Spatio-temporal dynamics of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: A nonlinear regression analysis.

AIMS: This study describes the spatio-temporal dynamics of new visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases notified in Brazil between 2001 and 2020. METHODS AND RESULTS: Data on the occurrence of the disease were obtained by means of the Notifiable Diseases Information System of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Joinpoint, temporal generalized additive models and conditional autoregressive (CAR) models were used to analyse the temporal evolution of the rates in Brazil, states and regions. Spatio-temporal generalized additive and CAR models were used to identify the distribution of annual risks of VL occurrence in the Brazilian territory in relation to variation in the spatial average. There were 63,966 VL cases in the target period (3.198 cases/year), corresponding to a mean incidence rate of 1.68 cases/100,000 inhabitants. Of these, 4451 resulted in deaths, which gives a mean mortality rate of 0.12 deaths/100,000 inhabitants and a case fatality of 6.96%. The highest incidence rate was found in the North region, followed closely by the Northeast region, which presented the second and first highest mortality rates, respectively. For all of Brazil, and in the Northeast region, there were stability in the incidence rates, while the other regions showed an increasing trend in different time segments in the period: Central-West up to 2011, North up to 2008, Southeast up to 2004, and South up to 2010. On the other hand, all regions experienced a reduction in incidence rate during the last years of the series. The Northeast region had the highest number of municipalities with statistically significant elevated relative risks. The spatio-temporal analysis showed the highest risk area predominantly in the Northeast region in the beginning of the time series. From 2002 to 2018, this area expanded to the interior of the country. CONCLUSIONS: The present study has shown that VL has expanded in Brazil. However, the North and Northeast regions continue to have the highest incidence, and the risk of infection has decreased in recent years.

Temporal patterns, spatial risks, and characteristics of tegumentary leishmaniasis in Brazil in the first twenty years of the 21st Century.

BACKGROUND: Tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) is a significant public health issue in Brazil. The present ecological study describes the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of TL cases reported in the country, and analyzes the spatial and temporal patterns of the incidences and risks of occurrence across the five geopolitical regions and 27 federative units. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Data regarding new cases of TL notified between 2001 and 2020 were obtained from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Joinpoint and spatial and temporal generalized additive models were used to establish trends in the evolution of TL during the target period. The incidence rate for the entire period was 226.41 cases/100,000 inhabitants. All regions of Brazil showed trends of decreasing incidence rates, albeit with fluctuations at specific times, with the exception of the Southeast where rates have increased since 2014, most particularly in Minas Gerais state. The disease was concentrated predominantly in the North region, with Acre state leading the incidence rank in the whole country, followed by Mato Grosso (Midwest), Maranhão and Bahia (Northeast) states. The spatial distribution of the risk of TL occurrence in relation to the annual averages was relatively stable throughout the period. The cutaneous form of TL was predominant and cases most frequently occurred in rural areas and among men of working age. The ages of individuals contracting TL tended to increase during the time series. Finally, the proportion of confirmations by laboratory tests was lower in the Northeast. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: TL shows a declining trend in Brazil, but its widespread occurrence and the presence of areas with increasing incidence rates demonstrate the persistent relevance of this disease and the need for constant monitoring. Our findings reinforce the importance of temporal and spatial tools in epidemiologic surveillance routines and are valuable for targeting preventive and control actions.

Spatio-temporal relative risks and priority areas for visceral leishmaniasis control in Brazil, between 2001 and 2020.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a pressing public health problem in Brazil. The proper implementation of disease control programs in priority areas is a challenge for healthcare managers. The present study aimed to analyze the spatio-temporal distribution and identify high risk areas of VL occurrence in the Brazilian territory. We analyzed data regarding new cases with confirmed diagnosis of VL in Brazilian municipalities, from 2001 to 2020, extracted from the Brazilian Information System for Notifiable Diseases. The Local Index of Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA) was used to identify contiguous areas with high incidence rates in different periods of the temporal series. Clusters of high spatio-temporal relative risks were identified using the scan statistics. The accumulated incidence rate in the analyzed period was 33.53 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The number of municipalities that reported cases showed an upward trend from 2001 onward, although there was a decrease in 2019 and 2020. According to LISA, the number of municipalities considered a priority increased in Brazil and in most states. Priority municipalities were predominantly concentrated in the states of Tocantins, Maranhão, Piauí, and Mato Grosso do Sul, in addition to more specific areas of Pará, Ceará, Piauí, Alagoas, Pernambuco, Bahia, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, and Roraima. The spatio-temporal clusters of high-risk areas varied throughout the time series and were relatively higher in the North and Northeast regions. Recent high-risk areas were found in Roraima and municipalities in northeastern states. VL expanded territorially in Brazil in the 21st century. However, there is still a considerable spatial concentration of cases. The areas identified in the present study should be prioritized for disease control actions.

