Dipole-mediated exciton management strategy enabled by reticular chemistry.

Selectively blocking undesirable exciton transfer pathways is crucial for utilizing exciton conversion processes that involve participation of multiple chromophores. This is particularly challenging for solid-state systems, where the chromophores are fixed in close proximity. For instance, the low efficiency of solid-state triplet-triplet upconversion calls for inhibiting the parasitic singlet back-transfer without blocking the flow of triplet excitons. Here, we present a reticular chemistry strategy that inhibits the resonance energy transfer of singlet excitons. Within a pillared layer metal-organic framework (MOF), pyrene-based singlet donors are situated perpendicular to porphyrin-based acceptors. High resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction enable direct visualization of the structural relationship between donor and acceptor (D-A) chromophores within the MOF. Time-resolved photoluminescence measurements reveal that the structural and symmetry features of the MOF reduce the donor-to-acceptor singlet transfer efficiency to less than 36% compared to around 96% in the control sample, where the relative orientation of the donor and acceptor chromophores cannot be controlled.

Room-Temperature Quantitative Quantum Sensing of Lithium Ions with a Radical-Embedded Metal-Organic Framework.

Recent advancements in quantum sensing have sparked transformative detection technologies with high sensitivity, precision, and spatial resolution. Owing to their atomic-level tunability, molecular qubits and ensembles thereof are promising candidates for sensing chemical analytes. Here, we show quantum sensing of lithium ions in solution at room temperature with an ensemble of organic radicals integrated in a microporous metal-organic framework (MOF). The organic radicals exhibit electron spin coherence and microwave addressability at room temperature, thus behaving as qubits. The high surface area of the MOF promotes accessibility of the guest analytes to the organic qubits, enabling unambiguous identification of lithium ions and quantitative measurement of their concentration through relaxometric and hyperfine spectroscopic methods based on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The sensing principle presented in this work is applicable to other metal ions with nonzero nuclear spin.

Synthesis of Polydiynes via an Unexpected Dimerization/Polymerization Sequence of C3 Propargylic Electrophiles.

Here, we describe the unexpected discovery of a Cu-catalyzed condensation polymerization reaction of propargylic electrophiles (CPPE) that transforms simple C3 building blocks into polydiynes of C6 repeating units. This reaction was achieved by a simple system composed of a copper acetylide initiator and an electron-rich phosphine ligand. Alkyne polymers (up to 33.8 kg/mol) were produced in good yields and exclusive regioselectivity with high functional group compatibility. Hydrogenation of the product afforded a new polyolefin-type backbone, while base-mediated isomerization led to a new type of dienyne-based electron-deficient conjugated polymer. Mechanistic studies revealed a new α-α selective Cu-catalyzed dimerization pathway of the C3 unit, followed by in situ organocopper-mediated chain-growth propagation. These insights not only provide an important understanding of the Cu-catalyzed CPPE of C3, C4, and C6 monomers in general but also lead to a significantly improved synthesis of polydiynes from simpler starting materials with handles for the incorporation of an α-end functional group.

Structural, Thermodynamic, and Transport Properties of the Small-Gap Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Kagomé Materials Cu3(hexaiminobenzene)2 and Ni3(hexaiminobenzene)2.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) provide exceptional chemical tunability and have recently been demonstrated to exhibit electrical conductivity and related functional electronic properties. The kagomé lattice is a fruitful source of novel physical states of matter, including the quantum spin liquid (in insulators) and Dirac fermions (in metals). Small-bandgap kagomé materials have the potential to bridge quantum spin liquid states and exhibit phenomena such as superconductivity but remain exceptionally rare. Here we report a structural, thermodynamic, and transport study of the two-dimensional kagomé metal-organic frameworks Ni3(HIB)2 and Cu3(HIB)2 (HIB = hexaiminobenzene). Magnetization measurements yield Curie constants of 0.989 emu K (mol Ni)-1 Oe-1 and 0.371 emu K (mol Cu)-1 Oe-1, respectively, close to the values expected for ideal S = 1 Ni2+ and S = 1/2 Cu2+. Weiss temperatures of -10.6 and -14.3 K indicate net weak mean field antiferromagnetic interactions between ions. Electrical transport measurements reveal that both materials are semiconducting, with gaps (Eg) of 22.2 and 103 meV, respectively. Specific heat measurements reveal a large T-linear contribution γ of 148(4) mJ mol-fu-1 K-2 in Ni3(HIB)2 with only a gradual upturn below ∼5 K and no evidence of a phase transition to an ordered state down to 0.1 K. Cu3(HIB)2 also lacks evidence of a phase transition above 0.1 K, with a substantial, field-dependent, magnetic contribution below ∼5 K. Despite them being superficially in agreement with the expectations of magnetic frustration and spin liquid physics, we ascribe these observations to the stacking faults found from a detailed analysis of synchrotron X-ray diffraction data. At the same time, our results demonstrate that these MOFs exhibit localized magnetism with simultaneous proximity to a metallic state, thus opening up opportunities to explore the connection between the insulating and metallic ground states of kagomé materials in a highly tunable chemical platform.

