RESUMO
Importance: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) gives patients a bad experience and negates their good recovery from surgery. Objective: This trial aims to assess the preventive effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) on the incidence of PONV in high-risk surgical patients. Design: The large sample size, multicenter, evaluator-blinded, and randomized controlled study was conducted between September 3, 2019 to February 6, 2021. Setting: The 12 hospitals were from different Chinese provinces. Participants: After obtaining ethics approval and written informed consent, 1,655 patients with Apfel score ≥ 3 points were enrolled for selective laparoscopic non-gastrointestinal surgery under general anesthesia. Interventions: Patients were randomly allocated into the TEAS and Sham group with a 1:1 ratio. The TEAS group was stimulated on bilateral Neiguan and Zusanli acupoints after recovery from anesthesia on the surgical day and the next morning for 30 min, while the Sham group received an identical setting as TEAS but without currents delivered. Electronic patient self-reported scale was used to evaluate and record the occurrence of PONV. Main Outcomes and Measures: Primary clinical end point is the incidence of PONV which was defined as at least one incidence of nausea, retching, or vomiting after operation within postoperative 24 h. Results: Compared with the Sham treatment, the TEAS lowered the PONV incidence by 4.8% (29.4 vs. 34.2%, P = 0.036) and vomiting incidence by 7.4% (10.4 vs. 17.8%, P < 0.001). TEAS also lowered persistent nausea incidence and PONV scores and decreased PONV related complications and Quality of Recovery-40 scores (P < 0.05). TEAS lowered the 24 h PONV risk by 20% (OR, 0.80, 95% CI, 0.65 -0.98; P = 0.032), and lowered hazard ratio by 17% (HR, 0.83, 95% CI, 0.70-0.99; P = 0.035). Both TEAS and palonosetron were the independent PONV risk protective factors for 24 h PONV incidence and cumulative PONV incidence. The combination of TEAS and palonosetron was the most effective strategy to reduce the PONV incidence (P < 0.001). Conclusions and Relevance: TEAS attenuated the PONV incidence and severity in high-risk surgical patients and may be applied clinically as a complement therapy to prevent PONV. Clinical Trial Registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04043247, identifier: NCT04043247.
RESUMO
Connected consciousness refers to the state when external stimuli can enter into the stream of our consciousness experience. Emerging evidence suggests that although patients may not respond behaviorally to external stimuli during anesthesia, they may be aware of their surroundings. In this work, we investigated whether EEG based brain decoding could be used for detecting connected consciousness in the absence of behavioral responses during propofol infusion. A total of 14 subjects participated in our experiment. Subjects were asked to discriminate two types of auditory stimuli with a finger press during an ultraslow propofol infusion. We trained an EEG based brain decoding model using data collected in the awakened state using the same auditory stimuli and tested the model on data collected during the propofol infusion. The model provided a correct classification rate (CCR) of [Formula: see text]% when subjects were able to respond to the stimuli during the propofol infusion. The CCR dropped to [Formula: see text]% when subjects ceased responding and further decreased to [Formula: see text]% when we increased the propofol concentration by another 0.2 [Formula: see text]g/ml. After terminating the propofol infusion, we observed that the CCR rebounded to [Formula: see text]% before the subjects regained consciousness. With the classification results, we provided evidence that loss of consciousness is a gradual process and may progress from full consciousness to connected consciousness and then to disconnected consciousness.
