Social inequalities and nutritional disparities: the link between obesity and COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: Cohort studies, clinical audits of patients with COVID-19 in hospital and routine primary care records provided evidence-based insights on the relationship between excess weigh, obesity and COVID-19. The purpose of this umbrella review is to highlight the relationship between nutritional quality and social inequalities related to CDNCD, obesity and SARS-CoV-2 infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Only articles published from 2008 to the present were included in the search to show an updated picture of the topic. The search for published studies was conducted in February 2021 in the scientific databases PubMed (MEDLINE). The terms used for the search were "COVID-19", "Obesity", "Disparities", "Nutritional inequalities", "Chronic degenerative non-communicable diseases" and "review" OR "systematic review" OR "meta-analysis" separated by the Boolean operator AND. RESULTS: 1874 reviews were found, but only 99 met the objective. Obese or dysmetabolic patients are those who had a worse course of disease following COVID-19. This data was observed not only for Chinese and Caucasians, but also and above all among Africans, African Americans, Latinos and indigenous people. Plausible mechanisms to explain the association between obesity and COVID-19 outcomes, included the role of excess adipose tissue on respiratory function, metabolic dysfunction, the cardiovascular system, enhanced inflammatory response and impaired response to infection. CONCLUSIONS: Today, chronic non-communicable degenerative diseases (CDNCDs) are responsible for 70% of public health expenditure, affecting 30% of the population (one or more chronic diseases). Unfortunately, given the health emergency due to SARS-CoV-2, infectious diseases are currently more at the center of attention. However, the spread of infectious communicable diseases and CDNCDs is facilitated in situations of social disparity. In fact, in the poorest countries there are the highest rates of malnutrition and there is a greater risk of contracting viral infections, as well as, paradoxically, a risk of comorbidity, due to access to cheaper food and qualitatively poor, with high caloric density.

[Prevalence of risk factors: obesity and lipid profile]. / Prevalencia de factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular: obesidad y perfil lipídico.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular diseases are associated with risks factors such as obesity and dyslipaemia, which if present during infancy could continue throughout adult life. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of overweight and study lipid profiles. To relate body mass index (BMI) with the studied parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive and observational study of 1,043 children and adolescents, stratified into three age groups. Taking into account their BMI, they were classified as within normal weight, overweight and obese. Total cholesterol (T-chol), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-chol) and triglycerides (TG) were determined and LDL-chol and non HDL-chol were calculated. RESULTS: BMI: Among the total population, the percentage overweight was 13.9 % and obesity was 5.4 %, with a higher prevalence between 10 and 14 years and also between 5 and 9 years. BMI means were correlated with age in females and males, being higher for females at all ages. Lipid profile (classified according National Cholesterol Education Program): values of cholesterol in potential risk situations were found in 30 % of the population, 16 % for triglycerides, 28 % for LDL-cholesterol and 17 % for non-HDL cholesterol, the risk values being 3 %, 2 %, 4 % and 3 % respectively. Significant differences were observed in lipid values in the total population, overweight and obesity. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of overweight was observed, as well as a correlation between body mass index and dyslipaemia. This emphasises the need for prevention of overweight and dyslipaemias from an early age.

Prevalencia de factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular: obesidad y perfil lipídico / Prevalence of risk factors: obesity and lipid profile

Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares se asocian a factores de riesgo como la obesidad y la dislipemia que, instalados en la infancia, tienden a mantenerse en la adultez. Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de exceso de peso y estudiar el perfil lipídico. Relacionar el índice de masa corporal con las variables en estudio. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo observacional de 1.043 niños y adolescentes, estratificados en tres grupos etarios. Según el índice de masa corporal se clasificaron en normopeso, sobrepeso y obesos. Se determinó el colesterol total, el colesterol de las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (c-HDL) y los triglicéridos. Se calculó el colesterol de las lipoproteínas de baja densidad (c-LDL) y el colesterol no-HDL (c-no-HDL). Resultados: Índice de masa corporal: en la población total el porcentaje de sobrepeso fue del 13,9 % y de obesidad del 5,4 %. Las mayores prevalencias fueron entre 10 y 14 años (16,9 %) y entre 5 y 9 años (9,9 %), respectivamente. Los índices promedio se correlacionaron con la edad en varones y mujeres. Perfil lipídico (categorización según el National Cholesterol Education Program): se hallaron valores en situación de riesgo potencial en el 30 % de la población total para colesterol, el 16 % para triglicéridos, el 28 % para c-LDL y el 17 % para colesterol no-HDL. Los valores de riesgo fueron del 3, 2, 4 y 3 %, respectivamente. Se observaron diferencias significativas en los valores de lípidos alterados entre la población total y aquella con sobrepeso y obesidad. Conclusión: Se observa alta prevalencia de exceso de peso y correlación entre el índice de masa corporal y dislipemias, con mayores alteraciones lipídicas en la obesidad. Esto enfatiza la necesidad de la prevención del sobrepeso y las dislipemias desde edades tempranas (AU)

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are associated with risks factors such as obesity and dyslipaemia, which if present during infancy could continue throughout adult life. Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of overweight and study lipid profiles. To relate body mass index (BMI) with the studied parameters. Materials and methods: Descriptive and observational study of 1,043 children and adolescents, stratified into three age groups. Taking into account their BMI, they were classified as within normal weight, overweight and obese. Total cholesterol (T-chol), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-chol) and triglycerides (TG) were determined and LDL-chol and non HDL-chol were calculated. Results: BMI: Among the total population, the percentage overweight was 13.9 % and obesity was 5.4 %, with a higher prevalence between 10 and 14 years and also between 5 and 9 years. BMI means were correlated with age in females and males, being higher for females at all ages. Lipid profile (classified according National Cholesterol Education Program): values of cholesterol in potential risk situations were found in 30 % of the population, 16 % for triglycerides, 28 % for LDL-cholesterol and 17 % for non-HDL cholesterol, the risk values being 3 %, 2 %, 4 % and 3 % respectively. Significant differences were observed in lipid values in the total population, overweight and obesity. Conclusion: A high prevalence of overweight was observed, as well as a correlation between body mass index and dyslipaemia. This emphasises the need for prevention of overweight and dyslipaemias from an early age (AU)

Oral focal mucinosis: case report.

Oral focal mucinosis (OFM) is an uncommon disease of unknown aetiology. It is considered to be the oral counterpart of cutaneous focal mucinosis and cutaneous myxoid cyst and it is characterized by a focal myxoid degeneration of the connective tissue. A preoperative diagnosis is almost impossible, and the clinical suspicion, usually made by exclusion, must be confirmed by a bioptic examination followed by histological observations.The Authors report a case of focal oral mucinosis diagnosed and treated in a male adult patient.

Suture in oral surgery. A comparative study.

AIM: The aim of the present paper is to continue the previous study, with 52 new additional cases, confronting in vivo the behavior of 4 different suture materials (Ethibond Excel, Monocryl, silk and Vicryl) in oral surgery. METHODS: The clinical aspects have been particularly underlined: the intraoperative easy handling, the estate of the nodes and the resistance of the thread, the plaque accumulation, the tissue response in the short term (within 3 weeks) as well as in the long term (90 days), all estimated with objective parameters. RESULTS: Fifty-two out of a total of 55 new subjects included in the program have been followed throughout all the experimentation. Of the remaining 3, 1 didn't come for the suture removal, the second had a bleeding phenomenon 2 days after surgery and he went to the emergency department where sutures were replaced. The last one refused to come back for the 90 days control. These patients have been excluded from the experimentation. Data regarding the 52 patients are: plaque index recorded on the suture (Visible Plaque Index), number and percentage of sutures lost before 7/10 days, adverse reactions observed on the surgical site (14/20 days), total plaque index, and healing level and dental-periodontal status at 90 days. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical healing at 90 days was the same for all the different threads, differently from what happened in the critical postoperative period (within the 3 weeks).