Fleagrass (Adenosma buchneroides Bonati) Acts as a Fungicide Against Candida albicans by Damaging Its Cell Wall.

Fleagrass, a herb known for its pleasant aroma, is widely used as a mosquito repellent, antibacterial agent, and for treating colds, reducing swelling, and alleviating pain. The antifungal effects of the essential oils of fleagrass and carvacrol against Candida albicans were investigated by evaluating the growth and the mycelial and biofilm development of C. albicans. Transmission electron microscopy was used to evaluate the integrity of the cell membrane and cell wall of C. albicans. Fleagrass exhibited high fungicidal activity against C. albicans at concentrations of 0.5% v/v (via the Ras1/cAMP/PKA pathway). Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy revealed damage to the cell wall and membrane after treatment with the essential oil, which was further confirmed by the increased levels of ß-1,3-glucan and chitin in the cell wall. This study showed that fleagrass exerts good fungicidal and hyphal growth inhibition activity against C. albicans by disrupting its cell wall, and thus, fleagrass may be a potential antifungal drug.

Effect of drying methods on aroma, taste and antioxidant activity of Dendrobium officinale flower tea: A sensomic and metabolomic study.

Dendrobium officinale flower tea (DFT) is a traditional health product of geographical identity known for its unique aroma and taste. The effects of different drying methods on sensory properties, metabolic profiles and antioxidant activity of DFT were compared using sensomics and metabolomics approaches. Twenty-seven aroma-active compounds were identified and more than half of the volatiles responsible for the "green" and "floral" scent lost after drying. Sensory evaluations revealed that vacuum freeze-dried DFT showed a significant preference in taste and fifty-eight metabolites with higher levels of glutamine were observed, possibly contributing to a "fresh" taste and increased preference. Among the three drying methods, natural air drying retained the fresh flower scent better, while freeze drying preserved the color and shape of the flowers better and enhanced the taste and antioxidant activity of DFT. The research results may provide a foundation for the selection of DFT processing method and quality detection.

Metal-organic frameworks/metal nanoparticles as smart nanosensing interfaces for electrochemical sensors applications: a mini-review.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous materials with huge specific surface area and abundant active sites, which are composed of metal ions or clusters and organic ligands in the form of coordination bonds. In recent years, MOFs have been successfully applied in many fields due to their excellent physical, chemical, and biological properties. Electrochemical sensors have advantages such as economy, portability, and sensitivity, making them increasingly valued in the field of sensors. Many studies have shown that the electrode materials will affect the performance of electrochemical sensors. Therefore, the research on electrode materials is still one of the hotspots. MOFs are also commonly used to construct electrochemical sensors. However, electrochemical sensors prepared from single MOFs have shortcomings such as insufficient conductivity, low sensitivity, and poor electrochemical catalytic ability. In order to compensate for these defects, a new type of nanocomposite material with very ideal conductivity was formed by adding metal nanoparticles (MNPs) to MOFs. The combination of the two is expected to be widely applied in the field of sensors. This review summarizes the applications of various MNPs/MOFs composites in the field of electrochemical sensors and provides some references for the development of MNPs/MOFs composites-based electrochemical sensors in the future.

Mining, expression, and phylogenetic analysis of volatile terpenoid biosynthesis-related genes in different tissues of ten Elsholtzia species based on transcriptomic analysis.

