Hybrid oxide coatings generate stable Cu catalysts for CO2 electroreduction.

Hybrid organic/inorganic materials have contributed to solve important challenges in different areas of science. One of the biggest challenges for a more sustainable society is to have active and stable catalysts that enable the transition from fossil fuel to renewable feedstocks, reduce energy consumption and minimize the environmental footprint. Here we synthesize novel hybrid materials where an amorphous oxide coating with embedded organic ligands surrounds metallic nanocrystals. We demonstrate that the hybrid coating is a powerful means to create electrocatalysts stable against structural reconstruction during the CO2 electroreduction. These electrocatalysts consist of copper nanocrystals encapsulated in a hybrid organic/inorganic alumina shell. This shell locks a fraction of the copper surface into a reduction-resistant Cu2+ state, which inhibits those redox processes responsible for the structural reconstruction of copper. The electrocatalyst activity is preserved, which would not be possible with a conventional dense alumina coating. Varying the shell thickness and the coating morphology yields fundamental insights into the stabilization mechanism and emphasizes the importance of the Lewis acidity of the shell in relation to the retention of catalyst structure. The synthetic tunability of the chemistry developed herein opens new avenues for the design of stable electrocatalysts and beyond.

A Pilot Study Comparing a Community of Practice Program with and without Concurrent Ketamine-Assisted Therapy.

The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has increased among healthcare providers, while the effectiveness of conventional treatments remains limited. Ketamine-assisted therapy offers a promising alternative; however, few have integrated ketamine with a group-based therapeutic modality. We report a retrospective, secondary analysis of a 12-week pilot of a Community of Practice (CoP) oriented group therapy program with optional, adjunct ketamine for depression, anxiety, and PTSD in a sample of 57 healthcare providers. All participants moved through the treatment as one group, with 38 electing to also receive three adjunct ketamine sessions in addition to the weekly CoP. Symptoms were assessed at baseline and pilot completion with the PHQ-9 for depression, GAD-7 for anxiety, and PCL-5 for PTSD. We observed significant reductions in the mean change among all participants, suggesting that benefit was derived from the CoP component, with or without ketamine as an adjunct. PHQ-9 scores decreased by 6.79 (95% CI: 5.09-8.49, p < .001), GAD-7 scores decreased by 5.57 (CI: 4.12-7.00, p < .001), and PCL-5 scores decreased by 14.83 (CI: 10.27-19.38, p < .001). Reductions were larger, but statistically nonsignificant, among those receiving ketamine. Further research is required to assess the impact of ketamine as an adjunct in group-based therapies.

Multicohort cross-sectional study of cognitive and behavioural digital biomarkers in neurodegeneration: the Living Lab Study protocol.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Digital biomarkers can provide a cost-effective, objective and robust measure for neurological disease progression, changes in care needs and the effect of interventions. Motor function, physiology and behaviour can provide informative measures of neurological conditions and neurodegenerative decline. New digital technologies present an opportunity to provide remote, high-frequency monitoring of patients from within their homes. The purpose of the living lab study is to develop novel digital biomarkers of functional impairment in those living with neurodegenerative disease (NDD) and neurological conditions. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The Living Lab study is a cross-sectional observational study of cognition and behaviour in people living with NDDs and other, non-degenerative neurological conditions. Patients (n≥25 for each patient group) with dementia, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, mild cognitive impairment, traumatic brain injury and stroke along with controls (n≥60) will be pragmatically recruited. Patients will carry out activities of daily living and functional assessments within the Living Lab. The Living Lab is an apartment-laboratory containing a functional kitchen, bathroom, bed and living area to provide a controlled environment to develop novel digital biomarkers. The Living Lab provides an important intermediary stage between the conventional laboratory and the home. Multiple passive environmental sensors, internet-enabled medical devices, wearables and electroencephalography (EEG) will be used to characterise functional impairments of NDDs and non-NDD conditions. We will also relate these digital technology measures to clinical and cognitive outcomes. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approvals have been granted by the Imperial College Research Ethics Committee (reference number: 21IC6992). Results from the study will be disseminated at conferences and within peer-reviewed journals.

