAV) antivenin is commonly recommended after pit viper snakebites. Because copperhead envenomations are usually self-limited, some physicians are reluctant to use this costly treatment routinely, while others follow a more liberal approach. We hypothesized that, in practice, only patients with evidence of significant (moderate or severe) copperhead envenomation [those with snakebite severity score (SSS) > 3] receive FabAV and examined a large cohort to determine the relationship between clinical findings and FabAV administration. Methods All data from patients evaluated for copperhead snakebite at a rural tertiary referral center from 5/2002 to 10/2013 were compiled. Demographics, transfer status, antivenin use, and clinical findings were collected; SSS was calculated. The relationships among FabAV use, clinical findings, and SSS were analyzed using t-test, chi-square, and Pearsons coefficient (p 0.05 was significant). Results During the study period, 318 patients were treated for copperhead snakebite; 44 (13.8 %) received antivenin. Median dose was four vials (range: 110; IQR: 4,6). There were no deaths. Most patients receiving FabAV (63.6 %) were admitted. With regard to demographics and symptoms, only the degree of swelling (moderate vs. none/mild; p 0.01) and bite location (hand/arm vs. leg: p 0.0001) were associated with FabAV use. A SSS > 3, indicating moderate or severe envenomation, was only very weakly correlated with antivenin use (r = 0.217;p 0.0001). The majority of patients with SSS > 3 (65.8 %) did not receive antivenin while most patients who did receive antivenin (70.5 %) had SSS 3 (indicating mild envenomation). Conclusions Considerable variation occurs in antivenin administration after copperhead snakebite. Use of FabAV appears poorly correlated with patients symptoms. This practice may expose patients to the risks of antivenin and increasing costs of medical care without improving outcomes. Guidelines used for treating other pit viper strikes, such as rattlesnake or cottonmouth snakebite may be too liberal for copperhead envenomations. Our data suggests that most patients with mild or moderate envenomation appear to do well independent of FabAV use. We suggest, for patients with copperhead snakebite, that consideration be given to withholding FabAV for those without clinical evidence of severe envenomation until prospective randomized data are available.

FabAV antivenin use after copperhead snakebite: clinically indicated or knee-jerk reaction?

Abstract Background Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab (Ovine) (FabAV) antivenin is commonly recommended after pit viper snakebites. Because copperhead envenomations are usually self-limited, some physicians are reluctant to use this costly treatment routinely, while others follow a more liberal approach. We hypothesized that, in practice, only patients with evidence of significant (moderate or severe) copperhead envenomation [those with snakebite severity score (SSS) > 3] receive FabAV and examined a large cohort to determine the relationship between clinical findings and FabAV administration. Methods All data from patients evaluated for copperhead snakebite at a rural tertiary referral center from 5/2002 to 10/2013 were compiled. Demographics, transfer status, antivenin use, and clinical findings were collected; SSS was calculated. The relationships among FabAV use, clinical findings, and SSS were analyzed using t-test, chi-square, and Pearson’s coefficient (p < 0.05 was significant). Results During the study period, 318 patients were treated for copperhead snakebite; 44 (13.8 %) received antivenin. Median dose was four vials (range: 1–10; IQR: 4,6). There were no deaths. Most patients receiving FabAV (63.6 %) were admitted. With regard to demographics and symptoms, only the degree of swelling (moderate vs. none/mild; p < 0.01) and bite location (hand/arm vs. leg: p < 0.0001) were associated with FabAV use. A SSS > 3, indicating moderate or severe envenomation, was only very weakly correlated with antivenin use (r = 0.217;p < 0.0001). The majority of patients with SSS > 3 (65.8 %) did not receive antivenin while most patients who did receive antivenin (70.5 %) had SSS ≤ 3 (indicating mild envenomation). Conclusions Considerable variation occurs in antivenin administration after copperhead snakebite. Use of FabAV appears poorly correlated with patients’ symptoms. This practice may expose patients to the risks of antivenin and increasing costs of medical care without improving outcomes. Guidelines used for treating other pit viper strikes, such as rattlesnake or cottonmouth snakebite may be too liberal for copperhead envenomations. Our data suggests that most patients with mild or moderate envenomation appear to do well independent of FabAV use. We suggest, for patients with copperhead snakebite, that consideration be given to withholding FabAV for those without clinical evidence of severe envenomation until prospective randomized data are available.

Diverticulitis Outcomes are Equivalent Between Level 1 Trauma Centers and Community Hospitals in New Jersey.

Traditionally, general surgeons provide emergency general surgery (EGS) coverage by assigned call. The acute care surgery (ACS) model is new and remains confined mostly to academic centers. Some argue that in busy trauma centers, on-call trauma surgeons may be unable to also care for EGS patients. In New Jersey, all three Level 1 Trauma Centers (L1TC) have provided ACS services for many years. Analyzing NJ state inpatient data, we sought to determine whether outcomes in one common surgical illness, diverticulitis, have been different between L1TC and nontrauma centers (NTC) over a 10-year period. The NJ Medical Database was queried for patients aged 18 to 90 hospitalized from 2001 to 2010 for acute diverticulitis. Demographics, comorbidities, operative rates, and mortality were compiled and analyzed comparing L1TC to NTC. For additional comparison between L1TC and NTC, 1:1 propensity score matching with replacement was accomplished. χ(2), t test, and Cochran-Armitage trend test were used. From 2001 to 2010, 88794 patients were treated in NJ for diverticulitis. 2621 patients (2.95%) were treated at L1TCs. Operative rates were similar between hospital types. Patients treated at L1TCs were more often younger (63.1 ± 0.3 vs 64.7 ± 0.1; P < 0.001), nonwhite (43.1% vs 23.1%; P < 0.0001), and uninsured (11.0% vs 5.5%; P < 0.0001). After propensity matching, neither operative mortality (9.7% vs 7.9% P = 0.45), nor nonoperative mortality (1.2% vs 1.3% P = 0.60) were different between groups. Mortality and operative rates for patients with acute diverticulitis are equivalent between LT1C and NTC in NJ. Trauma centers in NJ more commonly provide care to minority and uninsured patients.

Regional Cost Variations of Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy Compared With Open Radical Prostatectomy.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the cost differences between robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) and open radical prostatectomy (ORP) in various census regions of the United States because RARP has been reported to be more expensive than ORP with significant regional cost variations in radical prostatectomy (RP) cost across the United States. PATIENTS AND METHODS: International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes were used to identify patients with prostate cancer who underwent RARP or ORP from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2009 to 2011. Hospital costs were compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum test and multivariable linear regression analysis adjusting for age, sex, race, comorbidities, and hospital characteristics. RESULTS: From the NIS database, 24,636 RARP and 13,590 ORP procedures were identified and evaluated. The lowest cost overall was in the South; the highest cost RARP was in the West and for ORP in the Northeast. In multivariable analysis, adjusted according to patient and hospital characteristics, RARP was 43.3% more costly in the Midwest, 37.2% more costly in the South, and 39.1% more costly in the West (P < .0001 for all). In contrast, the cost for RARP in the Northeast was 12.8% less than for ORP (P < .0001). CONCLUSION: Cost for RP significantly varies within the nation and in most regions it is significantly greater for RARP than for ORP. ORP in the Northeast is more costly than RARP. Further research is needed to delineate the reason for these differences and to optimize the cost of RP.