RESUMO
BACKGROUND: We previously demonstrated that unvaccinated macaques infected with large-dose M.tuberculosis(Mtb) exhibited delays for pulmonary trafficking of Ag-specific αß and γδ T effector cells, and developed severe lung tuberculosis(TB) and "secondary" Mtb infection in remote organs such as liver and kidney. Despite delays in lungs, local immunity in remote organs may accumulate since progressive immune activation after pulmonary Mtb infection may allow IFNγ-producing γδ T cells to adequately develop and traffic to lately-infected remote organs. As initial efforts to test this hypothesis, we comparatively examined TCR repertoire/clonality, tissue trafficking and effector function of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in lung with severe TB and in liver/kidney without apparent TB. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We utilized conventional infection-immunity approaches in macaque TB model, and employed our decades-long expertise for TCR repertoire analyses. TCR repertoires in Vγ2Vδ2 T-cell subpopulation were broad during primary Mtb infection as most TCR clones found in lymphoid system, lung, kidney and liver were distinct. Polyclonally-expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T-cell clones from lymphoid tissues appeared to distribute and localize in lung TB granuloms at the endpoint after Mtb infection by aerosol. Interestingly, some TCR clones appeared to be more predominant than others in lymphocytes from liver or kidney without apparent TB lesions. TCR CDR3 spetratyping revealed such clonal dominance, and the clonal dominance of expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in kidney/liver tissues was associated with undetectable or low-level TB burdens. Furthermore, Vγ2Vδ2 T cells from tissue compartments could mount effector function for producing anti-mycobacterium cytokine. CONCLUSION: We were the first to demonstrate clonal immune responses of mycobacterium-specific Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in the lymphoid system, heavily-infected lungs and lately subtly-infected kidneys or livers during primary Mtb infection. While clonally-expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T cells accumulated in lately-infected kidneys/livers without apparent TB lesions, TB burdens or lesions appeared to impact TCR repertoires and tissue trafficking patterns of activated Vγ2Vδ2 T cells.
Assuntos
Mycobacterium tuberculosis/imunologia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T gama-delta/imunologia , Linfócitos T/microbiologia , Animais , Células Clonais/imunologia , Imunidade , Rim/microbiologia , Fígado/microbiologia , Pulmão/microbiologia , Macaca , Linfócitos T/imunologiaRESUMO
Clonal responses of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD4(+) or CD8(+) T effector cells producing antituberculosis cytokine IFN-γ in the context of immune protection against tuberculosis remain poorly characterized in humans. Utilizing decade-long TCR expertise, we previously developed a useful method to isolate clonotypic TCR sequences from Ag-specific IFN-γ-producing T cells and to specifically measure clonotypic TCR frequencies in the T cell pool. In this study, we investigated TCR Vß repertoires/CDR3 usage, clonal expansion or dominance, and pulmonary trafficking or accumulation for purified protein deritative (PPD)-specific T effector cells producing IFN-γ during bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination and subsequent M. tuberculosis challenge of macaques. We found that while PPD-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T effector clones employed diverse TCR Vß repertoires, 30-33% of IFN-γ(+)CD4(+) T cell clones from three M. tuberculosis-infected macaques expressed TCR bearing a conserved residue leucine in CDR3. Many Ag-specific IFN-γ(+) CD4(+) and few CD8(+) T effector cells emerged as dominant clones during mycobacterial infections and underwent major recall expansion after pulmonary M. tuberculosis infection of BCG-vaccinated macaques. PPD-specific T cell clones readily trafficked to the airway or lung after BCG vaccination or M. tuberculosis infection, and some of them continuously accumulated in lungs during M. tuberculosis infection even after they became undetectable in the circulation. Importantly, remarkable recall expansion and pulmonary accumulation of T effector cells coincided with BCG-induced protection against tuberculosis. Thus, rapid clonal expansion and pulmonary accumulation of Ag-specific T effector cells appear to be one of the immune mechanisms underlying immunity against tuberculosis.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Quimiotaxia de Leucócito/imunologia , Genes Codificadores dos Receptores de Linfócitos T , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/genética , Tuberculose Pulmonar/imunologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Vacina BCG/imunologia , Separação Celular , Citometria de Fluxo , Macaca mulatta , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/imunologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa/métodos , Tuberculose Pulmonar/genética , Tuberculose Pulmonar/prevenção & controleRESUMO
The role of CD8 T cells in anti-tuberculosis immunity in humans remains unknown, and studies of CD8 T cell-mediated protection against tuberculosis in mice have yielded controversial results. Unlike mice, humans and nonhuman primates share a number of important features of the immune system that relate directly to the specificity and functions of CD8 T cells, such as the expression of group 1 CD1 proteins that are capable of presenting Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipids antigens and the cytotoxic/bactericidal protein granulysin. Employing a more relevant nonhuman primate model of human tuberculosis, we examined the contribution of BCG- or M. tuberculosis-elicited CD8 T cells to vaccine-induced immunity against tuberculosis. CD8 depletion compromised BCG vaccine-induced immune control of M. tuberculosis replication in the vaccinated rhesus macaques. Depletion of CD8 T cells in BCG-vaccinated rhesus macaques led to a significant decrease in the vaccine-induced immunity against tuberculosis. Consistently, depletion of CD8 T cells in rhesus macaques that had been previously infected with M. tuberculosis and cured by antibiotic therapy also resulted in a loss of anti-tuberculosis immunity upon M. tuberculosis re-infection. The current study demonstrates a major role for CD8 T cells in anti-tuberculosis immunity, and supports the view that CD8 T cells should be included in strategies for development of new tuberculosis vaccines and immunotherapeutics.
