Concordância da avaliação da via alimentar entre fonoaudiólogo e médico baseado na escala FOIS: coorte retrospectiva / Agreement in the assessment of the food pathway between speech therapists and physicians based on the FOIS scale: a retrospective cohort study / Concordancia en la evaluación de la vía alimentaria entre fonoaudiólogos y médicos basada en la escala FOIS: un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo

Introdução: A avaliação fonoaudiológica hospitalar tem um importante papel na prevenção e manejo de pacientes com risco de broncoaspiração. No entanto, nem sempre cabe ao fonoaudiólogo a primeira avaliação e definição da via alimentar nos pacientes hospitalares. Objetivo: Comparar as decisões fonoaudiológicas e médicas quanto à viabilidade da via alimentar em um hospital geral e identificar fatores associados com a melhora da deglutição. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo de pacientes internados em hospital em Joinville durante março a agosto de 2018. A via alimentar foi considerada com base na Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) sendo a primeira decisão comparada entre o fonoaudiólogo e o médico para o mesmo paciente. Resultados: Dos 171 pacientes, houve maior concordância entre as condutas médica e fonoaudiológica para alimentação por sonda nasoenteral (SNE) (88,7%) e alimentação oral livre (81,9%). No entanto, houve apenas 35% de concordância na definição de dieta adaptada, sendo a concordância geral moderada (Kappa 0,486). Houve evolução na alimentação por via oral em 62 pacientes (36%). Maior limitação da via alimentar, verificado pela necessidade de SNE (OR = 3,17; p = 0,025) e o maior número de atendimentos fonoaudiológicos intra-hospitalares (OR = 1,09; p = 0,020) foram associados com a melhora da disfagia. Conclusão: Encontrou-se concordância entre a avaliação dietética de casos para uso de SNE ou dieta livre entre o fonoaudiólogo e médico. Uso de SNE, como indicador de gravidade do paciente, e o maior número de sessões de fonoterapia foram associados com a melhora da disfagia durante a internação. (AU)

Introduction: Hospital-based speech-language pathology plays a crucial role in preventing and managing patients at risk of bronchoaspiration. However, the initial evaluation and determination of the feeding route in hospitalized patients may not always fall under the responsibility of the speech-language pathologist. Objective: To compare the decisions of speech-language pathologists and medical professionals regarding the feasibility of the feeding route in a general hospital and identify factors associated with swallowing improvement. Methods: This is a retrospective study of patients admitted to a hospital in Joinville from March to August 2018. The feeding route was assessed based on the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), with the initial decision compared between the speech-language pathologist and the physician for the same patient. Results: Among 171 patients, there was higher agreement between medical and speech-language pathology decisions for nasoenteral tube feeding (88.7%) and oral unrestricted intake (81.9%). However, there was only 35% agreement in defining an adapted diet, with overall moderate agreement (Kappa 0.486). Oral feeding improved in 62 patients (36%). The presence of nasoenteral tube feeding (OR = 3.17; p = 0.025) and a higher number of in-hospital speech-language pathology appointments (OR = 1.09; p = 0.020) were identified as independent predictors for dysphagia improvement. Conclusion: Concordance was found in the dietary assessment for the use of nasoenteral tube feeding or oral unrestricted intake between speech-language pathologists and physicians. The use of nasoenteral tube feeding as an indicator of patient severity and a higher number of speech-language pathology sessions were associated with dysphagia improvement during hospitalization. (AU)

