Algoritmo para la selección de colgajos perforantes perimamarios en reconstrucción inmediata poscirugía conservadora / Algorithm to select chest wall perforator flaps in immediate conservative breast surgery reconstruction

RESUMEN Antecedentes: los colgajos perforantes perimamarios son de gran utilidad en la reconstrucción mamaria inmediata en cirugía conservadora. Objetivo: describir los resultados del empleo de un algoritmo sobre colgajos perforantes perimamarios en la reconstrucción mamaria inmediata después de cirugía conservadora por cáncer de mama. Material y métodos: se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo descriptivo. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de las pacientes operadas entre enero de 2020 y diciembre de 2022 por carcinoma de mama con cirugía conservadora y que requirieron reconstrucción con colgajos perimamarios. Las indicaciones incluyeron déficit de volumen, defecto de contorno y asimetría. Se evaluó el pedículo vascular del colgajo mediante Doppler color en todos los casos, lo que permitió seguir un algoritmo para la selección de la mejor opción de colgajo. Resultados: se realizaron 20 colgajos en 19 pacientes. Promedio de edad: 52 años ± 11 (rango 30-76). No existieron complicaciones intraoperatorias. Una paciente requirió reoperación por compresión del pedículo vascular del colgajo por hematoma, con la pérdida parcial, y otro colgajo sufrió epidermólisis superficial. No hubo pérdidas totales de ningún colgajo. Todas recibieron radioterapia posoperatoria y no experimentaron pérdida de volumen ni retracciones. Con un promedio de seguimiento de 15 meses, las pacientes valoraron los resultados a 6 meses como excelente en 7, bueno en 11 y regular en 2. Conclusión: la selección de colgajos perforantes locales para corregir defectos mamarios después de cirugía conservadora, mediante el examen con Doppler color preoperatorio para la identificación del pedículo vascular y un algoritmo específico, permitió obtener resultados estéticos satisfactorios sin requerir elementos aloplásticos ni revisiones posteriores.

ABSTRACT Background: Chest wall perforator flaps are a good option for immediate breast reconstruction after conservative surgery. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the clinical results of an algorithm for using chest wall perforator flaps for breast reconstruction after breast-conserving surgery for breast cancer. Material and methods: We conducted a descriptive and retrospective study. The information was retrieved from the medical records of the patients diagnosed with breast cancer who underwent breast-conserving surgery and required reconstruction using chest wall perforator flaps between January 2020 and March 2022. The indications included volume deficit, contour defect and asymmetry. The vascular pedicle of the flap was evaluated by color Doppler ultrasound in all cases, which allowed us to follow an algorithm for selecting the best flap option. Results: Twenty flaps were made in 19 patients. Mean age: 52 years ± 11 (range 30-76). There were no intraoperative complications. One patient required reoperation due to a hematoma with compression of the vascular pedicle of the flap with partial flap loss, and another flap presented superficial epidermolysis. There were no cases of complete flap loss. All the patients underwent postoperative radiation therapy without loss of volume or retractions. Mean follow-up was 15 months. At 6 months, patients rated the results as excellent, good, and fair in 7, 11, and 2 cases, respectively. Conclusion: The selection of local perforator flaps to correct breast defects after conservative surgery, using preoperative color Doppler ultrasound to identify the vascular pedicle and a specific algorithm, allowed us to obtain satisfactory aesthetic results without the need for alloplastic elements or subsequent revisions.

Resultados en reconstrucción mamaria inmediata prepectoral con implantes / Result of immediate prepectoral implant-based breast reconstruction