Copper-Catalyzed Formal Dehydration Polymerization of Propargylic Alcohols via Cumulene Intermediates.

Here we report a copper-catalyzed formal dehydration polymerization of propargylic alcohols. Copper catalysis allows for efficient in situ generation of [n]cumulenes (n = 3, 5) by a soft deprotonation/ß-elimination pathway and subsequent polymerization via organocopper species. Alkyne polymers (Mn up to 36.2 kg/mol) were produced with high efficiency (up to 95% yield) and excellent functional group tolerance. One-pot synthesis of semiconducting head-to-head poly(phenylacetylene) was demonstrated through a polymerization-isomerization sequence.

Dimensionality Modulates Electrical Conductivity in Compositionally Constant One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Frameworks.

We reveal here the construction of Ni-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and conjugated coordination polymers (CCPs) with different structural dimensionalities, including closely π-stacked 1D chains (Ni-1D), aggregated 2D layers (Ni-2D), and a 3D framework (Ni-3D), based on 2,3,5,6-tetraamino-1,4-hydroquinone (TAHQ) and its various oxidized forms. These materials have the same metal-ligand composition but exhibit distinct electronic properties caused by different dimensionalities and supramolecular interactions between SBUs, ligands, and structural motifs. The electrical conductivity of these materials spans nearly 8 orders of magnitude, approaching 0.3 S/cm.

Dual-Ion Intercalation and High Volumetric Capacitance in a Two-Dimensional Non-Porous Coordination Polymer.

Intercalation is a promising ion-sorption mechanism for enhancing the energy density of electrochemical capacitors (ECs) because it offers enhanced access to the electrochemical surface area. It requires a rapid transport of ions in and out of a host material, and it must occur without phase transformations. Materials that fulfil these requirements are rare; those that do intercalate almost exclusively cations. Herein, we show that Ni3 (benzenehexathiol) (Ni3 BHT), a non-porous two-dimensional (2D) layered coordination polymer (CP), intercalates both cations and anions with a variety of charges. Whereas cation intercalation is pseudocapacitive, anions intercalate in a purely capacitive fashion. The excellent EC performance of Ni3 BHT provides a general basis for investigating similar dual-ion intercalation mechanisms in the large family of non-porous 2D CPs.

Why conductivity is not always king - physical properties governing the capacitance of 2D metal-organic framework-based EDLC supercapacitor electrodes: a Ni3(HITP)2 case study.

We report a systematic study on the variation of the physical properties of Ni3(HITP)2 (HITP = 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexaiminotriphenylene) in the context of their influence on the capacitive behavior of this material in supercapacitor electrodes prepared using the neat MOF. We find that, for this representative material, the sample morphology has a greater impact on the measured electrode performance than differences in bulk electrical conductivity.

High-Capacitance Pseudocapacitors from Li+ Ion Intercalation in Nonporous, Electrically Conductive 2D Coordination Polymers.