Introducción: La evaluación fonoaudiológica hospitalaria desempeña un papel crucial en la prevención y el manejo de pacientes con riesgo de broncoaspiración. Sin embargo, no siempre corresponde al fonoaudiólogo la primera evaluación y definición de la vía alimentaria en los pacientes hospitalizados.Objetivo: Comparar las decisiones fonoaudiológicas y médicas sobre la viabilidad de la vía alimentaria en un hospital general e identificar factores asociados con la mejora de la deglución. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo de pacientes hospitalizados en un hospital de Joinville durante marzo a agosto de 2018. La vía alimentaria se evaluó según la Escala Funcional de Ingesta Oral (FOIS), siendo la primera decisión comparada entre el fonoaudiólogo y el médico para el mismo paciente. Resultados: De 171 pacientes, hubo una mayor concordancia entre las decisiones médicas y fonoaudiológicas para la alimentación por sonda nasoenteral (SNE) (88,7%) y la alimentación oral libre (81,9%). Sin embargo, solo hubo un 35% de concordancia en la definición de una dieta adaptada, siendo la concordancia general moderada (Kappa 0,486). La alimentación oral mejoró en 62 pacientes (36%). Una mayor limitación de la vía alimentaria, indicada por la necesidad de SNE (OR = 3,17; p = 0,025), y un mayor número de sesiones fonoaudiológicas intrahospitalarias (OR = 1,09; p = 0,020) se asociaron con la mejora de la disfagia.Conclusión: Se encontró concordancia en la evaluación dietética para el uso de SNE o dieta libre entre el fonoaudiólogo y el médico. El uso de SNE, como indicador de la gravedad del paciente, y un mayornúmero de sesiones de fonoterapia se asociaron con la mejora de la disfagia durante la hospitalización. (AU)

Levantamento dos indicadores de risco para o desenvolvimento infantil em um programa de Atenção Primária à Saúde: uma perspectiva fonoaudiológica / Survey of risk indicators for child development in a Primary Health Care program: a speech-language pathology perspective / Encuesta de indicadores de riesgo para el desarrollo infantil en un programa de Atención Primaria de Salud: una perspectiva fonoaudiológica

Introdução: Fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento infantil podem ocasionar alterações na comunicação, como linguagem e fala, funções auditivas e estomatognáticas. O programa Bebê Precioso, inserido na atenção básica da cidade de Joinville, Santa Catarina, visa acompanhar recém-nascidos (RNs) e lactentes de 0 a 24 meses, egressos da Unidade Neonatal, com histórico de fatores de risco para as alterações no desenvolvimento global. Objetivo: Identificar os principais fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento infantil e relacionados à fonoaudiologia, de RNs e lactentes acompanhados por este programa de atenção primária à saúde. Método: Estudo retrospectivo de caráter descritivo, com análise quantitativa de dados de prontuários de RNs e lactentes atendidos no programa no período de março de 2019 a março de 2020. Resultados: A amostra do estudo foi composta por 58RNs e lactentes. Os fatores de risco mais frequentes foram a prematuridade (77,5%), baixo peso ao nascer (72,5%), alterações respiratórias (50%), asfixia perinatal (19%), hiperbilirrubinemia (13,8%), quadro de infecção grave (12%), malformações congênitas e síndromes genéticas (5,2%) e alterações neurológicas (5%). 53,5% dos RNs foram atendidos pelos discentes de fonoaudiologia. Destes, 61,3% apresentaram alterações fonoaudiológicas, sendo 42,1% na motricidade orofacial, 42,1% auditivas e 15,8% no desenvolvimento da linguagem. Conclusão: Os participantes do presente estudo, apresentaram fatores de risco para alterações fonoaudiológicas de linguagem, motricidade orofacial e habilidades auditivas. Enfatiza-se a importância do fonoaudiólogo em programas de follow-up.

