Combined Preconditioning Reduces the Negative Influence of Cerebral Ischemia on the Morphofunctional Condition of CNS.

We studied the influence of combined preconditioning (compound pQ-4 and moderate hypoxia) on morphometrical parameters of neuronal populations in hippocampal fields CA1 and CA3 in rats after bilateral ligation of the common carotid artery. Preconditioning produced a neuroprotective effect, improved survival of pyramidal neurons in the early and delayed periods of modeled ischemia, prevented the formation of necrotic and apoptotic neurons and hyperactivation of microglia, and protected endotheliocytes. The positive influence of preconditioning factors on the morphometric parameters of the brain under ischemic conditions agrees with the results of behavioral tests (open field and elevated plus maze) that demonstrated increased locomotor activity and exploratory behavior of animals.

[Abnormal gut microbiota-induced hypoestrogenemia as a possible risk factor for malignancy in endometrioid heterotopia]. / Gipoéstrogenemiia, vyzvannaia narusheniem kishechnoi mikrobioty, kak vozmozhnyi faktor riska malignizatsii éndometrioidnoi geterotopii.

This paper reveals the pathogenetic impact of the abnormal gut microbiota on the development of female reproductive system diseases. A dynamic imbalance between the altered microbiota and the macroorganism has many manifestations as hormonal homeostatic disorders, one of which is dysbiosis-induced hypoestrogenemia. Using endometrioid heterotopia as an example, the authors trace the possibility of its progression and malignancy due to the occurrence of primary breakdown of the PTEN tumor-suppressor gene with subsequent genetic abnormalities in the ARID1A and TP53 genes. PTEN mutation in both endometriosis itself and its malignancy indicates that dysbiosis-induced hypoestrogenemia may be implicated in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Thus, the relationship between female reproductive system diseases and gut microbiome disorders may be more significant; and the possibility of correcting the gut microbiota with prebiotics and probiotics opens new horizons not only in the prevention, but also in the treatment of many gynecological diseases associated with hormone disorders.

[Nitrogen and oxygen levels in placenta - a predictor for retinopathy of prematurity]. / Uroven' azota i kisloroda v veshchestve platsenty - prediktor razvitiia retinopatii nedonoshennykh.

PURPOSE: To study the distribution of chemical elements in the placenta of pregnant women at 24-35 and 39-40 weeks of gestation, and to assess the possibility of using data on the levels of principle chemicals for predicting clinical manifestation of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study examined 375 placenta tissue fragments of pregnant women for levels of the following chemical elements: carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), calcium (Ca), chlorine (Cl), potassium (K), sodium (Na) and phosphorus (P). Subjects were divided into 3 groups: 1st group consisted of 41 pregnant females (205 fragments of placenta tissue) at weeks 24-35 of gestation, whose children would not develop ROP; 2nd group included 14 mothers (70 fragments of placenta tissue) at weeks 39-40 of gestation; 3rd group - 20 pregnant (100 fragments of placenta tissue) at weeks 24-35 of gestation, whose children would be diagnosed with ROP. Examination of the eye fundi of children from ROP risk group was done by digital retinoscopy and indirect binocular ophthalmoscopy. Chemical composition of placenta was studied using energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis based on scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: Descriptive statistical values of chemical elements were obtained for the three study groups. Statistically significant percentile differences were detected in the levels of C, N and O in the samples (p<2.2·10-16). Differences in the levels of N, O, K, and Na in the placenta of pregnant women of the three study groups were determined. CONCLUSION: Comparative chemical analysis of the placentas of pregnant women at different gestation periods showed higher levels of N, K, Na, and lower levels of O in the group of mothers whose children would be diagnosed with ROP. Normalized nitrogen content in the placenta of women whose children would develop ROP was 12.9%. Thus, nitrogen content may serve as a pre-clinical marker of retinopathy of prematurity.

Investigation of malignant transformation of sporadic adenomas of colon by fluorimetry.

In this work, biochemical changes in sporadic adenoma during progression to colon cancer have been detected by spectral techniques. It is shown that spectra of all types of adenomas as well as adenocarcinoma have two maxima at 265 ÷ 270 nm and at 330 ÷ 340 nm. The first maximum is primarily defined by tryptophan containing peptides. The second maximum of the spectra is in the main defined by collagen presence in stroma of tumors and normal mucosa. Progression of precancer lesions to advanced cancer leads to increase of NADH concentration impacting on the second maximum of spectra. At the time, the spectra of both AC differ from each other by widths of the second maximum. For well-differentiated AC, the second maximum is wider. It gives reason to suggest that two fluorophores impact on its intensity. These fluorophores can be NADH and vitamin B6. Correlation between microscopical and spectral results can allow to use fluorimetry for detail diagnostics and investigation of colon cancer development.

[Morphological diagnostics of fat embolism].

The present review of the literature concerns the problem of morphological diagnostics of fat embolism, i.e. mechanical obturation of multiple blood vessels with fat globules, that can be detected by a variety of methods including polarization microscopy, staining of native, frozen, and paraffin-embedded histological sections with the use of immunohistochemical techniques, electron microscopy, etc.

[Influence of acetylcholine and adrenergic receptors on development and progression of non-small cell lung cancer].