RESUMEN Antecedentes: la reconstrucción mamaria inmediata prepectoral con implantes es la incorporación técnica más reciente al arsenal de reconstrucción mamaria. Esta técnica proporciona un aspecto más natural a la reconstrucción, elimina complicaciones, como la deformidad por animación, y disminuye el dolor posoperatorio. Objetivo: describir los resultados quirúrgicos en una serie de pacientes con reconstrucción mamaria inmediata prepectoral con implantes de silicona. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo descriptivo; fueron revisadas las historias clínicas y los informes de anatomía patológica de pacientes operadas con la técnica descripta entre marzo de 2018 y diciembre de 2021, por carcinoma invasor, no invasor y sarcoma de mama. Todas fueron evaluadas en el preoperatorio con mamografía digital y presentaban más de 2 cm de cobertura grasa en la mama intervenida. Resultados: se registraron 52 reconstrucciones en 40 pacientes. El promedio de edad fue de 52 años (rango 30-76). En todas se realizó mastectomía con preservación del complejo aréolapezón. Con un promedio de seguimiento de 40 meses, no se registraron complicaciones mayores. No se encontró animación, desplazamiento ni rotación del implante. Se observó contractura capsular grados III y IV después del año de seguimiento en 3 pacientes que realizaron radioterapia posoperatoria. Los resultados estéticos fueron excelentes y buenos en 40 mamas (80,0%), regulares en 8 mamas (12,0%) e insuficientes en 4 mamas (8,0%). Se necesitó revisión quirúrgica posoperatoria inmediata por hematoma en 4 mamas (7,7%). Conclusiones: la reconstrucción inmediata con implantes prepectorales posmastectomía fue una técnica segura y con alto porcentaje de satisfacción.

ABSTRACT Background: Prepectoral implant-based breast reconstruction has recently been added to the armamentarium for breast reconstruction. This technique provides natural-looking breasts, avoids complications, such as animation deformity, and reduces postoperative pain. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the surgical outcomes in a series of patients undergoing immediate prepectoral breast reconstruction with silicone implants. Material and methods: A descriptive and retrospective study was carried out with review of the medical records and pathology reports of patients who underwent surgery using the described technique for invasive carcinoma, non-invasive carcinoma, and sarcoma of the breast from March 2018 to December 2021. All the patients were evaluated preoperatively with digital mammography and had fat coverage thickness in the operated breast > 2 cm. Results: A total of 52 reconstructions were performed on 40 patients. Mean age was 52 age (range 30- 76). The nipple sparing mastectomy was undertaken in all the cases. There were no major complications during the 40-month average follow-up. None of the patients experienced animation deformity, implant displacement, or rotation. After one year of follow-up, three patients who underwent postmastectomy radiotherapy showed grades III and IV capsular contracture. The aesthetic results were excellent and good in 40 breasts (80.0%), fair in 8 breasts (12.0%) and insufficient in 4 breasts (8.0%). Four breasts (7.7%) required surgical revision in the immediate postoperative period. Conclusions: Immediate prepectoral implant-based breast reconstruction is a feasible technique with enduring results and high level of satisfaction.

Sensory Evaluation of the Nipple-Areolar Complex Following Primary Breast Augmentation: A Comparison of Incision Approaches.

BACKGROUND: The central inframammary incisional approach for breast augmentation surgery disrupts the fifth anterior intercostal nerve-artery-vein-plexus. The authors hypothesized that preservation of the fifth anterior intercostal neurovascular pedicle might completely preserve nipple-areola complex (NAC) sensitivity after implant breast augmentation. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to analyze if the use of a laterally displaced incision achieves better sensitivity results than the conventional median submammary incision in females who underwent primary breast augmentation surgery. METHODS: A group of 25 female patients (50 breasts) underwent a surgical protocol for primary prepectoral implant breast augmentation with a laterally displaced submammary incision. This group was compared to a similar group of 25 patients (50 breasts) who underwent breast augmentation through a conventional submammary central approach. Sensitivity testing with Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments was performed in both groups preoperatively and on postoperative days 2, 14, and 30, and after 6 months. RESULTS: Both groups were similar in age, BMI, comorbidities, and implant volumes. Preoperatively, all patients reported normal sensory function in both breasts. Postoperatively, in the laterally displaced incision group, sensory function remained normal in NAC areas, whereas in the conventional incision group, all cases presented the same degree of sensitivity diminution at Days 2, 14, and 30 (P = .000). At 6 months, all values were the same as at Day 30. CONCLUSIONS: Preservation of the fifth AIC pedicle resulted in complete preservation of preoperative NAC sensitivity. The laterally placed inframammary incision should be considered for patients undergoing primary prepectoral implant breast augmentation.