We sequenced the leaf and inflorescence transcriptomes of 10 Elsholtzia species to mine genes related to the volatile terpenoid metabolic pathway. A total of 184.68 GB data and 1,231,162,678 clean reads were obtained from 20 Elsholtzia samples, and 333,848 unigenes with an average length of at least 1440 bp were obtained by Trinity assembly. KEGG pathway analysis showed that there were three pathways related to volatile terpene metabolism: terpenoid backbone biosynthesis (No. ko00900), monoterpenoid biosynthesis (No. ko00902), and sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis (No. ko00909), with 437, 125, and 121 related unigenes, respectively. The essential oil content and composition in 20 Elsholtzia samples were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that there were obvious interspecific differences among the 10 Elsholtzia species, but there were no significant differences between the different tissues among species. The expression levels of seven candidate genes involved in volatile terpenoid biosynthesis in Elsholtzia were further analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that HMGS had the highest expression among all genes, followed by GGPS4. In addition, there was not a significant correlation between the seven genes and the components with high essential oil contents. Combined with the essential oil components detected in this study, the possible biosynthetic pathway of the characteristic components in Elsholtzia plants was speculated to be a metabolic pathway with geraniol as the starting point and elsholtzione as the end product. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using the nucleotide sequences of the geranyl diphosphate synthase candidate genes, and the results showed that genes related to the volatile terpenoid biosynthetic pathway may be more suitable gene fragments for resolving the Elsholtzia phylogeny.

Unravelling the key aroma compounds in the characteristic fragrance of Dendrobium officinale flowers for potential industrial application.

Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo, one of the most important orchids because of its medicinal and edible value, has a typical Dendrobium Sw. flora scent, which has great application potential and commercial value to be characterized. The aroma-active compounds originating from D. officinale fresh flowers (DFF) were investigated using a sensomics approach. A combined solid phase microextraction and solvent-assisted flavor evaporation method were used to accurately capture the overall aromatic profile. Exactly 34 odorants were detected and identified by aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) coupled with gas chromatography/olfactometry-mass spectrometry (GC/O-MS) in DFF, of which nine odorants had a flavor dilution (FD) factor ≥27. All 34 odorants were further quantified. The odor activity values (OAVs) were calculated with the highest value of 7444, in which 18 compounds were confirmed to be key odorants, including 1-octen-3-ol, hexanal, nonanal, phenylacetaldehyde, linalool, 4-oxoisophorone, theaspirane, methyl salicylate, etc. Among the studies above, 42 out of 78 volatiles and 14 out of 34 odorants were identified in DFF for the first time. Then, the aroma profile of the DFF was simulated successfully by aroma recombination experiments based on the quantitation results, and the omission test suggested that alcohols are the decisive type of compounds in the DFF key odorants. In addition, a progressive addition test showed that the aroma recombinate prepared with 18 reference key odorants was able to reconstruct the characteristic aroma of DFF. In comparison, the recombinate constituted by mixing all 34 reference odorants in the same concentrations as determined in the DDF sample could mimic the flower scent and closely match the sensory attributes of the original D. officinale fresh flower.

Sensory-guided isolation and identification of new sweet-tasting dammarane-type saponins from Jiaogulan (Gynostemma pentaphyllum) herbal tea.

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the chemical basis for the sweet property produced by Gynostemma pentaphyllum and find new natural high-potency (HP) sweeteners. Sixteen new compounds (gypenosides YN 1-16) were obtained by sensory-guided isolation and identification, in which fifteen of them were sweet-tasting constituents with sweetness intensities 10-100 times higher than that of sucrose evaluated by human sensory panel test. Their structures were established by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, mass spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and chemical method. Gypenoside YN 4 was the sweetest compound with a concentration of 15.504 ± 1.343 mg/kg, while gypenoside YN 12 has the highest concentration (1397.674 ± 12.948 mg/kg), as shown by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Structure-activity relationship analysis implied that the compounds' sweetness intensity was associated with side-chain substitutions at C-20 or the number of glucosyl groups at C-3. These new plant-derived natural products may be potential natural sweeteners.

Repellent, larvicidal and adulticidal activities of essential oil from Dai medicinal plant Zingiber cassumunar against Aedes albopictus.