Assuntos
Vacina BCG/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Tuberculose/imunologia , Animais , Antígenos CD8/imunologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Macaca mulatta , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/imunologia , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/fisiologia , Tuberculose/prevenção & controle , Vacinação/veterináriaRESUMO
The immune mechanisms by which early host-mycobacterium interaction leads to the development of severe tuberculosis (TB) remain poorly characterized in humans. Here, we demonstrate that severe TB in juvenile rhesus monkeys down-regulated many genes in the blood but up-regulated selected genes constituting gene networks of Th17 and Th1 responses, T cell activation and migration, and inflammation and chemoattractants in the pulmonary and lymphoid compartments. Overexpression (450-2740-fold) of 13 genes encoding inflammatory cytokines and receptors (IL-22, CCL27, MIP-1alpha, IP-10, CCR4, CCR5, and CXCR3), immune dysfunctional receptors and ligands (PD1 and PDL2), and immune activation elements (IL-3, IFN-beta, TIM1, and TLR2) was seen in tissues, with low antigen-specific cellular responses. Thus, severe TB in macaques features unbalanced up-regulation of immune-gene networks without proportional increases in antigen-specific cellular responses.
Assuntos
Citocinas/imunologia , Redes Reguladoras de Genes/genética , Imunidade Celular , Infecções por Mycobacterium/imunologia , Receptores de Superfície Celular/genética , Tuberculose/imunologia , Regulação para Cima , Animais , Citocinas/genética , Leucócitos Mononucleares/imunologia , Pulmão/patologia , Macaca mulatta , Infecções por Mycobacterium/genética , Tuberculose/patologiaRESUMO
Little is known about the immune distribution and localization of antigen-specific T cells in mucosal interfaces of tissues/organs during infection of humans. In this study, we made use of a macaque model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection to assess phosphoantigen-specific Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells regarding their tissue distribution, anatomical localization, and correlation with the presence or absence of tuberculosis (TB) lesions in lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs/tissues in the progression of severe pulmonary TB. Progression of pulmonary M. tuberculosis infection generated diverse distribution patterns of Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells, with remarkable accumulation of these cells in lungs, bronchial lymph nodes, spleens, and remote nonlymphoid organs but not in blood. Increased numbers of Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells in tissues were associated with M. tuberculosis infection but were independent of the severity of TB lesions. In lungs with apparent TB lesions, Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells were present within TB granulomas. In extrathoracic organs, Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells were localized in the interstitial compartment of nonlymphoid tissues, and the interstitial localization was present despite the absence of detectable TB lesions. Finally, Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells accumulated in tissues appeared to possess cytokine production function, since granzyme B was detectable in the gammadelta T cells present within granulomas. Thus, clonally expanded Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells appeared to undergo trans-endothelial migration, interstitial localization, and granuloma infiltration as immune responses to M. tuberculosis infection.