Mapping the sociodemographic distribution and self-reported justifications for non-compliance with COVID-19 guidelines in the United Kingdom.

Which population factors have predisposed people to disregard government safety guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic and what justifications do they give for this non-compliance? To address these questions, we analyse fixed-choice and free-text responses to survey questions about compliance and government handling of the pandemic, collected from tens of thousands of members of the UK public at three 6-monthly timepoints. We report that sceptical opinions about the government and mainstream-media narrative, especially as pertaining to justification for guidelines, significantly predict non-compliance. However, free text topic modelling shows that such opinions are diverse, spanning from scepticism about government competence and self-interest to full-blown conspiracy theories, and covary in prevalence with sociodemographic variables. These results indicate that attempts to counter non-compliance through argument should account for this diversity in peoples' underlying opinions, and inform conversations aimed at bridging the gap between the general public and bodies of authority accordingly.

Pathological Presence of Free Air in the Thorax: Pneumothorax and Pneumomediastinum as a Complication of COVID-19.

INTRODUCTION: The abnormal presence of free air in the thorax, pneumothorax, and pneumomediastinum are complications for critically ill patients suffering from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The development of these events may lead to a poor prognosis and make the management of this category of patients more difficult. STUDY DESIGN: We performed an observational retrospective study, including patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and pneumonia who were hospitalized, to analyze the cases that developed pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum as a complication. RESULTS: A total of 28 cases (1.51%) from 1844 patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia developed pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum during hospitalization. Of them, 21 (75%) needed intensive care unit admission and ventilation, and 10 (35.71) were cured. CONCLUSION: The male gender is more probable to be involved in the development of pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. The incidence of these events is low, and conservative treatment could provide a better outcome.

Pyrochlore-Type Iron Hydroxy Fluorides as Low-Cost Lithium-Ion Cathode Materials for Stationary Energy Storage.

Pyrochlore-type iron (III) hydroxy fluorides (Pyr-IHF) are appealing low-cost stationary energy storage materials due to the virtually unlimited supply of their constituent elements, their high energy densities, and fast Li-ion diffusion. However, the prohibitively high costs of synthesis and cathode architecture currently prevent their commercial use in low-cost Li-ion batteries. Herein, a facile and cost-effective dissolution-precipitation synthesis of Pyr-IHF from soluble iron (III) fluoride precursors is presented. High capacity retention by synthesized Pyr-IHF of >80% after 600 cycles at a high current density of 1 A g-1 is obtained, without elaborate electrode engineering. Operando synchrotron X-ray diffraction guides the selective synthesis of Pyr-IHF such that different water contents can be tested for their effect on the rate capability. Li-ion diffusion is found to occur in the 3D hexagonal channels of Pyr-IHF, formed by corner-sharing FeF6-x (OH)x octahedra.

Assessing the Productivity of the Direct Conversion of Methane-to-Methanol over Copper-Exchanged Zeolite Omega (MAZ) via Oxygen Looping.

The methane-to-methanol (MtM) conversion via the oxygen looping approach using copper-exchanged zeolites has been extensively studied over the last decade. While a lot of research has focussed on maximizing yield and selectivity, little has been directed toward productivity-a metric far more meaningful for evaluating industrial potential. Using copper-exchanged zeolite omega (Cu-omega), a material highly active and selective for the MtM conversion using the isothermal oxygen looping approach, we show that this material exhibits unprecedented potential for industrial valorization. In doing so, we also present a novel methodology combining operando XAS and mass spectrometry for the screening of materials for the MtM conversion in oxygen looping mode.

The Impact of Tourniquet Usage on TKA Outcome: A Single-Center Prospective Trial.