The reverse LICAP flap: A laterally based submammary perforator flap for breast reconstruction.

INTRODUCTION: The traditional donor sites for autologous breast reconstruction include the abdomen, thigh, buttock, and posterior thorax. Herein, we describe the use of the reverse lateral intercostal perforator (LICAP) flap originating from the submammary region as an option for breast reconstruction. METHODS: Fifteen patients (30 breasts) were included in this retrospective review. The procedure was performed for immediate reconstruction following a nipple sparing mastectomy utilizing an inframammary incision or an inverted T pattern with preservation of the fifth anterior intercostal perforator (n = 8), volume replacement after implant explantation (n = 5), and partial lower pole resurfacing with exteriorization of a portion of the LICAP skin paddle (n = 2). RESULTS: Flap survival was achieved in all patients. Three flaps (10%) had 1-2 cm of intraoperative distal tip ischemia, which was managed by excision prior to inset and closure. At the 12-month postoperative follow-up, stable results with good nipple position, breast shape, and projection were achieved in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: The reverse LICAP flap is a safe, effective, and reliable option for breast reconstruction following mastectomy.

Revascularization of the Nipple-Areola Complex following Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy.

BACKGROUND: Preoperative vascular mapping has been demonstrated to be an excellent adjunct to perforator flap surgery by reducing operative times and enhancing surgical precision. This study evaluated the benefit of preoperative vascular mapping using magnetic resonance imaging and Doppler ultrasonography to identify the different perforators to the breast and compared it to postoperative mapping. The authors' intent was to determine whether preoperative knowledge of the various vascular sources to the nipple-areola complex affected the outcome and vitality of the nipple-areola complex. METHODS: A prospective study was performed on 15 patients undergoing 25 nipple-sparing mastectomies for breast cancer or genetic predisposition. Ten patients underwent bilateral mastectomy, and five underwent unilateral mastectomy. Mean age was 52 years (range, 30 to 76 years). The mean patient body mass index was 22.4 kg/m2 (range, 20 to 35 kg/m2). Inclusion criteria consisted of breast cancer or genetic predisposition and grade 1 or 2 breast ptosis. Exclusion criteria included prior breast surgery, grade 3 ptosis, and gigantomastia. All patients underwent immediate direct-to-implant reconstruction. RESULTS: Preoperative vascular mapping by magnetic resonance imaging and external Doppler ultrasonography was performed in all 15 patients. In all 25 breasts, the fifth anterior intercostal artery perforator was identified preoperatively and preserved intraoperatively. Postoperative imaging demonstrated patency of the fifth anterior intercostal artery perforator vessels in all patients. Nipple-areola viability was demonstrated in all breasts. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that preoperative magnetic resonance imaging and Doppler ultrasonography for mapping breast perforator vessels is a useful strategy and should be considered for select patients undergoing nipple-sparing mastectomy. Identification of dominant perforators to the breast allowed mastectomy planning with preservation of the important perforator to the mastectomy skin flaps and nipple-areola complex. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, IV.

Symmetry following unilateral two-stage prosthetic breast reconstruction: Is there an optimal time for managing the contralateral breast?

INTRODUCTION: Achieving breast symmetry following unilateral mastectomy remains a challenge. Contralateral procedures are usually necessary to achieve breast symmetry. Controversy exists regarding whether these symmetry procedures should be performed at the time of the initial reconstruction or on a delayed basis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 105 patients who had unilateral mastectomy, of which 55 had a simultaneous (immediate) contralateral symmetry procedure and 50 had a delayed contralateral symmetry procedure. Outcomes were compared and assessed for each cohort based on demographics, complications, and patient satisfaction. RESULTS: The delayed cohort required more procedures (3.4 vs. 1.8, p < 0.0001) but shorter overall hospitalization length (2.8 vs. 4.1 days, p < 0.0001). The two cohorts experienced a similar rate of revision (38.3% vs. 49.3%, p = 0.17) The delayed cohort required a contralateral balancing procedure after completion of reconstruction more often than the immediate cohort (p = 0.021). Overall reconstruction-specific complication rates were similar in both cohorts. The 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), a validated questionnaire for quality-of-life assessment, was administered 3 months after surgery and demonstrated that both cohorts reported similar outcomes when comparing their satisfaction with treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrate that immediate contralateral symmetry operations can be performed safely without increased morbidity. A new algorithm is presented.