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most fatal and the most common cancer in Europe. Universal distribution of tobacco smoking, adverse socio-economic factors and exposure of population to chronic psychological stress lead to the fact that more attention is given to the role of nervous influences in the development of lung cancer (LC). The disorder of histophysiology of receptor complex of the lung tissue is one of ways of tumorogenesis. Excessive activity of cholinergic and adrenergic receptors can lead not only to changes of cell behavior but defects of cell genome.

[The method for the postmortem verification of ventricular fibrillation as a mechanism of death from myocardial infarction and post-infarction cardiosclerosis].

The objective of the present study was to develop the objective method for the verification of death from ventricular fibrillation (VF) as a complication of myocardial infarction and post-infarction cardiosclerosis (PICS). A total of 20 cases of death during different periods after myocardial infarction and PICS were available for the analysis in which EGC-confirmed ventricular fibrillation was the immediate cause of the fatal outcome. The control group was comprised of 29 cases of death from other complications. The special emphasis was laid on the investigation of the affected region, the boundary areas, and intact zones of the heart. The size of cardiac cell populations surrounding capillaries was determined. The statistical treatment of the results of the study revealed the difference in the cellular infiltrate composition between the groups of patients who had died from ventricular fibrillation and other causes. The differences were largely reduced to the number of lymphocytes, neutrophils, and leukocytes. The data thus obtained provided a basis for the development of the method for the objective postmortem verification of the complication being considered.

[The morphological features of the nervous and vascular components of communication systems in the cervix uteri].

The investigation has indicated the presence of adrenergic and cholinergic autonomic nerve terminals (ANT) in the tissues of squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix uteri in a tumor growth area and contralaterally. Heterogeneity of the local neuromediator background in the tumor growth area and contralaterally may be explained, by studying the specific features of the cell microenvironment of ANT.

[Role of the tumor suppressor ARF in oncogenesis].

The paper reviews the data available in the literature on a role of the tumor suppressor ARF in oncogenesis and considers the structure of a gene encoding ARF protein. The p53-dependent and p-53-independent functions of this protein are under many studies. There is evidence for the implication of ARF in angiogenesis. There is more and more information on the role of ARF in the regulation of a cell cycle, apoptosis, and autophagy. The importance of this tumor suppressor in the mechanisms of carcinogenesis is beyond question as the inactivation of ARF suppressor activity leads to the rapid growth of neoplasia. However, the exact mechanisms of ARF action yet remain unclear and require further studies by different specialists at both the molecular genetic and other levels of investigation.

[Histophysiology of epithelial and connective tissue components of the vaginal portion of the uterine cervix].

This review provides an analysis of current data on the tissue and cell components of the vaginal portion of the uterine cervix (ectocervix - EC) in human female and on their interrelations under normal conditions and in the development of some pathological processes. Detailed histological and immunocytochemical characteristic is given to two types of the epithelium--stratified squamous and columnar; the regularities and mechanisms of their junction displacement during various age periods are described. The data on the relation between the proliferation activity and apoptosis intensity in EC epithelium at different developmental stages are discussed. The data are presented on connective tissue component (stroma), its vascular and nervous structures. Cellular elements of the immune system contained in EC are examined. The significance of hormones and other biologically active molecules in the control of EC tissue functions and in coordination of their interaction, is emphasized.

[Immunohistochemical study of alpha-macroglobulins in breast cancer].

Immunohistochemistry of macroglobulins (alpha2-macroglobulin and alpha2-glycoprotein associated with pregnancy) in parenchyma and stroma of the normal breast, breast fibroadenoma and carcinoma was studied. The tissues of the normal breast had low levels of both proteins. The parenchyma of fibroadenoma had an increased level of alpha2-macroglobulin. The parenchyma of breast carcinoma showed an increase of alpha2-glycoprotein level. An efficient therapeutical radiation was accompanied by an alpha2-glycoprotein fall and alpha2-macroglobulin rise. The data can be used as diagnostic and prognostic criteria of breast fibroadenoma and carcinoma.

[Modern aspects in morphogenesis of breast cancer]. / Sovremennye aspekty morfogeneza raka molochnoi zhekezy.

The development of tumor process takes place in synchronization of interaction of parenchymatous and stromal components at the molecular level. This is confirmed by the capacity of breast cancer cells to synthesize both endotheliocytes and endothelin-1. Vascular and nervous components of the communicative systems also participate in morphogenesis of breast cancer. The study of epithelial-stromal interaction at the molecular level may become one of basic diagnostic criteria.

[Smolensk Regional Institute of Pathology-- modern form of pathology service organization: organizational-tactical principles of creation and everyday activity]. / Smolenskii oblastnoi institut patologii--sovremennaia forma organizatsii patologoanatomicheskoi sluzhby: organizatsionno-takticheskie printsipy sozdaniia i povsednevnoi deiatel'nosti.

Four main principles underlie organization and activity of the Smolensk Regional Institute of Pathology: 1) principle of a close link between pathology and clinical disciplines; 2) principle of optimal use of managerial effectiveness and initiative of the staff; 3) principle of association of practical and research activities; 4) principle of educational-methodological, practical and research activities as a basis of physician's clinical thinking. All these principles are used in everyday activity and may be used for creation of pathology institutes in other regions of the Russian Federation.