Background and Objectives: Total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) are the most effective surgical treatment for end-stage knee osteoarthritis. The tourniquet is used to reduce intraoperative blood loss, improving surgical field visualization. There is much controversy regarding the effectiveness and safety of using a tourniquet during total knee arthroplasties. The purpose of this prospective study is to determine the effect of tourniquet usage during TKAs on early functional outcomes and pain in our center. Materials and Methods: We conducted a randomized controlled trial of patients following a primary total knee replacement between October 2020 and August 2021. We recorded presurgical data, which included age, sex and knee range of motion. Intraoperatively, we measured the amount of blood aspiration and the surgical room time. After the surgery, we measured the amount of blood aspirated through the drains and the hemoglobin. We measured flexion, extension, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores, and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC score) scores for the functional evaluation. Results: We included 96 patients in the T group and 94 in the NT group, respectively, who remained until the last follow-up. Regarding blood loss, the NT group demonstrated significantly lower levels: 245 ± 97.8 mL intraoperative and 324.8 ± 151.65 mL postoperative, compared to the T group, where we recorded 276 ± 109.2 mL during the surgical procedures and 353.44 ± 101.55 mL after the surgery, (p < 0.05). We also recorded significantly shorter operative room time for the NT group, (p < 0.05). During the follow-up, we noticed postoperative improvements but without significant differences between the groups. Conclusions: We found a significant decrease in bleeding after no tourniquet usage during total knee replacements and shorter operative times. On the other hand, the knee function demonstrated no significant differences between the groups. Further studies may be required in order to assess complications.

Effect of Sodium selenite administration on the process of tendon healing in Wistar male rats.

Tendon lesions have a great effect on the quality of life and medical spending. Thus is important to investigate the mechanisms responsible for tendon healing and to identify novel treatment options. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Selenium on the healing processes of injured tendons. A total of 20 Wistar male rats were used and were split into two groups with two different treatment methods. The first group received a normal food administration, while the second group received Na2SeO3. The animals were kept for 28 days. During the eighth day, all animals underwent surgical experimental Achilles tendon lesion and a Kessler-type suture. After three weeks, the animals were sacrificed and the tendon was extracted for histological evaluation in order to do a comparison according to the Movin scale (modified by Bonar). The histological evaluation revealed an even orientation of the collagen fibers in the case of the experimental group (Se) compared with the second group. The Bonar score was 1.62 for the Se group, while the control group had a Bonar score of 1.98. The average number of tenocytes in the Se group was lower which is demonstrated by a lower Bonar score (1.22), compared with the second group (Bonar Score 1.85). In addition, a slightly higher number of tenocytes compared with the intact tendon areas was recorded. In vascularization, a decreased amount of blood vessels in the experimental group (Se) was observed (Bonar Score 1.70), compared with the control group (Bonar score 1.96). The present study demonstrated that Selenium administration on murine models could be beneficial for tendon healing. Further clinical research is required in order for this to be confidently recommended.

Alloying as a Strategy to Boost the Stability of Copper Nanocatalysts during the Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Reaction.

Copper nanocatalysts are among the most promising candidates to drive the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). However, the stability of such catalysts during operation is sub-optimal, and improving this aspect of catalyst behavior remains a challenge. Here, we synthesize well-defined and tunable CuGa nanoparticles (NPs) and demonstrate that alloying Cu with Ga considerably improves the stability of the nanocatalysts. In particular, we discover that CuGa NPs containing 17 at. % Ga preserve most of their CO2RR activity for at least 20 h while Cu NPs of the same size reconstruct and lose their CO2RR activity within 2 h. Various characterization techniques, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy, suggest that the addition of Ga suppresses Cu oxidation at open-circuit potential (ocp) and induces significant electronic interactions between Ga and Cu. Thus, we explain the observed stabilization of the Cu by Ga as a result of the higher oxophilicity and lower electronegativity of Ga, which reduce the propensity of Cu to oxidize at ocp and enhance the bond strength in the alloyed nanocatalysts. In addition to addressing one of the major challenges in CO2RR, this study proposes a strategy to generate NPs that are stable under a reducing reaction environment.

Complications During Hospitalization in Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia in a Romanian Pulmonary Center.