Electrochemical capacitors (ECs) have emerged as reliable and fast-charging electrochemical energy storage devices that offer high power densities. Their use is still limited, nevertheless, by their relatively low energy density. Because high specific surface area and electrical conductivity are widely seen as key metrics for improving the energy density and overall performance of ECs, materials that have excellent electrical conductivities but are otherwise nonporous, such as coordination polymers (CPs), are often overlooked. Here, we report a new nonporous CP, Ni3(benzenehexathiolate) (Ni3BHT), which exhibits high electrical conductivity of over 500 S/m. When used as an electrode, Ni3BHT delivers excellent specific capacitances of 245 F/g and 426 F/cm3 in nonaqueous electrolytes. Structural and electrochemical studies relate the favorable performance to pseudocapacitive intercalation of Li+ ions between the 2D layers of Ni3BHT, a charge-storage mechanism that has thus far been documented only in inorganic materials such as TiO2, Nb2O5, and MXenes. This first demonstration of pseudocapacitive ion intercalation in nonporous CPs, a class of materials comprising thousands of members with distinct structures and compositions, provides important motivation for exploring this vast family of materials for nontraditional, high-energy pseudocapacitors.

Approaching Crystal Structure and High Electron Mobility in Conjugated Polymer Crystals.

Conjugated polymers usually form crystallized and amorphous regions in the solid state simultaneously, making it difficult to accurately determine their precise microstructures. The lack of multiscale microstructures of conjugated polymers limits the fundamental understanding of the structure-property relationships in polymer-based optoelectronic devices. Here, crystals of two typical conjugated polymers based on four-fluorinated benzodifurandione-based oligo(p-phenylene vinylene) (F4 BDOPV) and naphthalenediimide (NDI) motifs, respectively, are obtained by a controlled self-assembly process. The strong diffractivity of the polymer crystals brings an opportunity to determine the crystal structures by combining X-ray techniques and molecular simulations. The precise polymer packing structures are useful as initial models to evaluate the charge transport properties in the ordered and disordered phases. Compared to the spin-coated thin films, the highly oriented polymer chains in crystals endow higher mobilities with a lower hopping energy barrier. Microwire crystal transistors of F4 BDOPV- and NDI-based polymers exhibit high electron mobilities of up to 5.58 and 2.56 cm2  V-1  s-1 , respectively, which are among the highest values in polymer crystals. This work presents a simple method to obtain polymer crystals and their precise microstructures, promoting a deep understanding of molecular packing and charge transport for conjugated polymers.

Atomically precise single-crystal structures of electrically conducting 2D metal-organic frameworks.

Electrically conducting 2D metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted considerable interest, as their hexagonal 2D lattices mimic graphite and other 2D van der Waals stacked materials. However, understanding their intrinsic properties remains a challenge because their crystals are too small or of too poor quality for crystal structure determination. Here, we report atomically precise structures of a family of 2D π-conjugated MOFs derived from large single crystals of sizes up to 200 µm, allowing atomic-resolution analysis by a battery of high-resolution diffraction techniques. A designed ligand core rebalances the in-plane and out-of-plane interactions that define anisotropic crystal growth. We report two crystal structure types exhibiting analogous 2D honeycomb-like sheets but distinct packing modes and pore contents. Single-crystal electrical transport measurements distinctively demonstrate anisotropic transport normal and parallel to the π-conjugated sheets, revealing a clear correlation between absolute conductivity and the nature of the metal cation and 2D sheet packing motif.

A thermally activated and highly miscible dopant for n-type organic thermoelectrics.

N-doping plays an irreplaceable role in controlling the electron concentration of organic semiconductors thus to improve performance of organic semiconductor devices. However, compared with many mature p-doping methods, n-doping of organic semiconductor is still of challenges. In particular, dopant stability/processability, counterion-semiconductor immiscibility and doping induced microstructure non-uniformity have restricted the application of n-doping in high-performance devices. Here, we report a computer-assisted screening approach to rationally design of a triaminomethane-type dopant, which exhibit extremely high stability and strong hydride donating property due to its thermally activated doping mechanism. This triaminomethane derivative shows excellent counterion-semiconductor miscibility (counter cations stay with the polymer side chains), high doping efficiency and uniformity. By using triaminomethane, we realize a record n-type conductivity of up to 21 S cm-1 and power factors as high as 51 µW m-1 K-2 even in films with thicknesses over 10 µm, and we demonstrate the first reported all-polymer thermoelectric generator.

Continuous Electrical Conductivity Variation in M3(Hexaiminotriphenylene)2 (M = Co, Ni, Cu) MOF Alloys.

