Elasticity in portion selection is predicted by severity of anorexia and food type in adolescents.

The size of portions that people select is an indicator of underlying mechanisms controlling food intake. Fears of eating excessive portions drive down the sizes of portions patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) can tolerate eating significantly below those of healthy controls (HC) (Kissileff et al., 2016). To determine whether patients with AN will also reduce the sizes of typical or ideal portions below those of controls, ANOVA was used to compare maximum tolerable, typical, and ideal portions of four foods (potatoes, rice, pizza, and M&M's) in the same group of 24 adolescent AN patients and 10 healthy adolescent controls (HC), on which only the maximal portion data were previously reported. Typical and ideal portion sizes did not differ on any food for AN, but for HC, typical portions sizes (kcals) became larger than ideal as the energy density of the food increased, and were significant for the most energy dense food. Ideal portions of low energy dense foods were the same for AN as for in HC. There was a significant 3-way (group × food × portion type) interaction, such that HC selected larger maximum than typical portions only for pizza. We therefore proposed that individuals of certain groups, depending on the food, can be flexible in the amounts of food chosen to be eaten. We call this difference between maximum-tolerable, and typical portion sizes selected "elasticity." Elasticity was significantly smaller for AN patients compared to HC for pizza and was significantly inversely correlated with severity of illness. This index could be useful for clinical assessment of AN patients, and those with eating problems such as in obesity and bulimia nervosa and tracking their response to treatment.

An evaluation of a stepdown amino-acid feeding program for commercial pullets to 20 weeks of age.

Two experiments were conducted to study the use of a feeding program based on dietary amino-acid levels for commercial egg-production replacement pullets from 8 to 20 wk of age. HyLine W-36 pullets were used in Experiment 1; and HiSex White pullets were used in Experiment 2. All pullets were fed a starter diet calculated to contain 21% CP for the first 8 wk of age. From 8 to 20 wk of age, they were fed 10 series of diets calculated to provide various levels of TSAA, lysine (Lys), tryptophan (Trp), and arginine (Arg) at various ages. The levels of each of these amino acids were lowered every 2 weeks. The following levels of amino acids, based on calculated values suggested for corn and soybean meal, were found to be adequate from 8 to 20 wk, with linear reductions at biweekly intervals: .54 to .42% TSAA (.28 to .21% methionine), .64 to .48% lysine, .18 to .14% tryptophan, and .96 to .78% arginine.

Performance of Leghorn type hens fed two levels of energy and a synthetic estrogen during the growing period.

Feeding of an estrogen, dienestrol diacetate, at 352 mg/kg of diet to December-hatched White Leghorn type pullets, from 16 to 20 wk of age, caused onset of production to be delayed approximately 3 wk. The dietary dienestrol diacetate also resulted in increased body weights at 30 and 46 wk in one experiment. Hens receiving the estrogen laid significantly (P less than .05) heavier but fewer eggs during most of the production year than did those fed diets without the estrogenic compound. The addition of 2.2% fat to diets of pullets from 0 to 20 wk of age failed to influence their performance in the layer house.

The effect of thyroidectomy on male rats fed two antagonist lipid diets. IV. The fatty acid content of mitochondrial lipids of heart and gastrocnemic muscles

The fatty acid (FA) contents of heart and gatrocnemic muscle mitochondrial lipids of thyroidecromized and control (sham-operated) were analyzed. Animals were fed either an n-6 polyunsaturated (PUFA)-rich diet A or an n- PUFA-rich diet B during 30 days. It was observed alteraions in the composition of FA of those cell organelles caused by the absence of the thyroid gland. Some of these alterations were dependent of the type of used diet. Thyroidecromy caused an increase of P?S ratio in heart and gastrocnemic muscle but only for animals fed diet B. Thyroidectomy caused an increase of n-6/n-3 ratio in heart of rats fed diet A and in gastrocnemic muscle of rats fed diet B and it caused a decrease of n-6/n-3 ratio of heart of rats fed diet A and in gastrocnemic muscle of rats fed diet B. The absence of thyroid gland in some way may interfer in the FA metabolism and in the rate of FA incorporation into endogeneous lipids but in a different process dependent of type of tissue and of used lipid diet