Men's health care: construction and validation of a tool for nursing consultation.

OBJECTIVES: to elaborate and validate a data collection tool for nursing consultation with men in the context of Primary Health Care. METHOD: a methodological study developed in four stages. The first one consisted in tool elaboration, using databases and the Dorothea Orem's theoretical model. In the second and third stages, content validation and tool appearance by 23 nurse judges took place. The Concordance Index was used for assessment. In the fourth stage, a pilot test was carried out with 20 men using Primary Health Care. RESULTS: of the 145 indicators prepared, organized and submitted to validation process, items with the Concordance Index <0.80 were excluded. The final tool consisted of 156 items. An overall 0.88 Concordance Index calculation was obtained. CONCLUSIONS: the final tool presented content validity for data collection with men in Primary Health Care.

Men's health care: construction and validation of a tool for nursing consultation / Atención de salud del hombre: construcción y validación de instrumento para consulta de enfermería / Atenção à saúde do homem: construção e validação de instrumento para consulta de enfermagem

ABSTRACT Objectives: to elaborate and validate a data collection tool for nursing consultation with men in the context of Primary Health Care. Method: a methodological study developed in four stages. The first one consisted in tool elaboration, using databases and the Dorothea Orem's theoretical model. In the second and third stages, content validation and tool appearance by 23 nurse judges took place. The Concordance Index was used for assessment. In the fourth stage, a pilot test was carried out with 20 men using Primary Health Care. Results: of the 145 indicators prepared, organized and submitted to validation process, items with the Concordance Index <0.80 were excluded. The final tool consisted of 156 items. An overall 0.88 Concordance Index calculation was obtained. Conclusions: the final tool presented content validity for data collection with men in Primary Health Care.

RESUMEN Objetivos: elaborar y validar un instrumento de recolección de datos para consultas de enfermería con hombres en el contexto de la Atención Primaria de Salud. Métodos: estudio metodológico desarrollado en cuatro etapas. El primero consistió en la elaboración del instrumento, utilizando las bases de datos y el modelo teórico de Dorothea Orem. En la segunda y tercera etapas, se llevó a cabo la validación del contenido y la apariencia del instrumento por 23 enfermeras jueces. El índice de concordancia se utilizó para la evaluación. En la cuarta etapa, se llevó a cabo una prueba piloto con 20 hombres utilizando la Atención Primaria de Salud. Resultados: de los 145 indicadores preparados, organizados y presentados al proceso de validación, se excluyeron los ítems con índice de concordancia <0,80. El instrumento final consistió en 156 ítems. Se obtuvo un cálculo global de índice de concordancia de 0,88. Conclusiones: el instrumento final presentó la validez de contenido para la recopilación de datos con hombres en el contexto de la Atención Primaria de Salud.

RESUMO Objetivos: elaborar e validar um instrumento de coleta de dados para consulta de enfermagem junto ao homem no contexto da Atenção Primária à Saúde. Métodos: estudo metodológico, desenvolvido em quatro etapas. A primeira consistiu na elaboração do instrumento, utilizando-se bases de dados e o modelo teórico de Dorothea Orem. Na segunda e terceira etapas, ocorreu a validação de conteúdo e aparência do instrumento por 23 juízes enfermeiros. Para avaliação, foi utilizado o Índice de Concordância. Na quarta etapa, foi realizado o teste piloto com 20 homens usuários da Atenção Primária à Saúde. Resultados: dos 145 indicadores elaborados, organizados e submetidos ao processo de validação, foram excluídos os itens com Índice de Concordância menor que 0,80. O instrumento final foi composto por 156 itens. Obteve-se o cálculo de Índice de Concordância global de 0,88. Conclusões: o instrumento final apresentou validade de conteúdo para a coleta de dados junto a homens no contexto da Atenção Primária à Saúde.