We report on the continuous fine-scale tuning of band gaps over 0.4 eV and of the electrical conductivity of over 4 orders of magnitude in a series of highly crystalline binary alloys of two-dimensional electrically conducting metal-organic frameworks M3(HITP)2 (M = Co, Ni, Cu; HITP = 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexaiminotriphenylene). The isostructurality in the M3(HITP)2 series permits the direct synthesis of binary alloys (MxM'3-x)(HITP)2 (MM' = CuNi, CoNi, and CoCu) with metal compositions precisely controlled by precursor ratios. We attribute the continuous tuning of both band gaps and electrical conductivity to changes in free-carrier concentrations and to subtle differences in the interlayer displacement or spacing, both of which are defined by metal substitution. The activation energy of (CoxNi3-x)(HITP)2 alloys scales inversely with an increasing Ni percentage, confirming thermally activated bulk transport.

Chemiresistive Sensing of Ambient CO2 by an Autogenously Hydrated Cu3(hexaiminobenzene)2 Framework.

A growing demand for indoor atmosphere monitoring relies critically on the ability to reliably and quantitatively detect carbon dioxide. Widespread adoption of CO2 sensors requires vastly improved materials and approaches because selective sensing of CO2 under ambient conditions, where relative humidity (RH) and other atmosphere contaminants provide a complex scenario, is particularly challenging. This report describes an ambient CO2 chemiresistor platform based on nanoporous, electrically conducting two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks (2D MOFs). The CO2 chemiresistive sensitivity of 2D MOFs is attained through the incorporation of imino-semiquinonate moieties, i.e., well-defined N-heteroatom functionalization. The best performance is obtained with Cu3(hexaiminobenzene)2, Cu3HIB2, which shows selective and robust ambient CO2 sensing properties at practically relevant levels (400-2500 ppm). The observed ambient CO2 sensitivity is nearly RH-independent in the range 10-80% RH. Cu3HIB2 shows higher sensitivity over a broader RH range than any other known chemiresistor. Characterization of the CO2-MOF interaction through a combination of in situ optical spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations evidence autogenously generated hydrated adsorption sites and a charge trapping mechanism as responsible for the intriguing CO2 sensing properties of Cu3HIB2.

Organic Semiconducting Alloys with Tunable Energy Levels.

Continuous band structure tuning, e.g., doping with different atoms, is one of the most important features of inorganic semiconductors. However, this can hardly be realized in organic semicondutors. Here, we report the first example of fine-tuning organic semiconductor band structures by alloying structurally similar derivatives into one single phase. By incorporating halogen atoms on different positions of the backbone, BDOPV derivatives with complementary intramolecular or intermolecular charge distributions were obtained. To maximize the Coloumbic attractive interactions and minimize repulsive interactions, they form antiparallel cofacial stacking in monocomponent or in alloy single crystals, resulting in efficient π orbital overlap. Benefiting from self-assembly induced solid state "olefin metathesis" reaction, it was observed, for the first time, that three BDOPV derivatives cocrystallized in one single crystal. Molecules with different energy levels serve like the dopants in inorganic semiconductors. Consequently, as the total number of halogen atoms increased, highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels of the alloy single crystals decreased monotonously in the range from -5.94 to -6.96 eV and -4.19 to -4.48 eV, respectively.

Wafer-Scale Fabrication of High-Performance n-Type Polymer Monolayer Transistors Using a Multi-Level Self-Assembly Strategy.

Wafer-scale fabrication of high-performance uniform organic electronic materials is of great challenge and has rarely been realized before. Previous large-scale fabrication methods always lead to different layer thickness and thereby poor film and device uniformity. Herein, the first demonstration of 4 in. wafer-scale, uniform, and high-performance n-type polymer monolayer films is reported, enabled by controlling the multi-level self-assembly process of conjugated polymers in solution. Since the self-assembly process happened in solution, the uniform 2D polymer monolayers can be facilely deposited on various substrates, and theoretically without size limitations. Polymer monolayer transistors exhibit high electron mobilities of up to 1.88 cm2 V-1 s-1 , which is among the highest in n-type monolayer organic transistors. This method allows to easily fabricate n-type conjugated polymers with wafer-scale, high uniformity, low contact resistance, and excellent transistor performance (better than the traditional spin-coating method). This work provides an effective strategy to prepare large-scale and uniform 2D polymer monolayers, which could enable the application of conjugated polymers for wafer-scale sophisticated electronics.