The effect of the thyroidectomy in male rats fed two antagonist lipid diets. V. The mitochondrial ATPase activity of heart and gastrocnemic muscles

The mitochondrial ATPase activity of heart and gastrocnemic muscles of thyroidectomized and control rats was determined. Some rats were fed an n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)-rich diet A and others were fed an n-3PUFA-rich diet B, during 30 days. The heart mitochondrial ATPase activity of rats fed diet A was higher than of rats fed diet B in both thyroidectomized (p < 0.01) and control (p < 0.05) groups. The thyroidectomy induced an increase of heart mitochondrial ATPase activity in both dietary groups (p < 0.01). The thyroidectomy also induced an increase in gastrocnemic mitochondrial ATPase activity in diet B group, but it induced a decrease in ATPase activity in diet A group. The data suggest that the dietary lipids and the absence of thyroid gland induce changes in mitochondrial ATPase activity in heart and gastrocnemic muscles, confirming the same observations previously y described for the effect of thyroidectomy and diet in rat liver and brain (9)

Effect of the thyroidectomy on male rats fed two antagonist lipid diets: I. Physiological aspects

Male rats fed an n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich diet A or an n-3 PUFA-rich diet B were subjected to a surgical thyroidectomy or to a sham-operation (control animals). Thyroidectomy caused a lesser daily increase of body weight in both dietary groups. The diet A rats showed in average greater values of body weight than diet B rats, for control and thyroidectomized animals. After 30 days of experiment thyroidectomy caused no effect on the relative weight (g/100g body weight) of liver in both dietary groups. However, it increased the relative weight) of gastrocnemius (p<0.05) and brain (p<0.001) in both dietary groups, and it decreased the relative weight of heart in both dietary groups, and it decreased the relative weight of heart in diet A (NS) and in diet B (p<0.05) groups. The relative weights of heart, gastrocnemius, liver and brain of control and thyroidectomized rats of diet A groups were lower than respective organs of diet B groups. Thyroidectomy did not affect the level of plasma proteins of diet B rats was higher than diet A rats, for controls or thyroidectomized animals. Iodine uptake by thyroid gland, the plasma level of T3 of diet B control rats were significant higher thand diet A control rats, but the plasma level of T4 of diet A control rats was higher than diet B control rats (NS). These results suggested that the thyroidectomy and or lipid diets may alter the rat development as well the ingestion of antagonist lipid diets may alter thyroid gland functions

The effect of the thyroidectomy in male rats fed two antagonist lipid diets: II. The fatty acid content of lipids of plasma and mitochondria of liver and brain

Male rats subjected to surgicl thyroidectomy showed alteration in the content of fatty acids (FA) of plasma and mitochondria of liver and brain lipids in comparison to control animals (sham-operated). Those alterations depend of the kind of dietary fat intake. Control and thyroidectomized rats fed an n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich diet A or an n-3 PUFA-rich diet B. Thyroidectomy, independently of kind of diet, did not cause any alteration on the P/S ratio in plasma or brain mithocondria. However, it caused an increase on the P/S ratio in liver mithochondria, more evident in the dietary group B. This fact may suggest that the absence of thyroid hormones would induce a higher incorporation of PUFAs in liver lipids. Thyroidectomy caused a decrease of linoleic acid (LA) content in plasma of both dietary groups but it caused an increase of LA in diet A brain mitochondria groups. The plasma FA content, although depends on the source of fat intake, was not a mere reflection of the diet FA ingested. As the thyroidectomy also changed the content of plasma FA, it is possible to postulate that the plasma FA should be actually a reflection of the FA content of endogenous lipds

The effect of thyroidectomy in male rats fed two antagonist lipid diets: III. The liver and brain mitochondrial ATPase activity

The liver and brain mitochondrial ATPase activity of surgical thyroidectomized male rats fed two antagonist lipid diets, an n06 polyunsaturated fatty (PUFA)-rich diet A or an n-3 PUFA-rich diet B, during 30 days, was different in comparison to the respective controls (sham-operated animals). Thyroidectomy did not change the diet A liver and diet B brain ATPase activity, but it increased the diet B liver ATPase (p<0.001) and decreased the diet A brain ATPase (p<0.001). The ATPase activity was also altered in function of used diets, with the exception of thyroidectomized rats in liver. The ATPase of diet A control rats was higher than the enzyme of diet B control rats in liver (p<0.001) and brain (p<0.001). The ATPase of diet A thyroidectomized rats was higher than the diet B thyroidectomized rats ATPase (p<0.005)

Increased susceptibility of mice to MHV 3 infection induced by hypercholesterolemic diet: impairment of Kupffer cell function.