Zingiber cassumunar is an important plant used in traditional medicine and as a natural mosquito repellent. However, the compounds responsible for the repellent activity of the plant are still unknown. The aim of the study is to identify the components of Z. cassumunar essential oil that show repellent activity against Aedes albopictus. We also evaluated the larvicidal and adulticidal activities of Z. cassumunar essential oil against Ae. albopictus. In-cage mosquito repellent experiments showed that Z. cassumunar essential oil possessed moderate repellent activity with a minimum effective dose (MED) of 0.16 ± 0.01 mg/cm2, compared to reference standard N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET, 0.03 ± 0.01 mg/cm2). Bioassay-guided fractionation identified the major active compound of Z. cassumunar essential oil as (-)-terpinen-4-ol (1) (MED: 0.19 ± 0 mg/cm2). We also found that Z. cassumunar essential oil showed moderate larvicidal activity against first instar larvae of Ae. albopictus with a LC50 (50% lethal concentration) of 44.9 µg/L after 24 h. Fumigation bioassays showed that Z. cassumunar essential oil exhibits moderate adulticidal activity against Ae. albopictus with a LC50 of 5.44%, while (-)-terpinen-4-ol showed significant adulticidal activity with a LC50 of 2.10% after 24 h. This study verifies that the Z. cassumunar essential oil has mosquito repellent activity, and that (-)-terpinen-4-ol is mainly responsible for this activity. Furthermore, this study provides scientific support for the folk usage of Z. cassumunar essential oil as mosquito repellent and indicates that Z. cassumunar essential oil and (-)-terpinen-4-ol can be used as plant-derived repellents and insecticides for mosquito control.

Bioassay-guided isolation of active compounds from Adenosma buchneroides essential oil as mosquito repellent against Aedes albopictus.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: A folk herb Adenosma buchneroides found in the previous ethnobotanical investigation plays an important role as an insect repellent among the Aini people in southwest of China, but the active compounds responsible for repellent activity of the plant have not yet been investigated. AIM OF THE STUDY: The main purpose of the study is to identify the active components of the essential oil which responsible for its repellent activity against Aedes albopictus to support the usage of the plant as mosquito repellent by Aini people. In addition, to supply a class of potential alternatives characterized carvacrol analogues to develop natural repellent products. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The essential oil from aerial part of Ad. buchneroides was extracted by hydrodistillation. A systematic bioassay-guided isolation of repellent compounds from the essential oil was conducted through chromatographic fractionation combined with in-cage mosquito repellent bioassay. The identification of the essential oil components was accomplished by GC-MS and GC-FID techniques. The structural elucidation of compounds was performed on the basis of IR, HR-ESI-MS and NMR. Larvicidal activity and cytotoxicity of all repellent compounds also tested by larval bioassays and MTS assays, respectively. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) of carvacrol analogues was investigated by in-cage mosquito repellent bioassay. RESULTS: The essential oil of the plant showed strong mosquito repellent activity with minimum effective dosage (MED) of 0.019 ±â€¯0.007 mg/cm2, compared to reference standard N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) (0.031 ±â€¯0.014 mg/cm2). 26 compounds representing 97.8% of the essential oil were identified. Carvacrol, carvacrol methyl ether and a new fragrant compound, adenosmin A (1) were found to be repellent compounds by systematic bioassay-guided isolation, with MEDs in the range of 0.011-0.125 mg/cm2. An investigation on SAR of carvacrol analogues led to the discover of three analogues with further lower MEDs (0.002-0.009 mg/cm2) than that of DEET, and other three compounds with similar MEDs (0.029-0.039 mg/cm2) to that of DEET. Carvacrol (LD50 of 24.8 ppm) was the best larvicide among tested repellent compounds. The essential oil and repellent compounds against seven mammalian cell lines revealed low or no cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS: Scientific evidences reported here validate the plant's traditional use as insect repellent and imply promising application of the essential oil and carvacrol analogues as natural mosquito repellents.

New Sweet-Tasting C21 Pregnane Glycosides from the Roots of Myriopteron extensum.