Assuntos
Tecido Linfoide/citologia , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/citologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/imunologia , Animais , Antígenos de Bactérias , Granuloma , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Pulmão/patologia , Macaca fascicularis , Macaca mulatta , Tuberculose Pulmonar/patologiaRESUMO
Gene networks of protective lymphocytes after immune activation with live attenuated vaccines remain poorly characterized. Because Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine can confer protection against fatal forms of tuberculosis in humans and monkeys, we made use of macaque models to optimally study immune gene networks after BCG vaccination/infection. We first established and validated a large-scale real-time quantitation system and then used it to measure expression levels of 138 immune genes after BCG vaccination/infection of rhesus macaques. Systemic BCG vaccination induced up to 600-fold increases in expression of 78 immune genes among the 138 genes tested at the time when BCG-elicited T cell responses and immunity were apparent. These up-regulated transcripts constituted multiple gene networks that were linked to various aspects of immune function. Surprisingly, the up-regulation of most of these immune genes in the gene networks occurred at 1 week and was sustained at > or = 6 weeks after BCG vaccination/infection. Although early activation of immune gene networks was an immune correlate of anti-BCG immunity, prolonged up-regulation of these networks coincided with the development of vaccine-elicited T cell responses after BCG vaccination/infection. These findings provide molecular evidence suggesting that the BCG-induced gene networks may represent global transcriptomes and proteomes underlying the development of T cell responses and, ultimately, immunity to mycobacteria.
Assuntos
Vacina BCG/imunologia , Imunidade Celular , Tuberculose/prevenção & controle , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/biossíntese , Antígenos de Bactérias/administração & dosagem , Vacina BCG/administração & dosagem , Macaca , Infecções por Mycobacterium/imunologia , Infecções por Mycobacterium/prevenção & controle , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efeitos dos fármacos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/imunologia , Tuberculose/imunologiaRESUMO
Despite recent advances in measuring cellular immune responses, the quantitation of antigen-specific T cell clones in infections or diseases remains challenging. Here, we employed combined megaplex TCR isolation and SMART-based real-time quantitation methods to quantitate numerous antigen-specific T cell clones using limited amounts of specimens. The megaplex TCR isolation covered the repertoire comprised of recombinants from 24 Vbeta families and 13 Jbeta segments, and allowed us to isolate TCR VDJ clonotypic sequences from one or many PPD-specific IFNgamma-producing T cells that were purified by flow cytometry sorting. The SMART amplification technique was then validated for its capacity to proportionally enrich cellular TCR mRNA/cDNA for real-time quantitation of large numbers of T cell clones. SMART amplified cDNA was shown to maintain relative expression levels of TCR genes when compared to unamplified cDNA. While the SMART-based real-time quantitative PCR conferred a detection limit of 10(-5) to 10(-6) antigen-specific T cells, the clonotypic primers specifically amplified and quantitated the target clone TCR but discriminated other clones that differed by >or=2 bases in the DJ regions. Furthermore, the combined megaplex TCR isolation and SMART-based real-time quantiation methods allowed us to quantitate large numbers of PPD-specific IFNgamma-producing T cell clones using as few as 2 x 10(6) PBMC collected weekly after mycobacterial infection. This assay system may be useful for studies of antigen-specific T cell clones in tumors, autoimmune and infectious diseases.
Assuntos
Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa/métodos , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Tuberculose/imunologia , Animais , Sequência de Bases , DNA/genética , DNA/isolamento & purificação , Primers do DNA/genética , Rearranjo Gênico da Cadeia beta dos Receptores de Antígenos dos Linfócitos T , Genes Codificadores da Cadeia beta de Receptores de Linfócitos T , Haplorrinos , Técnicas Imunológicas , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/genética , Tuberculose/genéticaRESUMO
The immune mechanisms associated with the evolution from latent to clinically active mycobacterial coinfection in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected humans remain poorly understood. Previous work has demonstrated that macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac) can develop persistent Mycobacterium bovis BCG coinfection and a fatal SIV-related tuberculosis-like disease by 4 months after BCG inoculation. In the present study, SIVmac-infected monkeys that developed clinically quiescent mycobacterial infection after BCG inoculation were followed prospectively for the reactivation of the BCG and the development of SIV-related tuberculosis-like disease. The development of clinically latent BCG coinfection in these SIVmac-infected monkeys was characterized by a change from high to undetectable levels of bacterial organisms, with or without measurable BCG mRNA expression in lymph node cells. The reactivation of clinically latent BCG coinfection and development of SIV-related tuberculosis-like disease were then observed in these SIVmac-BCG-coinfected monkeys during a 21-month period of follow-up. The reactivation of SIV-related tuberculosis-like disease in these animals coincided with a severe depletion of CD4 T cells and a loss of BCG-specific T-cell responses. Interestingly, bacterial superantigen challenge of the SIVmac-BCG-coinfected monkeys resulted in an up-regulation of clinically latent BCG coinfection, suggesting that infection with superantigen-producing microbes may increase the susceptibility of individuals to the reactivation of AIDS-related mycobacterial coinfection. Thus, reactivation of latent mycobacterial infections in HIV-1-infected individuals may result from a loss of T-cell immunity or from a superimposed further compromise of the immune system.