Nutritionally induced hypercholesterolemia in A/J mice causes susceptibility to Mouse Hepatitis type 3 (MHV 3), whereas normal A/J mice are fully resistant. A/J mice fed with a hypercholesterolemic diet for 15 to 60 days develop 5 to 7 days after MHV 3 infection an acute hepatitis which led to high levels of mortality. A direct relationship was found between the high levels of plasma and hepatic cholesterol and the mortality. In attempting to define the dietary-induced physiological changes which led to the loss of resistance, the Kupffer cells were shown to exhibit an impairment of functions in their ability to become activated by LPS in order to take up C3-coated IgM opsonized sheep red blood cells, C3(IgM)SRBC, or 3H-thymidine Escherichia coli, and the susceptibility to interferon (IFN) for the induction of an antiviral state. Peritoneal macrophages which were studied in comparison with the Kupffer cells showed no impaired functions. The findings presented here indicate an inhibition of host resistance, by nutritional hypercholesterolemia, of A/J mice to MHV 3 infection and that, at least one site of impairment occurs specifically at the stage of Kupffer cells function.

Phosphorus requirement of commercial Leghorn pullets from 8 to 20 weeks.

Hisex White pullets, hatched in November, were used to study the influence of the amount of dietary phosphorus in practical grower diets during the 8 to 20-week growing period. Measurement were made on 20-week body weight, bone ash, and layer house performance. All chicks were fed a 21% protein starter diet through 8 weeks at which time they were randomized into eight treatment groups. Grower diets were changed at 8, 12, and 16 weeks at which time different dietary phosphorus percents were used. Percents of total phosphorus used were .60, .55, .50, .45, and .32 for 8 to 12 weeks and .31 for 13 to 20 weeks. Lowering the phosphorus to .32% at 8 weeks or .31% at 12 weeks significantly reduced 20-week body weight. Lowering total phosphorus to .31% at 16 weeks did not significantly affect 20-week body weight. Bone ash measured at 20 weeks was not significantly affected by feeding less phosphorus. Laying house mortality, egg production, egg weight, and egg specific gravity were not influenced by lowering phosphorus in grower diets.

Biochemical observations on rat aorta: interaction of dietary protein and cholesterol.

1. The effect of cholesterol feeding during and after a period of protein malnutrition lasting 4 weeks was examined in the rat. Indices measured were plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides and protein levels, and aorta total cholesterol, triglycerides, hexosamine and hydroxyproline concentrations. 2. In both plasma and aorta, total cholesterol and triglycerides levels were higher in the low-protein diet group than in the standard-protein diet group, when cholesterol was supplied in both diets. 3. During the malnutrition period, cholesterol feeding led to a greater decrease in plasma protein than that promoted by the low-protein diet without cholesterol, while aorta hexosamine levels decreased to a lesser extent. 4. Cholesterol feeding with a standard-protein diet promoted a slight and temporary increase in aorta hydroxyproline levels, while a decrease in aorta hexosamine concentration was observed. Cholesterol feeding with the low-protein diet, on the other hand, also promoted a decrease in aorta hexosamine levels but to a lesser extent. 5. During the recovery period, cholesterol feeding impaired the return of plasma protein, aorta hexosamine and lipid levels to that of the control values. 6. These findings demonstrate that cholesterol feeding promotes different changes in aorta and plasma, depending on whether or not protein is supplied by the diet in adequate amounts. This point could be important in relation to the development of atherosclerosis during recovery from a period of malnutrition.

Effects of mast cell inhibition on plasma and aortic content of lipids, hexosamine, and hydroxyproline in rats. Role of thyroid gland.

