The use of statins is related to a lower PSA level after endoscopic enucleation of the prostate with holmium laser (HoLEP) for the treatment of BPH.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the factors that may be associated with a 2-month high baseline level of Total Prostatic Specific Antigen (PSA) after endoscopic enucleation of the prostate with Holmium Laser (HoLEP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study of a prospectively collected database of adult males undergoing HoLEP at a single tertiary institution from September 2015 to February 2021. Pre-operative epidemiological, clinical characteristics and post-operative factors were analyzed and a multivariate analysis was performed to determine factors independently related to PSA decline. RESULTS: A total of 175 men aged 49-92 years with a prostate size ranging from 25 to 450 cc underwent HoLEP, and after excluding data from patients due to loss of follow-up or incomplete data, 126 patients were included in the final analysis. The patients were divided into group A (n = 84), which included patients with postoperative PSA nadir lower than 1 ng/ml, and group B(n = 42), with postoperative PSA levels greater than 1 ng/ml. In the univariate analysis there was a correlation between the variation of the PSA value and the percentage of resected tissue (p = 0.028), for each 1 g of resected prostate there was a reduction of 0.104 ng/mL, furthermore there was a difference between the means of age of group A (71.56 years) and group B (68.17 years) (p = 0.042). In the multivariate analysis, the use of statins and lower postoperative PSA levels (p = 0.024; HR = 3.71) were correlated. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that PSA after HoLEP is correlated with patient's age, the presence of incidental prostate cancer, and the use of statins.

A Prospective, Randomized Trial Comparing the Outcomes of Open vs Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy.

PURPOSE: Partial nephrectomy is the standard treatment for renal tumors <7 cm, and the trend toward minimally invasive surgery has increased. However, data that could support its use and benefits are still lacking. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective, randomized controlled trial comparing surgical, functional and oncologic outcomes in patients undergoing open partial nephrectomy (OPN) or laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN). Randomization was 1:1 to OPN or LPN for the treatment of renal tumors <7 cm. The primary endpoint was surgical complications up to 90 days after surgery. Secondary outcomes were comparison of surgical, oncologic and functional results. RESULTS: We randomized 208 patients between 2012 and 2020 (110 with OPN vs 98 with LPN). Operative data showed no differences in operative time, warm ischemia time, estimated blood loss, transfusions or length of hospital stay. Zero ischemia was more frequent in the OPN (35.4% vs 15.5%, p=0.02). OPN was associated with more abdominal wall complications (31.2% vs 13.1%, p=0.004). Regarding oncologic outcomes, no differences were noted. The LPN group had less kidney function reduction at 3 (-5.2% vs -10%, p=0.04; CI 0.09 to 9.46) and 12 months after surgery (-0.8% vs -6.3%, p=0.02; CI 1.18 to 12.95), and a lower rate of downstaging on the chronic kidney disease classification at 12 months (14.1% vs 32.6%, p=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Surgical and oncologic outcomes of LPN were similar to OPN. Minimally invasive surgery may provide better preservation of kidney function. More studies, especially those involving robotic surgery, are necessary to confirm our findings.