To investigate the sweet-tasting components in the roots of Myriopteron extensum, the phytochemical study of its roots was conducted, which led to the discovery of 12 new C21 pregnane glycosides (extensumside M-X, 1-12) and two known ones (extensumside C and extensumside E, 13-14). Their chemical structure elucidation was accomplished by means of spectroscopic methods: IR, UV, ESI-MS, and NMR (1H NMR, 13C NMR, HSQC, 1H-1H COSY, HMBC, HSQC-TOCSY, and ROESY), as well as the chemical evidence. Sensory analysis of these compounds revealed that nine of them (1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, and 14) are highly sweet-tasting compounds. Their sweetness intensities are 25 to 400 times greater than that of sucrose. Analysis of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) indicated that the sweet intensities of the isolated compounds are closely related to the aglycone 3ß,16α-dihydroxy-pregn-5-en-20-one, the number and type of the monosaccharide in the sugar chain linked to C-3 and C-16 and the position of the mBe group.

New Sweet-Tasting Oleanane-Type Triterpenoid Saponins from "Tugancao" (Derris eriocarpa How).

With the aim to investigate the sweet-tasting compounds in Derris eriocarpa How (a substitute for licorice in "Zhuang" and "Dai" ethnopharmacy in Guangxi and Yunnan provinces of China) as well as to ascertain why the stem of D. eriocarpa can be used to substitute for licorice in the sweetness taste aspect, taste sensory-guided fractionation was conducted to isolate sweet constituents from the extract of D. eriocarpa. Four sweet-tasting triterpenoid saponins were obtained, including millettiasaponin A (1) and three new saponins named derrisaponins A-C (2-4). The sweetness potency was evaluated by a human sensory panel test. The sweetness intensities of compounds 1-4 were determined to be approximately 150, 80, 2, and 0.5 times relative to sucrose at the concentration of 1%, respectively, of which compounds 1 and 2, with a free carboxyl group at the C-30 position, showed more potent sweetness intensity. In addition, compounds 1 and 2 showed no acute toxic activity at doses of 250 and 400 mg/kg of body weight, respectively, assessed through caudal vein injection to ICR mice. The contents of the sweetest compounds in stems were analyzed quantitatively as 352.80 mg/kg for compound 1 and 1887.60 mg/kg for compound 2 performed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Antibacterial and antioxidant properties of crude extract, fractions and compounds from the stem bark of Polyscias fulva Hiern (Araliaceae).

BACKGROUND: In our previous work, the dichloromethane-methanol (1:1 v/v) extract, fractions and isolated compounds from Polyscias fulva stem bark showed interesting antifungal activity. As a continuity of that work, this study aimed to bring out complementary informations about the antimicrobial properties of P. fulva stem bark that may be useful in the standardization of phytomedicine from this plant. METHODS: The antibacterial activities of the crude extract, fractions (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and residual) and isolated compounds from Polyscias fulva stem bark were assayed by broth microdilution techniques. Their antioxidant activity were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), pyrogallol (superoxide anion) and ß-carotene - linoleic acid assays. RESULTS: The crude extract presented antibacterial activities against S. typhi (ATCC 6539), E. aerogenes (ATCC 13045), P. aeruginosa (PA01) and E. coli (ATCC 10536) with MIC values of 2000 to 8000 µg/ml. The fractionation led the ethyle acetate and n-butanol fractions relatively more active (MIC = 500 to 1000 µg/ml) as compared to the crude extract. ß-sitosterol and 3-O-α-L- arabinopyranosyl-hederagenin were the most active compounds on the tested bacteria with MIC values ranging from 6.25 to 100 µg/ml. The most sensitive was P. aeruginosa (PA01) on which all the tested compounds were active with MICs ranging from 6.25 to 400 µg/ml. Among all the tested substances, the crude extract (RSa50 = 84.86 µg/ml) and the methyl atrarate (RSa50 = 14.77 µg/ml), showed the highest scavenging activities against DPPH free radicals and those arising from the oxidation of the linoleic acid respectively. CONCLUSION: From this study, the results obtained reveal that the stem bark of P. fulva possesses antibacterial and antioxidant activities. It may then be useful in the development of an antimicrobial phytomedicine with a large spectrum of actvity endowed with antioxidant properties which can be standardised based on the isolated compounds.

New Sweet-Tasting C21-Pregnane Glycosides from Pericarps of Myriopteron extensum.