Assuntos
Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/fisiopatologia , Mycobacterium bovis/patogenicidade , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/complicações , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/imunologia , Tuberculose/fisiopatologia , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/imunologia , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/microbiologia , Animais , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Humanos , Macaca mulatta , Macaca nemestrina , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/virologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/patogenicidade , Superantígenos/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Tuberculose/complicações , Tuberculose/imunologia , Tuberculose/microbiologiaRESUMO
Vgamma2Vdelta2+ T cells play a role in antimicrobial responses. It is unknown whether adaptive Vgamma2Vdelta2+ T cell responses during active mycobacterial coinfection of human immunodeficiency virus-infected humans can be generated during effective antiretroviral treatment. Here, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)mac-infected macaques previously exposed to bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) were reinfected with BCG, were treated either with tenofovir or tenofovir plus indinavir, and were assessed for the development of Vgamma2Vdelta2+ T cell responses during active BCG coinfection. A restored capacity of Vgamma2Vdelta2+ T cells to undergo major expansions and pulmonary migration during active BCG coinfection was detected after simultaneous BCG reinfection and treatment with tenofovir of the SIVmac-infected macaques. Interestingly, a restored expansion of Vgamma2Vdelta2+ T cells in the SIVmac/BCG-coinfected macaques was detectable, even though antiretroviral treatment was initiated 1 month after BCG reinfection. Importantly, the restored expansion of Vgamma2Vdelta2+ T cells coincided with increases in numbers of purified protein derivative-specific interferon- gamma -producing CD4+ T cells and increases in the magnitude of their proliferative responses. In contrast, the SIVmac-infected control macaques exhibited diminished responses of Vgamma2Vdelta2+ T cells and mycobacterium-specific CD4+ T cells during active BCG coinfection. Our results suggest that the development of adaptive immune responses of phosphoantigen-specific Vgamma2Vdelta2+ T cells during active mycobacterium/HIV coinfection requires control of viral infection and immune competence of peptide-specific CD4+ T cells.
Assuntos
Adenina/análogos & derivados , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Mycobacterium bovis , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T gama-delta/análise , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/imunologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia , Tuberculose Bovina/imunologia , Adenina/uso terapêutico , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Bovinos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Quimioterapia Combinada , Inibidores da Protease de HIV/uso terapêutico , Indinavir/uso terapêutico , Pulmão/imunologia , Contagem de Linfócitos , Macaca mulatta , Macaca nemestrina , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mycobacterium bovis/imunologia , Organofosfonatos/uso terapêutico , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T gama-delta/genética , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/uso terapêutico , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/complicações , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/tratamento farmacológico , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/isolamento & purificação , Tenofovir , Tuberculose Bovina/complicaçõesRESUMO
Adaptive immune responses of gammadelta T cells during active mycobacterial coinfection of human immunodeficiency virus-infected humans have not been studied. Macaques infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) SIVmac were employed to determine the extent to which a coincident AIDS virus infection might compromise immune responses of mycobacterium-specific Vgamma2Vdelta2(+) T cells during active mycobacterial infection. Control SIVmac-negative macaques developed primary and recall expansions of phosphoantigen-specific Vgamma2Vdelta2(+) T cells after Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection and BCG reinfection, respectively. In contrast, SIVmac-infected macaques did not exhibit sound primary and recall expansions of Vgamma2Vdelta2(+) T cells in the blood and pulmonary alveoli following BCG infection and reinfection. The absence of adaptive Vgamma2Vdelta2(+) T-cell responses was associated with profound CD4(+) T-cell deficiency and subsequent development of SIVmac-related tuberculosis-like disease in the coinfected monkeys. Consistently, Vgamma2Vdelta2(+) T cells from coinfected monkeys displayed a reduced capacity to expand in vitro following stimulation with phosphoantigen. The reduced ability of Vgamma2Vdelta2(+) peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to expand could be restored to some extent by coculture of these cells with CD4(+) T cells purified from PBL of SIV-negative monkeys. Furthermore, naïve monkeys inoculated simultaneously with SIVmac and BCG were unable to sustain expansion of Vgamma2Vdelta2(+) T cells at the time that the coinfected monkeys developed lymphoid depletion and a fatal tuberculosis-like disease. Nevertheless, no deletion in Vdelta2 T-cell receptor repertoire was identified in SIVmac-BCG-coinfected macaques, implicating an SIVmac-induced down-regulation rather than a clonal exhaustion of these cells. Thus, an SIVmac-induced compromise of the adaptive Vgamma2Vdelta2(+) T-cell responses may contribute to the immunopathogenesis of the SIV-related tuberculosis-like disease in macaques.