Pain and health-related quality of life with olaparib versus physician's choice of next-generation hormonal drug in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with homologous recombination repair gene alterations (PROfound): an open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: The PROfound study showed significantly improved radiographical progression-free survival and overall survival in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with alterations in homologous recombination repair genes and disease progression on a previous next-generation hormonal drug who received olaparib then those who received control. We aimed to assess pain and patient-centric health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measures in patients in the trial. METHODS: In this open-label, randomised, phase 3 study, patients (aged ≥18 years) with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and gene alterations to one of 15 genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, or ATM [cohort A] and BRIP1, BARD1, CDK12, CHEK1, CHEK2, FANCL, PALB2, PPP2R2A, RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD51D, and RAD54L [cohort B]) and disease progression after a previous next-generation hormonal drug were randomly assigned (2:1) to receive olaparib tablets (300 mg orally twice daily) or a control drug (enzalutamide tablets [160 mg orally once daily] or abiraterone tablets [1000 mg orally once daily] plus prednisone tablets [5 mg orally twice daily]), stratified by previous taxane use and measurable disease. The primary endpoint (radiographical progression-free survival in cohort A) has been previously reported. The prespecified secondary endpoints reported here are on pain, HRQOL, symptomatic skeletal-related events, and time to first opiate use for cancer-related pain in cohort A. Pain was assessed with the Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form, and HRQOL was assessed with the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Prostate (FACT-P). All endpoints were analysed in patients in cohort A by modified intention-to-treat. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02987543. FINDINGS: Between Feb 6, 2017, and June 4, 2019, 245 patients were enrolled in cohort A and received study treatment (162 [66%] in the olaparib group and 83 [34%] in the control group). Median duration of follow-up at data cutoff in all patients was 6·2 months (IQR 2·2-10·4) for the olaparib group and 3·5 months (1·7-4·9) for the control group. In cohort A, median time to pain progression was significantly longer with olaparib than with control (median not reached [95% CI not reached-not reached] with olaparib vs 9·92 months [5·39-not reached] with control; HR 0·44 [95% CI 0·22-0·91]; p=0·019). Pain interference scores were also better in the olaparib group (difference in overall adjusted mean change from baseline score -0·85 [95% CI -1·31 to -0·39]; pnominal=0·0004). Median time to progression of pain severity was not reached in either group (95% CI not reached-not reached for both groups; HR 0·56 [95% CI 0·25-1·34]; pnominal=0·17). In patients who had not used opiates at baseline (113 in the olaparib group, 58 in the control group), median time to first opiate use for cancer-related pain was 18·0 months (95% CI 12·8-not reached) in the olaparib group versus 7·5 months (3·2-not reached) in the control group (HR 0·61; 95% CI 0·38-0·99; pnominal=0·044). The proportion of patients with clinically meaningful improvement in FACT-P total score during treatment was higher for the olaparib group than the control group: 15 (10%) of 152 evaluable patients had a response in the olaparib group compared with one (1%) of evaluable 77 patients in the control group (odds ratio 8·32 [95% CI 1·64-151·84]; pnominal=0·0065). Median time to first symptomatic skeletal-related event was not reached for either treatment group (olaparib group 95% CI not reached-not reached; control group 7·8-not reached; HR 0·37 [95% CI 0·20-0·70]; pnominal=0·0013). INTERPRETATION: Olaparib was associated with reduced pain burden and better-preserved HRQOL compared with the two control drugs in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and homologous recombination repair gene alterations who had disease progression after a previous next-generation hormonal drug. Our findings support the clinical benefit of improved radiographical progression-free survival and overall survival identified in PROfound. FUNDING: AstraZeneca and Merck Sharp & Dohme.

Aesthetic Contouring of the Chest wall with Rib Resection.

BACKGROUND: In past decades, several invasive and noninvasive aesthetic procedures have been sought as a way to improve body contouring, and one may resort to uncertified and potentially dangerous procedures to achieve that goal. An example of this practice would be the resection of ribs to reduce the waist for aesthetic reasons. The objective was to check scientific evidence on the effectiveness and safety of removal of floating ribs for aesthetic purposes. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was carried out in EMBASE/Elsevier, Cochrane, Scopus, Medline, PubMed, BVS, SciELO, OneFile, and Lilacs, throughout the period until June 2020, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. RESULTS: Fifty-six articles were found in all databases. After applying the inclusion criteria, by reading the title and abstract of the studies found, only two articles were definitively included. One addressed the possibility of removing the 7th and 8th ribs for improving body contouring in patients with an exaggerated anterior projection of the chest wall, without showing cases or surgical techniques. The other demonstrated procedures of body contouring in transgender by the removal of the 11th and 12th ribs in five of the 22 patients studied, just providing a brief description of the surgical technique used, without details. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the relevance of the theme and its popularity, there is not enough scientific evidence to support the practice, effectiveness and safety of the resection of ribs for aesthetic purposes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate Simulation: Analysis of Realism and Level of Difficulty by Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate-naïve Urologists.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the opinion of Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP)-naïve urologists about a surgical simulator and the level of difficulty at each step. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 40 HoLEP-naïve urologists in a course involving 4 steps: lecture introducing Holmium laser basics and technique; live surgery; video explaining prostate enucleation using simulators; and simulator trial. A survey was applied to evaluate content validity and face validity of the simulator. Subjects also ranked the level of difficulty of each surgical step. RESULTS: All urologists agreed on the importance of a validated HoLEP simulator in training; 95% agreed that simulation-based training is essential for patient safety. The mean rate of face validity of all analyzed components was 8.4 (8.1-9.0). Instrumentation was considered the most realistic component, followed by laser-tissue interaction. Positioning the fiber and bladder neck incisions (BNIs) at 5 and 7-o'clock were the easiest steps. Detaching the median lobe from the bladder neck, BNI at 12, dividing the mucosal bridge distally, and joining the upper and lower incisions were the most difficult steps. Residents found more difficulty in joining the BNIs distally (3.6 vs 2.4, P = .006) and in dividing the mucosal bridge distally (4.0 vs 3.0, P = .038) when compared to specialists. CONCLUSION: HoLEP-naïve urologists found this simulator useful and important for patient safety. Most components were considered realistic. Simulation was able to reproduce the levels of difficulty usually found in real life cases. The level of expertise may influence the learning process of some steps.

