Small volume laboratory on a chip measurements incorporating the quartz crystal microbalance to measure the viscosity-density product of room temperature ionic liquids.

A microfluidic glass chip system incorporating a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) to measure the square root of the viscosity-density product of room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) is presented. The QCM covers a central recess on a glass chip, with a seal formed by tightly clamping from above outside the sensing region. The change in resonant frequency of the QCM allows for the determination of the square root viscosity-density product of RTILs to a limit of approximately 10 kg m(-2) s(-0.5). This method has reduced the sample size needed for characterization from 1.5 ml to only 30 mul and allows the measurement to be made in an enclosed system.

Multiple and distinct activation and repression sequences mediate the regulated transcription of IME1, a transcriptional activator of meiosis-specific genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

IME1 encodes a transcriptional activator required for the transcription of meiosis-specific genes and initiation of meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The transcription of IME1 is repressed in the presence of glucose, and a low basal level of IME1 RNA is observed in vegetative cultures with acetate as the sole carbon source. Upon nitrogen depletion a transient induction in the transcription of IME1 is observed in MATa/MATalpha diploids but not in MAT-insufficient strains. In this study we demonstrate that the transcription of IME1 is controlled by an extremely unusual large 5' region, over 2,100 bp long. This area is divided into four different upstream controlling sequences (UCS). UCS2 promotes the transcription of IME1 in the presence of a nonfermentable carbon source. UCS2 is flanked by three negative regions: UCS1, which exhibits URS activity in the presence of nitrogen, and UCS3 and UCS4, which repress the activity of UCS2 in MAT-insufficient cells. UCS2 consists of alternate positive and negative elements: three distinct constitutive URS elements that prevent the function of any upstream activating sequence (UAS) under all growth conditions, a constitutive UAS element that promotes expression under all growth conditions, a UAS element that is active only in vegetative media, and two discrete elements that function as UASs in the presence of acetate. Sequence analysis of IME1 revealed the presence of two almost identical 30- to 32-bp repeats. Surprisingly, one repeat, IREd, exhibits constitutive URS activity, whereas the other repeat, IREu, serves as a carbon-source-regulated UAS element. The RAS-cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase cAPK pathway prevents the UAS activity of IREu in the presence of glucose as the sole carbon source, while the transcriptional activators Msn2p and Msn4p promote the UAS activity of this repeat in the presence of acetate. We suggest that the use of multiple negative and positive elements is essential to restrict transcription to the appropriate conditions and that the combinatorial effect of the entire region leads to the regulated transcription of IME1.