Fatores associados ao desempenho de serviços da atenção primária à saúde / Factors associated with the performance of primary health care services / Factores asociados con el rendimiento de los servicios de la atención primaria de salud

Objetivo: Avaliar o desempenho de equipes de Saúde da Família (eSF) e equipes de Atenção Básica (eAB) sobre a presença e extensão de atributos da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) através da visão dos usuários. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo observacional transversal realizado em um município da região centro-oeste de Minas Gerais (MG) entre janeiro e junho de 2016 com amostra representativa de 384 usuários assistidos por eSF e eAB. Os dados foram obtidos por meio da aplicação do instrumento Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCATool-Brasil) - usuários adultos. Inicialmente, calculou-se o escore de cada atributo/componente e os escores essencial e geral. Utilizou-se a modelagem de análise multivariada para identificar variáveis associadas à avaliação satisfatória (escore ≥ 6,6) da APS. Resultados: Os resultados apontam que a maioria dos atributos/componentes da APS não está devidamente implantado no cenário em questão. Identificou-se, ainda, na análise multivariada, que a avaliação de usuários da eSF (Odds Ratio: 2,09) e de pessoas com até oito anos de estudo (Odds Ratio: 1,94) está associada à avaliação satisfatória da APS. Conclusão: Na visão dos usuários, a eSF tem maior potencial para a presença e extensão dos atributos/componentes da APS, reforçando, assim, o papel de destaque dessa estratégia como principal arranjo organizacional de APS no cenário nacional. (AU)

Avaliação da atenção primária: o ponto de vista de usuários / Evaluation of primary care: the point of view of users

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo foi avaliar atributos da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), sob a percepção de usuários. Trata-se de estudo transversal que teve como participantes 384 usuários adultos vinculados a equipes de APS. Aplicou-se o instrumento Primary Care Assessment Tool - usuários adultos, versão reduzida. O Grau de Afiliação e dois atributos atingiram escores médios superiores a 6,6, sendo assim, bem avaliados. Os demais obtiveram escores inferiores a 6,6, não atingindo a média estabelecida como desejável. Conclui-se que os atributos da APS analisados receberam avaliação heterogênea e que a maioria necessita de um olhar mais atento e de investimento por parte dos gestores e profissionais.

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper was to evaluate attributes of the Primary Health Care (PHC), under the perception of users. It is a cross-sectional study that had as participants 384 adult users linked to PHC teams. The Primary Care Assessment Tool - adult users, reduced version - was applied. The Degree of Affiliation and two attributes reached average scores higher than 6.6 and were thus well evaluated. The other attributes had scores lower than 6.6, not reaching the average score established as desirable. It is concluded that the analyzed APS attributes received a heterogeneous evaluation and that most of them need a closer look and investment by the managers and professionals.

Abordagem dos fatores de risco para lactentes sibilantes: subsídios para a assistência de enfermagem na atenção primária à saúde / Addressing risk factors for sibilants infants: grants for nursing care in primary health care

Introdução: A maioria das crianças apresentam sibilância nos primeiros anos de vida, caracterizada por broncoespasmos, achado extremamente importante, por relacionar-se com causas de morbidade em todo o mundo, tanto em países desenvolvidos como em desenvolvimento. A literatura revela que episódios de sibilância recorrente e precoce estão relacionados com diversos fatores, que podem ser desencadeantes e/ou facilitadores para sibilância e estão posteriormente associados à asma em idade escolar. Objetivo: Relatar a experiência de acadêmicas de enfermagem no cuidado ao lactente sibilante, enfatizando os fatores de risco para sibilância. Resultados: Foram encontrados fatores desencadeantes e/ou facilitadores que contribuem para as crises recorrentes de sibilo, como sexo masculino, infecções respiratórias, antecedente pessoal de dermatite atópica, pai tabagista, ter irmãos, apresentar eosinofilia, presença de poeira e mofo no ambiente domiciliar. Conclusão: O conhecimento da prevalência, da gravidade e de fatores de risco para sibilância em lactentes é de grande importância para os profissionais da saúde, uma vez que podem adotar medidas preventivas, visando a redução da morbidade em relação à sibilância nesta faixa etária.