Visualized oncoplastic surgery of the breast I: inferior and medial quadrantectomy.

Surgical treatment of breast cancer has changed during the last few decades. Long-term evaluation of several studies performed worldwide have confirmed that conservative surgery (CS) and radical mastectomy have similar survival rates. Due to CS being the gold standard for treatment for most women with breast cancer, advances in materials, mastectomy and reconstructive surgery techniques, now give us the possibility to perform on our patients a great outcome with oncological security. Both advances, in plastic and oncologic surgery, created a new discipline, called oncoplastic breast surgery, that allow surgeons to resect large breast specimens preventing subsequent deformities with the correct previous planning. This is particularly important when more than 30% of the breast volume will be resected because it allows for planning CS depending on the site of the lesion and for establishing the limits between CS and mastectomy.

Augmented reality for breast imaging.

Augmented reality (AR) enables the superimposition of virtual reality reconstructions onto clinical images of a real patient, in real time. This allows visualization of internal structures through overlying tissues, thereby providing a virtual transparency vision of surgical anatomy. AR has been applied to neurosurgery, which utilizes a relatively fixed space, frames, and bony references; the application of AR facilitates the relationship between virtual and real data. Augmented breast imaging (ABI) is described. Breast MRI studies for breast implant patients with seroma were performed using a Siemens 3T system with a body coil and a four-channel bilateral phased-array breast coil as the transmitter and receiver, respectively. Gadolinium was injected as a contrast agent (0.1 mmol/kg at 2 mL/s) using a programmable power injector. Dicom formatted images data from 10 MRI cases of breast implant seroma and 10 MRI cases with T1-2 N0 M0 breast cancer, were imported and transformed into augmented reality images. ABI demonstrated stereoscopic depth perception, focal point convergence, 3D cursor use, and joystick fly-through. ABI can improve clinical outcomes, providing an enhanced view of the structures to work on. It should be further studied to determine its utility in clinical practice.

Oncoplastic breast reduction in conservative surgery.

Advances in reconstructive breast surgery with new materials and techniques now allow us to offer patients the best possible cosmetic results without the risks associated with oncological control of the disease. These advances, in both oncological and plastic surgery, have led to a new field, oncoplastic breast surgery, which enables us to undertake large resections and, with advance planning, and prevent subsequent deformities. This is particularly important when more than 30% of the breast volume is removed, as it allows us to obtain precise information for conservative surgery according to the site of the lesion and to set the boundary between conservative surgery and mastectomy.

Direct to Implant Reconstruction in Nipple Sparing Mastectomy: Patient Selection by Preoperative Digital Mammogram.

BACKGROUND: Digital mammography clearly distinguishes gland tissue density from the overlying nonglandular breast tissue coverage, which corresponds to the existing tissue between the skin and the superficial layer of the fascia superficialis surrounding the gland (i.e., dermis and subcutaneous fat). Preoperative digital imaging can determine the thickness of this breast tissue coverage, thus facilitating planning and reducing the rate of necrotic complications after direct to implant (DTI) reconstruction in nipple sparing mastectomy (NSM). METHODS: Thirty NSMs in 22 patients with type 3 tissue coverage (subcutaneous tissue thickness of 2 cm or more) were selected for DTI reconstruction after NSM to evaluate immediate skin flap/nipple areola complex ischemic complications and patient satisfaction. RESULTS: We experienced no wound healing problems or ischemic complications immediately after surgery in our population. Only 1 seroma was observed as a short-term complication. Quality of life and patients' satisfaction level were optimal at 3 and 6 months follow-up, respectively. The aesthetic results have been evaluated as good/excellent in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: DTI immediate reconstruction with silicone implants following NSM appears to be a safe option in selected cases with enough tissue coverage, also providing a high level of patient satisfaction. The possibility of selecting cases for this procedure according to the preoperative digital mammogram showing more than 2 cm of superficial tissues thickness may help reducing the risk of immediate ischemic complications.