Ten novel C21 pregnane glycosides, extensumside C-L (1-10), were isolated as highly sweet-tasting substances from the edible pericarps of Myriopteron extensum (Wight) K. Schum by sensory-guided fractionation and purification. Their structures were determined through 1D and 2D NMR, such as HSQC, HMBC, 1H-1H COSY, HSQC-TOCSY, and ROESY, as well as other spectroscopic analysis combined with chemical evidence. These compounds shared the same aglycone, 3ß,16α-dihydroxy-pregn-5-en-20-one, and contained the deoxysugar chain and the glucose chain which were linked to C-3 and C-16 of the aglycone, respectively. The sweetness potency was evaluated by a human sensory panel test and preliminary structure-taste relationship was discussed. The sweetness intensities of these compounds are between 50 and 400 times greater than that of sucrose. Furthermore, quantitation analyses of compounds 1, 3, 4, and 6 in different parts of M. extensum indicated that the concentrations of these sweet components in the pericarps are obviously higher than those in stems and roots.

Antifungal properties of a new terpernoid saponin and other compounds from the stem bark of Polyscias fulva Hiern (Araliaceae).

BACKGROUND: In our previous studies, it was evident that the dichloromethane-methanol (1:1 v/v) stem barks extract of Polyscias fulva and fractions (ethyl acetate, n-butanol and residue) demonstrated interesting antidermatophytic activities. So, as a continuity of that, this work aimed at identifying active principles with antifungal properties from P. fulva that could be used as markers for possible standardization of this plant as phytomedicine. METHODS: The ethyl acetate, n-butanol and residual fractions of the dichloromethane-methanol (1:1 v/v) stem bark extract of Polyscias fulva were further fractionated by column chromatography and the structures of isolated compounds elucidated based on their spectroscopic data in comparison with existing literature information. Antifungal activity was assayed by broth microdilution techniques on yeasts and dermatophytes spores. RESULTS: The fractionation of the crude dichloromethane-methanol (1:1 v/v) stem bark extract of Polyscias fulva led to the isolation of 10 known compounds (1 to 10) and one new saponin (11: 3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl]-28-O-[α-L-4-O-acetyl-rhamnopyranosyl (1-4)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl]-hederagenin). Among these compounds, 3-O-α-L- arabinopyranosyl-hederagenin and 3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl]-hederagenin were the most active on the tested fungi with MIC values ranging from 0.78 to 100 µg/ml against both yeasts and dermatophytes. CONCLUSION: The results of this work constitute a step forward in the possible development of an antidermatophytic phytomedicine from Polyscias fulva stem bark, the isolated compounds being possible markers for the standardisation.

A new antimicrobial and radical-scavenging glycoside from Paullinia pinnata var. cameroonensis.

A new glycoside, pinnatoside A (1), together with two known compounds (2 and 3), were isolated from the stems of Paullinia pinnata. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods. Compound 1 showed significant antibacterial activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 1.56 µg/mL against Escherichia coli, and 2 displayed significant antibacterial activity with a MIC value of 1.56 µg/mL against Enterobacter aerogenes and E. coli. Equally, compound 1 exhibited the best radical-scavenging activity (RSa50 = 25.07 ± 0.49 µg/mL).

Fragrant volatile sesquiterpenoids isolated from the essential oil of Laggera pterodonta by using olfactory-guided fractionation.

Chemical composition of the essential oil from Laggera pterodonta (Compositae) was inverstigated. GC/MS Analyses led to the identification of 68 components, representing more than 96% of the total oil. By focusing on the woody note fraction of the essential oil, one new bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoid, bisabola-2,7(14),11-trien-10-ol (1), together with ten known compounds, bisabolol oxide B (2), ylangenol (3), copaborneol (4), guai-11-en-10-ol (5), spathulenol (6), aromadendran-10-ol (7), caryophyllenol (8), 5α,7α-eudesm-11(13)-en-4α-ol (9), γ-costic acid (10), and eudesma-4(15),11(13)-diene-12,5ß-olide (11), were isolated by using olfactory-guided fractionation. The structures of the eleven compounds were determined by NMR and MS analyses. All the volatile compounds reported here were isolated for the first time from this plant. On the basis of preliminary odor assessment, the odor of the woody-note fractions of the essential oil was assumed to be due to these isolated sesquiterpenoids.