The role of bladder diverticula in the prevalence of acute urinary retention in patients with BPH who are candidates to surgery.

INTRODUCTION: The urinary bladder diverticula (BD) secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a complication that can lead to urinary stasis, stone, urinary tract infection (UTI) and tumors. It's role in acute urinary retention (AUR) is not totally understood. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of BD size on AUR rates in patients with BPH candidates to surgery. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of 47 patients with BPH and BD who underwent BPH surgery associated to complete bladder diverticulectomy from 2006 to 2016. We analyzed risk factors for AUR in patients with BD using univariate, multivariate and correlation analysis. RESULTS: There was a difference in the size of the diverticula, with 6.8 cm vs. 4.5 cm among patients with and without AUR respectively (p=0.005). The ROC curve showed a correlation between the size of BD and the risk of AUR. The value of 5.15 cm presented a sensitivity of 73% and a specificity of 72%. The area under the curve was 0.75 (p=0.01). Comparing groups with BD >5.0 cm vs. ≤5.0 cm, the AUR incidence was 74% and 27.8% respectively with an OR of 2.65 (1.20-5.85) (p=0.005). In the multivariate analysis, only the size of the diverticula reached statistical significance (p=0.012). CONCLUSIONS: The diameter of BD is an independent risk factor for AUR in patients with BPH and BD who are candidates to surgery. A diameter greater than 5.15 cm increases the risk of AUR.

Increased locomotor response to amphetamine, but not other psychostimulants, in adult mice submitted to a low-protein diet.

Protein malnutrition results in a variety of brain dysfunctions, ultimately affecting cognitive functions. The effects of protein malnutrition in brain response to psychostimulants have been less studied in adult animals. We therefore aimed to study the response to psychoactive drugs on the locomotor activity (a behavior paradigm) of adult protein malnourished mice. Two-month-old mice were divided in two groups: (a) low-protein group (LP), which received 6% of protein diet, and (b) a control group that received a 25% of protein diet. After 3 months, they were tested for locomotor activity after an i.p. injection of one of psychoactive drugs: D-amphetamine (5.0 mg/kg), apomorphine (2.0 mg/kg), dizocilpine (0.25 mg/kg), or caffeine (30 mg/kg). Mice submitted to the LP diet presented prolonged induction of hyperlocomotion caused by amphetamine (about 350% between 90 and 180 min post drug injection as compared with well-nourished mice, p<0.01) but presented unaltered response to apomorphine, caffeine, and dizocilpine. These data point to altered catecholamine metabolism induced by protein restriction in adult mice. The results are discussed based on previous works, presenting theoretical hypotheses about the possible mechanisms involved in the present findings.

Guanosine selectively inhibits locomotor stimulation induced by the NMDA antagonist dizocilpine.

Guanosine has been shown to modulate glutamate system by stimulating astrocytic glutamate uptake. Recent evidence suggest that the locomotor effects of NMDA receptor antagonists, an animal model of schizophrenia, is associated with activation of non-NMDA glutamatergic receptors caused by increased glutamate release. The present work was undertaken to evaluate whether guanosine could have influence on the hyperlocomotion induced in mice by dizocilpine (MK-801), a NMDA antagonist. We also evaluated the effect of guanosine on the hyperlocomotion induced by the indirect dopamine agonist amphetamine, and by the non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine. Guanosine (7.5 mg/kg) produced an attenuation of about 60% on the hyperlocomotion induced by dizocilpine (0.25 mg/kg), whereas it did not affect the hyperlocomotion induced by amphetamine (5 mg/kg) or caffeine (30 mg/kg). Guanosine pre-treatment did not affect total spontaneous locomotion in all experiments. To test neuronal pathway selectivity, we evaluated MK-801 against guanosine in a working memory paradigm (spontaneous alternation task). Guanosine did not reverted the impairment caused by MK-801 in the spontaneous alternation test, and when administered alone also presented an amnesic effect. The results are discussed based on the current hypothesis of locomotor activation induced by the psychoactive drugs studied. Further studies are necessary to evaluate if guanosine could have clinical utility for the treatment of schizophrenia.