Decisional pathways in breast augmentation: how to improve outcomes through accurate pre-operative planning.

Breast augmentation is the most commonly performed surgical procedure in aesthetic plastic surgery. Accurate pre-operative planning is crucial to obtain the best outcomes. We present our planning method deriving from a more than 30-year experience in aesthetic breast surgery, matching together patients tissues' characteristics and patients' wishes. We schematized our planning method in an easy-to-use flow diagram to help the decisional process in breast augmentation.

One-step breast reconstruction with polyurethane-covered implants after skin-sparing mastectomy.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) and immediate one-step breast reconstruction with implants has become an increasingly popular, effective treatment for selected patients with breast carcinoma. However, it is associated with high complication rates. Breast augmentation with polyurethane-covered implants (PCIs) has consistently had optimal short-term and long-term results with low rates of capsular contracture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and aesthetic outcomes of immediate one-step breast reconstruction with PCI after SSM in early breast cancer patients at a single institution. METHODS: We reviewed the records of 221 consecutive breast cancer patients who underwent one-stage immediate reconstruction with PCI after SSM from 1995 through 2005. Patient and tumour characteristics, type of reconstruction, postoperative complications, aesthetic results and recurrence rate were analysed. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 52±11 years (range, 30-76; standard deviation (SD), 11). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) pathologic stages were 0 (10%), I (63.3%) and II (26.7%). Thirty-nine (17.65%; confidence interval (CI)=13.04-23.1) of the 221 patients had complications; seven had prosthesis extrusion requiring an implant (five due to skin necrosis, one due to infection and one due to late haematoma). In six of these seven cases, the procedure was indicated for local recurrence after conservative breast surgery with adjunctive radiation therapy (rescue procedure). Thirty-two (14.4%) patients had minor complications: 12 had cutaneous rash, four had malpositioned implants and 16 had inadequate implant projection. At long-term follow-up, four (1.8%) patients had developed grade IV capsular contracture associated with postoperative radiation therapy. At a median follow-up of 98 months (range, 36-156), 14 (6.3%) patients had tumour recurrence and 12.2% had distant metastasis. Nineteen patients had died of cancer, and 192 (86.8%) remained disease free. CONCLUSION: One-stage immediate breast reconstruction with PCI after SSM appears to be oncologically safe and provides a high level of patient satisfaction.

Oncoplastic surgery in the treatment of breast cancer.

Advances in reconstructive breast surgery with new materials and techniques now allow us to offer our patients the best possible cosmetic results without the risks associated with oncological control of the disease. These advances, in both oncological and plastic surgery, have led to a new specialisation, namely oncoplastic breast surgery, which enables us to undertake large resections and, with advance planning, to prevent subsequent deformities. This is particularly important when more than 30% of the breast volume is removed, as it allows us to obtain precise information for conservative surgery according to the site of the lesion, and also allows us to set the boundary between conservative surgery and mastectomy.Given the existence of new alloplastic materials and new reconstructive techniques, it is essential for our patients that surgeons involved in breast cancer treatment are trained in both the oncological as well as the reconstructive and aesthetic fields, to enable them to provide the best loco-regional treatment with the best cosmetic results.

Oncoplastic options in breast conservative surgery.

Conservative surgery has become the primary alternative in the treatment of breast cancer, and cosmetic outcome fundamental goal, as well as oncologic control. Different options to achieve these goals are presented. Oncoplastic treatment of breast cancer needs planning and knowledge of well-established plastic surgery techniques.

