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1.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther ; 369(2): 223-233, 2019 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30804001

RESUMO

We leveraged a clinical pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamics (PD)/efficacy relationship established with an oral phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)δ inhibitor (Idelalisib) in a nasal allergen challenge study to determine whether a comparable PK/PD/efficacy relationship with PI3Kδ inhibitors was observed in preclinical respiratory models of type 2 T helper cell (TH2) and type 1 T helper cell (TH1) inflammation. Results from an in vitro rat blood basophil (CD63) activation assay were used as a PD biomarker. IC50 values for PI3Kδ inhibitors, MSD-496486311, MSD-126796721, Idelalisib, and Duvelisib, were 1.2, 4.8, 0.8, and 0.5 µM. In the ovalbumin Brown Norway TH2 pulmonary inflammation model, all PI3Kδ inhibitors produced a dose-dependent inhibition of bronchoalveolar lavage eosinophils (maximum effect between 80% and 99%). In a follow-up experiment designed to investigate PK attributes [maximum (or peak) plasma concentration (Cmax), area under the curve (AUC), time on target (ToT)] that govern PI3Kδ efficacy, MSD-496486311 [3 mg/kg every day (QD) and 100 mg/kg QD] produced 16% and 93% inhibition of eosinophils, whereas doses (20 mg/kg QD, 10 mg/kg twice per day, and 3 mg/kg three times per day) produced 54% to 66% inhibition. Our profiling suggests that impact of PI3Kδ inhibitors on eosinophils is supported by a PK target with a ToT over the course of treatment close to the PD IC50 rather than strictly driven by AUC, Cmax, or Cmin (minimum blood plasma concentration) coverage. Additional studies in an Altenaria alternata rat model, a sheep Ascaris-sensitive sheep model, and a TH1-driven rat ozone exposure model did not challenge our hypothesis, suggesting that an IC50 level of TE (target engagement) sustained for 24 hours is required to produce efficacy in these traditional models. We conclude that the PK/PD observations in our animal models appear to align with clinical results associated with a TH2 airway disease.


Assuntos
Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Inibidores de Fosfoinositídeo-3 Quinase/farmacologia , Inibidores de Fosfoinositídeo-3 Quinase/farmacocinética , Doenças Respiratórias/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Respiratórias/imunologia , Células Th1/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Th2/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/imunologia , Inflamação/metabolismo , Masculino , Inibidores de Fosfoinositídeo-3 Quinase/uso terapêutico , Ratos , Doenças Respiratórias/metabolismo
2.
J Med Chem ; 60(23): 9676-9690, 2017 12 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29156136

RESUMO

The discovery of a potent selective low dose Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) inhibitor suitable for clinical evaluation is described. As part of an overall goal to minimize dose, we pursued a medicinal chemistry strategy focused on optimization of key parameters that influence dose size, including lowering human Clint and increasing intrinsic potency, bioavailability, and solubility. To impact these multiple parameters simultaneously, we used lipophilic ligand efficiency as a key metric to track changes in the physicochemical properties of our analogs, which led to improvements in overall compound quality. In parallel, structural information guided advancements in JAK1 selectivity by informing on new vector space, which enabled the discovery of a unique key amino acid difference between JAK1 (Glu966) and JAK2 (Asp939). This difference was exploited to consistently produce analogs with the best balance of JAK1 selectivity, efficacy, and projected human dose, ultimately culminating in the discovery of compound 28.


Assuntos
Janus Quinase 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Pirazóis/química , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Animais , Cães , Descoberta de Drogas , Halogenação , Humanos , Janus Quinase 1/química , Janus Quinase 1/metabolismo , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/administração & dosagem , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacocinética , Pirazóis/administração & dosagem , Pirazóis/farmacocinética , Ratos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade
3.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther ; 361(2): 229-244, 2017 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28193636

RESUMO

Reversible janus associated kinase (JAK) inhibitors such as tofacitinib and decernotinib block cytokine signaling and are efficacious in treating autoimmune diseases. However, therapeutic doses are limited due to inhibition of other JAK/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathways associated with hematopoiesis, lipid biogenesis, infection, and immune responses. A selective JAK3 inhibitor may have a better therapeutic index; however, until recently, no compounds have been described that maintain JAK3 selectivity in cells, as well as against the kinome, with good physicochemical properties to test the JAK3 hypothesis in vivo. To quantify the biochemical basis for JAK isozyme selectivity, we determined that the apparent Km value for each JAK isozyme ranged from 31.8 to 2.9 µM for JAK1 and JAK3, respectively. To confirm compound activity in cells, we developed a novel enzyme complementation assay that read activity of single JAK isozymes in a cellular context. Reversible JAK3 inhibitors cannot achieve sufficient selectivity against other isozymes in the cellular context due to inherent differences in enzyme ATP Km values. Therefore, we developed irreversible JAK3 compounds that are potent and highly selective in vitro in cells and against the kinome. Compound 2, a potent inhibitor of JAK3 (0.15 nM) was 4300-fold selective for JAK3 over JAK1 in enzyme assays, 67-fold [interleukin (IL)-2 versus IL-6] or 140-fold [IL-2 versus erythropoietin or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF)] selective in cellular reporter assays and >35-fold selective in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell assays (IL-7 versus IL-6 or GMCSF). In vivo, selective JAK3 inhibition was sufficient to block the development of inflammation in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis, while sparing hematopoiesis.


Assuntos
Doenças Autoimunes , Janus Quinase 1 , Janus Quinase 3 , Piperidinas/farmacologia , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Pirróis/farmacologia , Animais , Artrite Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Autoimunes/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Autoimunes/metabolismo , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Monitoramento de Medicamentos/métodos , Humanos , Isoenzimas , Janus Quinase 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Janus Quinase 1/química , Janus Quinase 1/metabolismo , Janus Quinase 3/antagonistas & inibidores , Janus Quinase 3/química , Janus Quinase 3/metabolismo , Monitorização Imunológica/métodos , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Ratos
4.
J Immunol ; 185(4): 2191-9, 2010 Aug 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20624939

RESUMO

Because it is thought that mucosal tissues play a fundamental role in early HIV/SIV infection, it is crucial to understand the virus-specific responses in mucosal tissues to facilitate devising strategies to prevent and control these infections. We have employed TCR repertoire analyses to define the clonal composition of a dominant SIV epitope-specific CD8(+) T cell population in mucosal and systemic compartments of SIV-infected rhesus monkeys during both acute and chronic infection. We show that the CD8(+) T cell repertoire in mucosal tissues of uninfected rhesus monkeys is oligoclonal, whereas the CD8(+) T cell repertoire in blood is polyclonal. Early postinfection, the SIV-specific CD8(+) T cell clonal repertoire is distinct in mucosal compartments and peripheral blood. However, we observed a narrowing of the virus-specific CD8(+) T cell clonal repertoire in all sampled anatomic compartments as infection progressed from acute to chronic, and there was comparable clonal diversity in all anatomic compartments. We showed during chronic infection that the same clonal populations of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells are present in all compartments. These data indicate that the SIV-specific CD8(+) T cells in systemic and mucosal sites have a shared clonal origin and are, therefore, capable of both responding to infection in the systemic circulation and trafficking to mucosal tissues.


Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Epitopos de Linfócito T/imunologia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/imunologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Células Clonais/imunologia , Células Clonais/metabolismo , Epitopos de Linfócito T/genética , Citometria de Fluxo , Produtos do Gene gag/imunologia , Macaca mulatta , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mucosa/imunologia , Mucosa/virologia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/virologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/imunologia
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