Reversible Metalation and Catalysis with a Scorpionate-like Metallo-ligand in a Metal-Organic Framework.

The installation of metallo-ligands in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is an effective means to create site-isolated metal centers toward single-site heterogeneous catalysis. Although trispyrazolyborate (Tp) and tripyrazolylmethane (Tpm) form one of the most iconic classes of homogeneous catalysts, neither has been used as a metallo-ligand for the generation of MOFs thus far. Here, we show that upon in situ metalation with CuI, a tricarboxylated Tpm ligand reacts with ZrOCl2 to generate a new MOF exhibiting neutral scorpionate-like chelating sites. These sites undergo for facile demetalation and remetalation with retention of crystallinity and porosity. When remetalated with CuI, the MOF exhibits spectroscopic features and catalytic activity for olefin cyclopropanation reactions that are similar to the molecular [Cu(CH3CN)Tpm*]PF6 complex (Tpm* = tris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)methane). These results demonstrate the inclusion of Tp or Tpm metallo-ligands in a MOF for the first time and provide a blueprint for immobilizing Tpm* catalysts in a spatially isolated and well-defined environment.

Second Near-Infrared Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles for Photoacoustic Imaging and Photothermal Therapy.

Photothermal conversion in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window allows deeper penetration and higher exposure to lasers, but examples of NIR-II photothermal agents are mainly formulated by inorganic compounds. In view of the underlying influence of inorganic materials, a novel NIR-II photothermal nanoagent based on a narrow band gap D-A conjugated polymer (TBDOPV-DT) with 2,2-bithiophene as the donor and thiophene-fused benzodifurandione-based oligo( p-phenylenevinylene) as the acceptor has been developed. More importantly, TBDOPV-DT nanoparticles (TBDOPV-DT NPs) are demonstrated to combine excellent photoacoustic imaging (PAI) and photothermal therapy (PTT) ability. TBDOPV-DT NPs exhibit dramatic photostability and heating reproducibility with a photothermal conversion efficiency of 50%. Especially, the NPs possess a remarkable PTT effect toward cancer cells in vitro and can eliminate tumor cells completely in vivo under 1064 nm laser irradiation, while no appreciable side effects have been observed. This study achieves PAI-guided cancer therapy and sheds light on the future of using organic polymer NPs for the NIR-II PTT of cancer.

Unraveling the Solution-State Supramolecular Structures of Donor-Acceptor Polymers and their Influence on Solid-State Morphology and Charge-Transport Properties.

Polymer self-assembly in solution prior to film fabrication makes solution-state structures critical for their solid-state packing and optoelectronic properties. However, unraveling the solution-state supramolecular structures is challenging, not to mention establishing a clear relationship between the solution-state structure and the charge-transport properties in field-effect transistors. Here, for the first time, it is revealed that the thin-film morphology of a conjugated polymer inherits the features of its solution-state supramolecular structures. A "solution-state supramolecular structure control" strategy is proposed to increase the electron mobility of a benzodifurandione-based oligo(p-phenylene vinylene) (BDOPV)-based polymer. It is shown that the solution-state structures of the BDOPV-based conjugated polymer can be tuned such that it forms a 1D rod-like structure in good solvent and a 2D lamellar structure in poor solvent. By tuning the solution-state structure, films with high crystallinity and good interdomain connectivity are obtained. The electron mobility significantly increases from the original value of 1.8 to 3.2 cm2 V-1 s-1 . This work demonstrates that "solution-state supramolecular structure" control is critical for understanding and optimization of the thin-film morphology and charge-transport properties of conjugated polymers.

Signature of Metallic Behavior in the Metal-Organic Frameworks M3(hexaiminobenzene)2 (M = Ni, Cu).

The two-dimensionally connected metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) Ni3(HIB)2 and Cu3(HIB)2 (HIB = hexaiminobenzene) are bulk electrical conductors and exhibit ultraviolet-photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) signatures expected of metallic solids. Electronic band structure calculations confirm that in both materials the Fermi energy lies in a partially filled delocalized band. Together with additional structural characterization and microscopy data, these results represent the first report of metallic behavior and permanent porosity coexisting within a metal-organic framework.