Actualización de las recidivas locales en el tratamiento conservador del cáncer de mama / Up to date local recurrence in conservative treatment of breast cancer

Objetivo: Analizar las recidivas (12,2 por ciento) de 232 pacientes con 236 carcinomas de mama estadios I y II, tratadas en forma consecutivas con cirugía conservadora. Método: Se compararon las características de las enfermas (edad y estado hormonal); de los tumores (tamaño, infiltración, componente extensivo intraductal, grado nuclear, invasión vascular, necrosis, márgenes histológicos, receptores hormonales, y enfermedad ganglionar); y de las recidivas (ubicación, tratamientos implementados, y su impacto en la supervivencia). El estudio estadístico comparativo entre los casos que tuvieron recidiva versus los que no la tuvieron se realizó en forma actuarial. Diseño: El tiempo de seguimiento mínimo fue 24 meses, siendo el promedio de la serie 75 meses. Resultados: Hubo mayor riesgo de recidiva para las enfermas entre 40 y 60 años (p = 0,009); tuvieron peor supervivencia las que recidivaron (p < 0,001) y también tuvieron menor tiempo de supervivencia para las que recidivaron versus las que fallecieron por la enfermedad sin recidivas previa (p = 0,05). Conclusión: Las recidivas en esta serie mostraron una incidencia estable hasta los 8 años del tratamiento de la enfermedad primaria (AU)

Actualización de las recidivas locales en el tratamiento conservador del cáncer de mama / Up to date local recurrence in conservative treatment of breast cancer

Objetivo: Analizar las recidivas (12,2 por ciento) de 232 pacientes con 236 carcinomas de mama estadios I y II, tratadas en forma consecutivas con cirugía conservadora. Método: Se compararon las características de las enfermas (edad y estado hormonal); de los tumores (tamaño, infiltración, componente extensivo intraductal, grado nuclear, invasión vascular, necrosis, márgenes histológicos, receptores hormonales, y enfermedad ganglionar); y de las recidivas (ubicación, tratamientos implementados, y su impacto en la supervivencia). El estudio estadístico comparativo entre los casos que tuvieron recidiva versus los que no la tuvieron se realizó en forma actuarial. Diseño: El tiempo de seguimiento mínimo fue 24 meses, siendo el promedio de la serie 75 meses. Resultados: Hubo mayor riesgo de recidiva para las enfermas entre 40 y 60 años (p = 0,009); tuvieron peor supervivencia las que recidivaron (p < 0,001) y también tuvieron menor tiempo de supervivencia para las que recidivaron versus las que fallecieron por la enfermedad sin recidivas previa (p = 0,05). Conclusión: Las recidivas en esta serie mostraron una incidencia estable hasta los 8 años del tratamiento de la enfermedad primaria

Mapeo linfático y biopsia del ganglio centinela: fin del vaciamiento profiláctico en el tratamiento del melanoma? / Selective lymphadenectomy with "sentinel node" biopsy: the end of elective lymph node dissection in the melanoma treatment?

La linfadenectomía electiva esta asociada a una morbilidad significativa que incluye linfedema, complicaciones cutáneas y parestesias y es innecesaria en el 80 por ciento de los pacientes. Una propuesta alternativa es la linfadenectomía selectiva con identificación del ganglio centinela (GC), definido como el primer ganglio linfático que drena el área del tumor. Se incluyen 50 pacientes con melanoma Estadío I y II operados entre Agosto de 1994 y Agosto de 1996. La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 53 años (rango 19-79). Veintisiete (54 por ciento) eran mujeres. En 23 casos (46 por ciento) se localizaron en el tronco, en 17 (34 por ciento) en el miembro inferior, en 7 (14 por ciento) en el miembro superior y en 3 (6 por ciento) en cabeza y cuello. Treinta (60 por ciento) fueron extensivo superficial, 14 (28 por ciento) nodular, 5 (10 por ciento) acrolentiginoso y 1 (2 por ciento) desmoplásico. El espesor de Breslow fue menor de 1,5 mm en 26 pacientes (52 por ciento), 1,5 a 4 mm en 19 (38 por ciento) y mayor de 4 mm en 5 (10 por ciento). La linfocentellografía preoperatoria con Tecnecio identificó el GC en 48 casos (96 por ciento). Bajo anestesia general o local el ganglio centinela teñido de azul fue encontrado en 47 pacientes (94 por ciento). Con ambos métodos simultáneamente fue hallado en 45 oportunidades (90 por ciento) y con por lo menos un método en 50 (100 por ciento). En 7 pacientes (14 por ciento) el GC fue positivo y se les realizó una linfadectomía. El GC fue el único positivo de todos los ganglios estudiados. La investigación del GC identifica al grupo de pacientes con micrometastasis ganglionares que se beneficiarían con una linfadenectomía, permite una completa estadificación anatomopatológica para un adecuado manejo terapéutico y al mismo tiempo reduce costos y morbilidad (AU)