Introduction: Risk factors for child development can cause changes in communication, such as language and speech, auditory and stomatognathic functions. The Bebê Precioso, inserted in primary care in the city of Joinville, Santa Catarina State, aims to monitor newborn children (NC) and infants aged 0 to 24 months, discharged from the Neonatal Unit, with a history of risk factors for changes in global development. Objective: To identify the main risk factors for child development and related to speech therapy, of newborn and infant children followed by this primary health care program. Method: Retrospective descriptive study, with quantitative analysis of data from medical records of NC and infants treated in the program from March 2019 to March 2020. Results: The study sample consisted of 58 NC and infants. The most frequent risk factors were prematurity (77.5%), low birth weight (72.5%), respiratory disorders (50%), perinatal asphyxia (19%), hyperbilirubinemia (13.8%), of severe infection (12%), congenital malformations and genetic syndromes (5.2%) and neurological alterations (5%). 53.5% of the NBs were attended by Speech-Language Pathology students. Of these, 61.3% presented speech-language disorders, being 42.1% in orofacial motricity, 42.1% auditory and 15.8% in language development. Conclusion: The participants of this study presented risk factors for speech-language disorders in language, orofacial motricity and auditory skills. The importance of the speech therapist in follow-up programs is emphasized.

Introducción: Los factores de riesgo para el desarrollo infantil pueden provocar cambios en la comunicación, como el lenguaje y el habla, las funciones auditivas y estomatognáticas. El programa Bebé Precioso, insertado en atención primaria en la ciudad de Joinville, Santa Catarina, tiene como objetivo acompañar a recién nacidos (RN) y lactantes de 0 a 24 meses, dados de alta de la Unidad Neonatal, con antecedentes de factores de riesgo de cambios en el desarrollo. global. Objetivo: Identificar los principales factores de riesgo para el desarrollo infantil y relacionados con la logopedia, de recién nacidos y lactantes monitoreados por el programa de Atención Primaria de Salud. Método: Estudio retrospectivo de carácter descriptivo, con análisis cuantitativo de los datos de las historias clínicas de los recién nacidos y lactantes atendidos en el programa de marzo de 2019 a marzo de 2020. Resultados: La muestra del estudio estuvo constituida por 58 recién nacidos y lactantes. Los factores de riesgo más frecuentes fueron prematurez (77,5%), bajo peso al nacer (72,5%), trastornos respiratorios (50%), asfixia perinatal (19%), hiperbilirrubinemia (13,8%), infección grave (12%), malformaciones congénitas y síndromes genéticos (5,2%) y trastornos neurológicos (5%). El 53,5% (n=31) de los recién nacidos fueron atendidos por estudiantes de logopedia. De estos, el 61,3% presentó trastornos del habla y el lenguaje, con el 42,1% en la motricidad orofacial, el 42,1% auditiva y el 15,8% en el desarrollo del lenguaje. Conclusión: Los participantes del presente estudio presentaron factores de riesgo para trastornos del habla y lenguaje, motricidad orofacial y habilidades auditivas. Se enfatiza la importancia del logopeda en los programas de seguimento.

Top Papers in Liver Transplantation 2017-2018.

Organ shortage remains a major limitation in liver transplantation, and there has been a significant effort over the past decade to increase the existing deceased donor pool. Recent advances have included better selection and management of donors after circulatory arrest, application of hypothermic and normothermic perfusion, minimization of standard immunosuppression, and use of new immunosuppressive medications. Additionally, there has been renewed emphasis and understanding of liver immunology and the impact of antibody-mediated rejection. Together, these advances have allowed for expansion of the donor pool with concurrent improved patient outcomes. Furthermore, direct-acting antiviral agents for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection has been management of this infection. These changes have affected the practice of solid organ transplantation by altering the framework by which patients with end-stage organ disease are managed and receive organ transplants. In this article, we analyze some of the top papers published in 2017-2018 dealing with these issues.

Aplicabilidade clínica do gel à base de papaína em lesões cariosas agudas

O estudo teve por finalidade revisar a literatura publicada a respeito do gel Papacárie e apresentar alternativa para método convencional de remoção de cárie, principalmente em crianças não colaboradoras e ansiosas. Diante da literatura consultada, pôde-se observar que a remoção químico-mecânica do tecido cariado torna desnecessário o uso da anestesia na maioria dos casos; também permite a confecção de um preparo minimamente invasivo além de diminuir o desconforto causado pelo uso de instrumentos rotatórios uma vez que se limita ao uso de instrumentos manuais e desta maneira auxilia eficazmente no controle do medo e ansiedade dos pacientes odontopediátricos. Portanto, apesar de alguns trabalhos na literatura terem mostrado que o Papacárie apresentou limitações quanto à adesão, selamento marginal e ação antimicrobiana, pôde-se concluir que a técnica de utilização do gel Papacárie apresenta eficiente aplicabilidade clínica na remoção de lesões cariosas em crianças.