Introduction The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. Facing a new and unknown virus, the entire medical community made considerable efforts to find a specific treatment, develop guidelines, and even create a vaccine. Besides all the measures taken, a wide range of complications associated with the disease increased the mortality and morbidity rates, adding more difficulty to the management of the patients. Study design We performed a retrospective study, including the patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia who were admitted to our hospital between March 2020 and August 2021. We analyzed complications that developed during the hospitalization, such as respiratory failure or acute injury to other organs (the heart, pancreas, kidneys, and liver), and whether they were treatment- and hospitalization-related. Results One thousand eight hundred and forty-four cases were evaluated, and we analyzed the complications that developed during the hospitalization. Out of this, 1392 (75.48%) cases developed at least one complication during hospitalization, most frequently respiratory failure (71.14%), hyperglycemia (43.54%), renal injury (42.67%), or cardiovascular events (7.10%). Conclusion SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized patients with pneumonia can cause injuries to any organ, making the management of those patients even more difficult.

Stability and Change in Sexual Orientation and Genital Arousal over Time.

Longitudinal work suggests that sexual orientation can change over time in men and women. These studies, however, may be susceptible to the bias of self-report. The current study therefore examined self-reported sexual orientation in addition to an objective correlate: genital arousal to erotic videos showing males or females. For 52 men (19 heterosexual, 19 bisexual, 14 homosexual) and 67 women (31 heterosexual, 18 bisexual, 18 homosexual), these measures were taken twice, with approximately 1 year between sessions. For self-reported sexual orientation, women reported lower relative stability (weaker correlation) than men over time, even though women did not change more overall (no stronger mean difference) than men between sessions. Bisexual individuals reported lower relative stability and more mean change than heterosexual and homosexual individuals. For genital arousal, across all groups, response patterns were correlated over time to a similar extent and showed little difference between sessions. Moreover, change in self-reported sexual orientation did not correspond with the change in genital arousal, regardless of sex. Perhaps self-reports overestimate changes in sexual orientation, since these changes were not reflected in physiological sexual response.

Nogo-A reduces ceramide de novo biosynthesis to protect from heart failure.

AIMS: Growing evidence correlate the accrual of the sphingolipid ceramide in plasma and cardiac tissue with heart failure (HF). Regulation of sphingolipid metabolism in the heart and the pathological impact of its derangement remain poorly understood. Recently, we discovered that Nogo-B, a membrane protein of endoplasmic reticulum, abundant in the vascular wall, down-regulates the sphingolipid de novo biosynthesis via serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), first and rate liming enzyme, to impact vascular functions and blood pressure. Nogo-A, a splice isoform of Nogo, is transiently expressed in cardiomyocyte (CM) following pressure overload. Cardiac Nogo is up-regulated in dilated and ischaemic cardiomyopathies in animals and humans. However, its biological function in the heart remains unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: We discovered that Nogo-A is a negative regulator of SPT activity and refrains ceramide de novo biosynthesis in CM exposed to haemodynamic stress, hence limiting ceramide accrual. At 7 days following transverse aortic constriction (TAC), SPT activity was significantly up-regulated in CM lacking Nogo-A and correlated with ceramide accrual, particularly very long-chain ceramides, which are the most abundant in CM, resulting in the suppression of 'beneficial' autophagy. At 3 months post-TAC, mice lacking Nogo-A in CM showed worse pathological cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction, with ca. 50% mortality rate. CONCLUSION: Mechanistically, Nogo-A refrains ceramides from accrual, therefore preserves the 'beneficial' autophagy, mitochondrial function, and metabolic gene expression, limiting the progression to HF under sustained stress.

The Outcome of Total Knee Arthroplasty for Patients with Psychiatric Disorders: A Single-Center Retrospective Study.