Mapeo linfático y biopsia del ganglio centinela: fin del vaciamiento profiláctico en el tratamiento del melanoma? / Selective lymphadenectomy with \"sentinel node\" biopsy: the end of elective lymph node dissection in the melanoma treatment?

La linfadenectomía electiva esta asociada a una morbilidad significativa que incluye linfedema, complicaciones cutáneas y parestesias y es innecesaria en el 80 por ciento de los pacientes. Una propuesta alternativa es la linfadenectomía selectiva con identificación del ganglio centinela (GC), definido como el primer ganglio linfático que drena el área del tumor. Se incluyen 50 pacientes con melanoma Estadío I y II operados entre Agosto de 1994 y Agosto de 1996. La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 53 años (rango 19-79). Veintisiete (54 por ciento) eran mujeres. En 23 casos (46 por ciento) se localizaron en el tronco, en 17 (34 por ciento) en el miembro inferior, en 7 (14 por ciento) en el miembro superior y en 3 (6 por ciento) en cabeza y cuello. Treinta (60 por ciento) fueron extensivo superficial, 14 (28 por ciento) nodular, 5 (10 por ciento) acrolentiginoso y 1 (2 por ciento) desmoplásico. El espesor de Breslow fue menor de 1,5 mm en 26 pacientes (52 por ciento), 1,5 a 4 mm en 19 (38 por ciento) y mayor de 4 mm en 5 (10 por ciento). La linfocentellografía preoperatoria con Tecnecio identificó el GC en 48 casos (96 por ciento). Bajo anestesia general o local el ganglio centinela teñido de azul fue encontrado en 47 pacientes (94 por ciento). Con ambos métodos simultáneamente fue hallado en 45 oportunidades (90 por ciento) y con por lo menos un método en 50 (100 por ciento). En 7 pacientes (14 por ciento) el GC fue positivo y se les realizó una linfadectomía. El GC fue el único positivo de todos los ganglios estudiados. La investigación del GC identifica al grupo de pacientes con micrometastasis ganglionares que se beneficiarían con una linfadenectomía, permite una completa estadificación anatomopatológica para un adecuado manejo terapéutico y al mismo tiempo reduce costos y morbilidad

Aspectos clínicos-quirúrgicos del cáncer de vesícula / Clinical surgical aspects of the gallblader neoplasms

Se presentaron 33 carcinomas primarios de la vesícula biliar. Sólo en 4 casos el diagnóstico fue operatorio. Afecta mayormente a mujeres luego de la sexta década de la vida y se calcula su frecuencia entre el 1 y el 2 por ciento de las vesículas extirpadas por litiasis. La colecistectomía simple tuvo buenos resultados en la etapa I de Nevin. En estados avanzados todos los tratamientos carecieron de eficacia. No resultaron de utilidad para prolongar la sobrevida, las resecciones ampliadas, la quimioterapia ni el tratamiento radiante

Aspectos clínicos-quirúrgicos del cáncer de vesícula / Clinical surgical aspects of the gallblader neoplasms

Se presentaron 33 carcinomas primarios de la vesícula biliar. Sólo en 4 casos el diagnóstico fue operatorio. Afecta mayormente a mujeres luego de la sexta década de la vida y se calcula su frecuencia entre el 1 y el 2 por ciento de las vesículas extirpadas por litiasis. La colecistectomía simple tuvo buenos resultados en la etapa I de Nevin. En estados avanzados todos los tratamientos carecieron de eficacia. No resultaron de utilidad para prolongar la sobrevida, las resecciones ampliadas, la quimioterapia ni el tratamiento radiante