Interleukin-28B TT genotype is frequently found in patients with hepatitis C virus cirrhosis but does not influence hepatocarcinogenesis.

Persistent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with progressive hepatic fibrosis and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma. The interleukin-28B (IL28B) rs12979860 polymorphism is associated with fibrosis progression in chronic HCV infection. IL28B encodes interferon-λ, which has both antiviral and anti-proliferative properties. This study aimed to determine whether IL28B rs12979860 polymorphism is also associated with development of hepatocellular carcinoma both in chronic HCV infection and in non-viral-related cirrhosis. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and melting curve analyses were used to genotype 311 patients who underwent liver transplantation for HCV cirrhosis (n = 202) or alcoholic cirrhosis (n = 109). HCV patients were older (p = 0.012) and less likely males (p < 0.001) than patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. IL28B rs12979860 TT genotype [OR 6.08, 95 % CI 2.11-17.53; p < 0.001] and T allele carriage (CT + TT; OR 2.3, CI 95 % 1.42-3.72; p = 0.001) were more frequent among HCV patients and, among them, more common in patients infected with HCV genotype 1 (CT + TT; OR 1.79, CI 95 % 1.03-3.09; p = 0.009). Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma was higher in HCV cirrhosis (OR 2.7, CI 95 % 1.5-4.7; p < 0.001), with no differences according to HCV genotype. IL28B genotype distribution was similar among patients with or without hepatocellular carcinoma, in both HCV patients regardless viral genotype (p = 0.84) and alcoholic patients (p = 0.91). Multivariate analysis showed that older age (OR 1.06, CI 95 % 1.02-1.1; p = 0.003) and male gender (OR 2.49, CI 95 % 1.24-5; p = 0.01) were independent risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in HCV patients. In summary, the current study did not find a significant association between IL28B rs12979860 polymorphism and hepatocarcinogenesis.

Rapidity of fibrosis progression in liver transplant recipients with recurrent hepatitis C is influenced by toll-like receptor 3 polymorphism.

Liver transplantation activates the innate immune system through toll-like receptors (TLRs), potentially leading to allograft rejection and graft failure. We evaluated the association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in TLR genes with the severity of hepatitis C virus recurrence after liver transplantation (LT). This is a two-center study of 176 adult patients who received a first LT from deceased donors for hepatitis C virus (HCV) cirrhosis. Eleven polymorphisms were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction and melting curves analyses: TLR1 (Asp248Ser and Ser602Ile), TLR2 (Arg753Gln), TLR3 (Leu412Phe), TLR4 (Asp299Gly), TLR5 (Arg392Stop), TLR6 (Ser249Pro), TLR7 (Gln11Leu), TLR8 (Met1Val), and TLR9 (-1237T/C and -1486C/T). The CC genotype of TLR3 Leu412Phe in liver recipients was associated with severe recurrence (odds ratio (OR) = 2.01, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 1.02-3.93, p = 0.04). We also analyzed this polymorphism in 72 of their donors but no association was found with severity of HCV recurrence (p = 0.89). Multivariate analysis showed donor age older than 40 yr (OR=2.93; 95% CI = 1.49-5.8, p = 0.002) and the TLR3 Leu412Phe CC genotype (OR=2.02, 95%CI=1.01-4.05, p = 0.046) were independently associated with severe HCV recurrence. Our results show that the TLR3 Leu412Phe CC genotype is independently associated with severity of hepatitis C recurrence after LT.