Twenty-one-day-old rats were treated with mast cell inhibitors for four weeks. Some of the rats were thyroidectomized in the beginning of the experiment. Mast cell impairment decreased plasma cholesterol and increased plasma triglyceride levels; in aorta, there was a decrease in total protein, hexosamine and hydroxyproline levels, while triglyceride concentration increased and total cholesterol did not change. In thyroidectomized rats, mast cell impairment led to decreased plasma cholesterol and aortic triglyceride content, increased aortic hexosamine and hydroxyproline levels and did not change plasma triglycerides, aortic total cholesterol and total protein content. It was concluded that some effects of mast cell inhibition on arterial wall metabolism are mediated through the thyroid gland.

Effect of mast cell stimulators or inhibitors on plasma lipids and aortic content of lipids, hexosamine and hydroxyproline in rats.

Twenty-one-day-old rats were treated with mast cell stimulators or inhibitors. Mast cell inhibition produced decrease of total cholesterol in plasma and aorta, while the stimulation led to an increase. Both stimulation and inhibition produced increased levels of plasma and aorta triglycerides, and decrease of aorta content of hexosamine, hydroxyproline and total protein; these same effects could be due to different release of specific mast cell mediators.

A step-down protein program for commercial pullets.

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the protein requirement of commercial egg production pullets from 8 to 20 weeks of age. Hyline W-36 pullets were used in Experiments 1 and 3, and Hisex White pullets were used in Experiment 2. They were fed a 20% protein diet for the first 8 weeks. In Experiment 1, a diet containing 14% protein did not result in body weight at 16 weeks equal to that obtained from feeding a diet containing 17% protein. In Experiments 2 and 3, body weights of pullets fed a diet containing 17% protein from 8 to 10 weeks followed by 1% protein reduction biweekly thereafter (12% from 18 to 20 weeks) was equal to that obtained by feeding 18% for the entire period. Performance in the laying house for four 28-day periods was equal for the two treatment groups. Feeding diets with suboptimal protein from 8 to either 12 or 14 weeks of age resulted in reduced body weight. However, when 14% protein was fed for the remainder of the growing period, body weight was restored.

Biochemical observations on rat aortas: effect of protein refeeding after a protein depletion period.

Young male rats were fed standard (normal protein content) or low-protein diets for 4 weeks. Protein-deficient rats were refed the standard diet for an other 1, 2 or 4 weeks. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, total protein and hydroxyproline levels decreased in both aorta and plasma of rats receiving the low-protein diet. After the animals were refed the standard diet for 1 or 2 weeks, the lipid content of the arterial wall and plasma increased above basal values, returning to control values after the 4th week of standard-diet administration. Total protein levels increased slightly in plasma and arterial walls, reaching control values by the 4th week. The decreased hydroxyproline content in the arterial walls remained low after rats were refed the standard diet for 4 weeks.

Conversao de tiroxina (T4) em 3,5,3'triiodotironina (T3) e 3,3',5-triiodotironina (reverso T3) em suspensoes de leucocitos humanos. Estudo nos estados de hiper e hipotiroidismo. / Thyroxine (T4) to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (reserve T3) conversion in human leukocyte suspensions. Study in hyper and hypothyroidism states

O metabilismo periferico dos hormonios tiroidianos foi estudado em suspensoes de leucocitos humanos, determinando-se, por radioimunoensaio, agestao in vitro de T3 e rT3 a partir de T4 nao radioativo. Pode-se evidenciar, nas suspensoes de leucocitos provenientes de pacientes portadores de hipertiroidismo, maior geracao in vitro de T3 e rT3, enquanto que diminuicao significativa foi observada nos pacientes com hipotiroidismo. Essas alteracoes sao aparentemente devidas ao excesso e a falta de hormonios tiroidianos, respectivamente, ja que em ambos os casos elas puderam ser revertidas pelo tratamento clinico adequado

Estudo das alteracoes de eixo hipotalamo-hipofise-tiroide de ratos alimentados com excesso de colesterol. / Hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis function in rats fed with excess of cholesterol

Neste estudo verificou-se o efeito da administracao de colesterol pela dieta (1%) sobre a secrecao hipofisaria de TSH e Prl em um sistema in vitro de coincubacao hipotalamo-hipofise.A atividade do TRH nos extratos hipotalamicos dos ratos alimentados com colesterol foi maior do que aquela observada nos extratos controles, indicando que o aumento das concentracoes sericas e hipofisarias de TSH e Prl evidenciadas apos o periodo de alimentacao com colesterol e provavelmente devido a uma maior secrecao de TRH pelo hipotalamo