Background and Objectives: For some years, psychiatric illness has been a major factor in evaluating the results of total knee arthroplasty. As with other patient-related items, patients diagnosed with mental illness have higher costs of medical treatment, longer recovery, and longer hospital stays. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the role of mental diseases on the surgical outcome compared with the normal population. Materials and Methods: At our hospital, we undertook a retrospective study between June 2020 and January 2022. The experimental group consisted of patients with mental diseases including schizophrenia, bipolar disease, depression, substance uses, or other psychiatric disorders. The control group consisted of patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty and did not have a mental disease. Postoperative complications and length of stay were also recorded during the study. We used the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and the Knee Society Score (KSS) as outcome measures. Results: Between June 2020 and January 2022, a total of 634 patients underwent total knee arthroplasty in our clinic, of which 239 had a mental disease. The majority of patients were female (61%), and the average length of stay was significantly longer for patients with mental illness (6.8 vs. 2.8 days). Preoperative WOMAC and KS function scores demonstrated statistically significant differences between groups (67.83 ± 17.8 vs. 62.75 ± 15.7 and 29.31 ± 19.8 vs. 34.98 ± 21.3). KS knee score did not show any significant differences preoperatively. All postoperative functional scores showed significantly better results for the control group compared to the mental illness group. Conclusions: Mental illness appears to be linked with lower TKA scores before and after the surgical procedure.

Copper Phosphonate Lamella Intermediates Control the Shape of Colloidal Copper Nanocrystals.

Understanding the structure and behavior of intermediates in chemical reactions is the key to developing greater control over the reaction outcome. This principle is particularly important in the synthesis of metal nanocrystals (NCs), where the reduction, nucleation, and growth of the reaction intermediates will determine the final size and shape of the product. The shape of metal NCs plays a major role in determining their catalytic, photochemical, and electronic properties and, thus, the potential applications of the material. In this work, we demonstrate that layered coordination polymers, called lamellae, are reaction intermediates in Cu NC synthesis. Importantly, we discover that the lamella structure can be fine-tuned using organic ligands of different lengths and that these structural changes control the shape of the final NC. Specifically, we show that short-chain phosphonate ligands generate lamellae that are stable enough at the reaction temperature to facilitate the growth of Cu nuclei into anisotropic Cu NCs, being primarily triangular plates. In contrast, lamellae formed from long-chain ligands lose their structure and form spherical Cu NCs. The synthetic approach presented here provides a versatile tool for the future development of metal NCs, including other anisotropic structures.

The relationship between finger length ratio, masculinity, and sexual orientation in women: A correlational study.

Homosexual women are, on average, more masculine in their appearance and behavior than heterosexual women. We hypothesized that their masculinity was influenced by exposure to elevated levels of prenatal androgen during early development. We recruited 199 women (including 67 homosexual women) and measured their masculinity via self-report and observer ratings. Our measure of prenatal androgen exposure was the ratio of the index to ring finger (2D:4D), which is hypothesized to be lower in women exposed to elevated levels of androgens during prenatal development. Homosexual women were substantially more masculine than heterosexual women in both self-report and observer ratings. However, homosexual women neither had more male-typical finger length ratios, nor did their finger length ratios relate to their masculinity in any predicted direction. Thus, we found no evidence that increased prenatal androgen exposure influenced masculinity in homosexual women.

Sex Differences in Sexual Arousal and Finger Length Ratio.

Most men show sexual arousal to one, preferred sex, whereas most women respond to both sexes, regardless of their sexual orientation. A different research program indicates that men have lower second-to-fourth finger length ratios (2D:4D) than women, possibly because men are exposed to higher levels of androgens during prenatal development. We hypothesized that sex differences in sexual arousal patterns are influenced by prenatal androgen exposure and would thus be explained by sex differences in 2D:4D. We measured the sexual response patterns of 139 men and 179 women via genital arousal and pupil dilation to erotic videos, in addition to their 2D:4D. Compared to women, men showed stronger responses to one sex over the other, although this pattern was clearer in genital arousal than pupil dilation. Men also had lower 2D:4D than women. However, there was no evidence that sex differences in sexual arousal related to sex differences in 2D:4D. Thus, whichever factor explains sex differences in sexual arousal patterns may not be reflected in 2D:4D.

Associations between off-label low-dose olanzapine or quetiapine and cardiometabolic mortality.