Indicações e uso da técnica "sonda-dedo" / Indications and use of "finger feeding"

A recomendação da Organização Mundial da Saúde é que todo recém nascido deva ser alimentado exclusivamente no seio materno até o sexto mês e, de forma complementar, até o segundo ano de vida. Assim, algumas técnicas são realizadas para facilitar a alimentação ao seio, dentre elas o uso do copo e, recentemente, a utilização da técnica "sonda-dedo". Tal prática é bastante controversa e há escassez de estudos na literatura sobre a descrição da técnica, sua indicação e uso. O objetivo do presente trabalho é relatar a experiência clínica para indicação e uso da técnica "sonda-dedo". A técnica "sonda-dedo" consiste no oferecimento do leite, de preferência humano, utilizando sonda gástrica conectada a uma seringa com êmbolo e fixada em dedo mínimo enluvado com fita adesiva. A sonda é posicionada na cavidade oral do recém nascido e deve servir como uma técnica de auxílio para adequação do padrão de sucção. Desta forma, sugere-se que sua indicação deve ser apenas nos casos em que seja caracterizada uma disfunção oral, seja em recém nascidos a termo ou pré-termo. Diante da avaliação específica, realizada pelo fonoaudiólogo, indica-se a técnica "sonda-dedo" com objetivo de adequar as alterações obtidas na avaliação da sucção não nutritiva ou em seio materno. Acredita-se que, para que a técnica "sonda-dedo" seja indicada como complemento do aleitamento materno, devam ser realizados novos estudos para esclarecer quais as repercussões da técnica "sonda-dedo" na prevalência do aleitamento materno e no desenvolvimento motor oral de recém nascidos.

The World Health Organization recommends breastfeeding exclusively to all newborns until the sixth month and on a complementary basis, until the second year of life. Thus, some techniques are performed in order to facilitate the breastfeeding, including the use of a cup and recently using the "probe-finger" technique. This practice is very controversial and there are few studies addressing the description of the technique, and indications and usage. This study aims at reporting the clinical experience in order to show and use the "finger-probe" technique. The "probe-finger" technique is offering milk, preferably human milk, using a gastric tube connected to a syringe plunger and fixed on a gloved finger with a tape. The probe is positioned in the oral cavity of the newborn and should serve as a technical aid for sucking adequacy. Thus, it is suggested that his statement should be done just in cases where an oral dysfunction is characterized, either in newborns at term or preterm. Given the specific evaluation performed by the speech therapist, indicating the "probe-finger" technique in order to adjust the changes obtained in the evaluation of non-nutritive sucking or breastfeeding. It is believed that the "probe-finger" technique is recommended as a supplement to breastfeeding, and should be further investigated in order to clarify the impact of the "probe-finger" technique on the prevalence of breast-feeding and oral motor development of born infants.

Increased risk of severe hepatitis C virus recurrence after liver transplantation in patients with a T allele of IL28B rs12979860.

BACKGROUND: Polymorphisms of the IL28B gene (encoding interferon-λ3) determine the spontaneous course of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and its response to antiviral therapy. We investigated the influence of the IL28B rs12979860 (C>T) polymorphism on the risk of severe HCV recurrence after liver transplantation. METHODS: Ninety patients who underwent transplantation because of HCV cirrhosis were retrospectively analyzed; forty-one (45.6%) of them with severe HCV recurrence. Forty-eight of their paired donors were available and were also analyzed. IL28B rs12979860 was genotyped by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and evaluated for association with severe HCV recurrence, along with other variables, by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: The risk allele rs12979860-T was more common in transplanted patients (66.7%) than reported in healthy whites, and it was significantly overrepresented among patients with severe HCV recurrence, in comparison with patients without it (82.9% vs. 53.1%, odds ratio [OR]=4.30, etiologic fraction=63.6%; P=0.0028). Furthermore, separate analysis of the recipients' genotypes indicated that the risk of severe HCV recurrence increased with the dose of the T allele (linear trend, P=0.0068). Multiple logistic regression analysis confirmed the contribution of the IL28B genotype to the risk of severe HCV recurrence (OR=4.27; P=0.014), independently of other associated factors. Allele IL28B T in the donor seemed to have an opposite effect than that in the recipient (OR=0.46), but the study was underpowered to demonstrate this unforeseen effect (P=0.1995). CONCLUSIONS: The recipient IL28B rs12979860 genotype has a major influence on the posttransplantation course of HCV infection, being a valuable biomarker for patient care in liver transplantation.