Flavonoids and stilbenoids from Derris eriocarpa.

One new resveratrol analogue, 1-(3',4',5'-trimethoxyphenyl)-2-methoxy-2-(4″-methoxyphenyl)-ethane-1-ol (1), and two new prenylisoflavones, 4'-hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxy-6-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-isoflavone (2), and derrubon 5-methyl ether (3), together with 17 known compounds including one new natural product, 5,7-dihydroxy-3-[4'-O-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-phenyl]-isoflavone (4), were isolated from the stems of ethnomedicinal plant Derris eriocarpa How. (Leguminosae). Their structures were elucidated based on chemical evidence and spectroscopic techniques including two-dimensional NMR methods. All compounds are reported from this species for the first time. Antimicrobial activities of the new compounds were evaluated. Compound 2 exhibited good inhibitory activities against Candida guilliermondii, C. albicans and Microsporium gypseum with the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 12.5 µg/ml.

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from the edible aromatic plant Aristolochia delavayi.

The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of Aristolochia delavayi Franch. (Aristolochiaceae), a unique edible aromatic plant consumed by the Nakhi (Naxi) people in Yunnan, China, was investigated using GC/MS analysis. In total, 95 components, representing more than 95% of the oil composition, were identified, and the main constituents found were (E)-dec-2-enal (52.0%), (E)-dodec-2-enal (6.8%), dodecanal (3.35%), heptanal (2.88%), and decanal (2.63%). The essential oil showed strong inhibitory activity (96% reduction) of the production of bacterial volatile sulfide compounds (VSC) by Klebsiella pneumoniae, an effect that was comparable with that of the reference compound citral (91% reduction). Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and the isolated major compound against eight bacterial and six fungal strains were evaluated. The essential oil showed significant antibacterial activity against Providencia stuartii and Escherichia coli, with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 3.9 to 62.5 µg/ml. The oil also showed strong inhibitory activity against the fungal strains Trichophyton ajelloi, Trichophyton terrestre, Candida glabrata, Candida guilliermondii, and Cryptococcus neoformans, with MIC values ranging from 3.9 to 31.25 µg/ml, while (E)-dec-2-enal presented a lower antifungal activity than the essential oil.

Chemical constituents of Euphorbia tangutica.

Sixteen known compounds isolated from the whole plants of Euphorbia tangutica, including phorbol-13-actate (1) previously synthesised and obtained from a natural source for the first time, were evaluated in vitro against a panel of human cancer cell lines using the MTT method. Among them, ergosterol (6) exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against HL-60 cell line with an IC(50) value of 3.3 µM, and 3ß,5α-dihydroxy-15ß-cinnamoyloxy-14-oxolathyra-6 Z,12 E-diene (7) also displayed moderate activity.

A new flavone C-glycoside from Clematis rehderiana.

A new flavone C-glycoside, isovitexin 6''-O-E-p-coumarate (1) and two known flavonoid glycosides--quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucuronopyranoside (2) and isoorientin (3)--were isolated from an ethanol extract of aerial parts of Clematis rehderiana. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods. The antioxidant effects of the two flavone C-glycosides were evaluated by both the MTT and DPPH assays. Compound 1 showed potent activities against H2O2-induced impairment in PC12 cells within the concentration range tested, whereas compound 3 scavenged DPPH radical strongly, with an IC50 value of 13.5 microM.

Monoterpenoid indole alkaloids from the bark of Alstonia scholaris.

Six new monoterpenoid indole alkaloids, scholarisines B-G (1- 6), together with 15 known analogues (7- 21), were isolated from the bark of Alstonia scholaris. Their structures were determined by 1D and 2D NMR spectra and MS analyses. The structure of 1 was further supported by the single-crystal X-ray.