Olanzapine and quetiapine are routinely used off-label at lower doses, though it remains unclear whether treatment is associated with mortality. Here, we examined the associations between low-dose olanzapine/quetiapine, defined as 5 mg/day of olanzapine equivalents (OE) with cardiometabolic mortality in a population-based, longitudinal cohort of individuals who sought specialized psychiatric services. Through cross-linked Swedish registries, 428,525 individuals without psychotic, bipolar, or cardiometabolic disorders, or previous treatment with antipsychotics or cardiometabolic-related drugs were followed for up to 10.5 years. Extended stratified Cox proportional hazards regressions were employed to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) of cardiometabolic mortality as a function of cumulative OE exposures, adjusted for age, sex, inpatient care, and time-dependent psychiatric diagnoses and treatments. Individuals were followed for a total of 2.1 million person-years. Treatment with olanzapine/quetiapine occurred in 18,317 of the cohort. In total, 2606 cardiometabolic-related deaths occurred. Treatment status (treated vs. untreated) was not significantly associated with cardiometabolic mortality (adjusted HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.64-1.15, P = 0.307). However, compared to no treatment, treatment for <6 months was significantly associated with a reduced risk (adjusted HR 0.56, 95% CI 0.37-0.87, P = 0.010) whereas treatment for 6-12 months was significantly associated with an increased risk (adjusted HR 1.89, 95% CI 1.22-2.92, P = 0.004), but not significantly beyond 12 months. Among those treated, each year exposed to an average 5 mg/day was significantly associated with increased cardiometabolic mortality (adjusted HR 1.45, 95% CI 1.06-1.99, P = 0.019). Overall, low-dose olanzapine/quetiapine treatment was weakly associated with cardiometabolic mortality. Clinicians should consider potential cardiometabolic sequelae at lower doses.

Sexual Orientation, Sexual Arousal, and Finger Length Ratios in Women.

In general, women show physiological sexual arousal to both sexes. However, compared with heterosexual women, homosexual women are more aroused to their preferred sex, a pattern typically found in men. We hypothesized that homosexual women's male-typical arousal is due to their sex-atypical masculinization during prenatal development. We measured the sexual responses of 199 women (including 67 homosexual women) via their genital arousal and pupil dilation to female and male sexual stimuli. Our main marker of masculinization was the ratio of the index to ring finger, which we expected to be lower (a masculine pattern) in homosexual women due to increased levels of prenatal androgens. We further measured observer- and self-ratings of psychological masculinity-femininity as possible proxies of prenatal androgenization. Homosexual women responded more strongly to female stimuli than male stimuli and therefore had more male-typical sexual responses than heterosexual women. However, they did not have more male-typical digit ratios, even though this difference became stronger if analyses were restricted to white participants. Still, variation in women's digit ratios did not account for the link between their sexual orientation and their male-typical sexual responses. Furthermore, homosexual women reported and displayed more masculinity than heterosexual women, but their masculinity was not associated with their male-typical sexual arousal. Thus, women's sexual and behavioral traits, and potential anatomical traits, are possibly masculinized at different stages of gestation.

Cognitive dysfunction in young subjects with periodontal disease.

BACKGROUND: Periodontal disease is an inflammatory, dysbiotic condition. Studies have shown that in the elderly, periodontal disease was associated with cognitive dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether young healthy subjects with periodontal disease have lower cognition compared to those without periodontal disease. The salivary cytokines (IL-1ß, TNF-α) levels in relation to cognition were also tested. METHODS: In a monocenter, cross-sectional study, forty subjects [mean age (SD) = 34 (5) and 48% female] from western Romania were classified into periodontal disease conditions using radiographic assessment: 10 subjects had aggressive periodontitis (AGG_P), 20 chronic mild-moderate periodontitis (CR_P), and 10 no periodontitis (NL_P). Neuropsychological assessment performed by standardized neurologists and psychologist included Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Montreal Cognitive Assessment test (MOCA), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and Prague tests. Salivary cytokines levels were determined by ELISA. RESULTS: RAVLT and MOCA delayed recall scores were lower in AGG_P group compared to NL_P and CR_P. The learning curve was also different with subjects with AGG_P showing reduced learning performance. Contrary to our hypothesis, salivary IL-1ß associated with immediate but not delayed cognitive scores. CONCLUSIONS: These results showed for the first time that subjects with AGG_P had cognitive dysfunction and IL-1ß may play a role in this process.