Lesiones cerebelosas en pompas de jabón y adenopatías mediastínicas / Cerebellar soap bubble lesions and mediastinal lymphnodes

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Deglutição em crianças com alterações neurológicas: avaliação clínica e videofluoroscópica / Swallowing in children with neurologic disorders: clinical and videofluoroscopic evaluations

TEMA: deglutição em crianças com alterações neurológicas. OBJETIVO: relacionar os dados obtidos na avaliação clínica fonoaudiológica e avaliação videofluoroscópica da deglutição em crianças com alteração neurológica. MÉTODO: análise retrospectiva de 24 protocolos de avaliação fonoaudiológica e prontuários médicos de crianças de ambos os sexos, encaminhadas para avaliação clínica e videofluoroscópica da deglutição no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo, no período de janeiro de 2001 a junho de 2005. Na avaliação clínica foram analisados: a consistência da alimentação utilizada, aspectos funcionais do mecanismo de deglutição e os resultados da ausculta cervical. Na avaliação videofluoroscópica foram verificados os aspectos da dinâmica das fases oral e faríngea. RESULTADOS: ao realizar a avaliação clínica na fase oral, com a utilização das consistências líquida e pastosa, verificou-se maior ocorrência do inadequado controle do bolo alimentar (n = 15 e n = 14, respectivamente). Na fase faríngea, para ambas as consistências, observou-se que a ausculta cervical adequada antes da deglutição foi a observação mais freqüente (n = 16 e n = 13), seguida pela ausculta cervical inadequada durante a deglutição (n = 15 e n = 12). Na avaliação videofluoroscópica da fase oral, para ambas as consistências, a presença inadequada de propulsão do bolo foi o achado mais freqüente (n = 13 e n = 13), e na fase faríngea a ausência de aspiração laringotraqueal (n = 12 e n = 17). Houve correlação estatisticamente significativa entre a ausculta cervical e a excursão do hióideo e laringe, e de aspiração laringotraqueal, para as consistências líquida e pastosa. CONCLUSÃO: ambos os procedimentos são importantes e complementares no diagnóstico da disfagia.

BACKGROUND: swallowing in children with neurologic disorders. AIM: to relate the data obtained in the clinical and in the videofluoroscopic evaluations of swallowing in children with neurologic disorders. METHODS: a retrospective analysis of 24 protocols of speech-language evaluation and of medical records of children, of both genders, referred to clinical and videofluoroscopic evaluations of swallowing at the School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto -University of São Paulo, from January 2001 to June 2005. The following aspects were analyzed in the clinical evaluation: diet consistency, functional aspects of the swallowing mechanism and results of the cervical auscultation. Videofluoroscopic evaluation was performed to determine the dynamic aspects of the oral and pharyngeal phases. RESULTS: during the clinical evaluation of the oral phase, for both liquid and pasty consistencies, a greater occurrence of inadequate bolus control was observed (n = 15 e n = 14, respectively). In the pharyngeal phase, also for both consistencies, an adequate cervical auscultate was more frequntly observed before swallowing (n = 16 e n = 13) followed by the inadequate cervical auscultation during swallowing (n = 15 e n = 12). In the videofluoroscopic evaluation, during the oral phase, for both consistencies, the presence of inadequate food propulsion was the most frequent finding (n = 13 e n = 13) and, in the pharyngeal phase, the most frequent finding was the absence of laryngotracheal aspiration (n = 12 e n = 17). There was a statistically significant correlation between the cervical auscultate and the excursion of the hyoid and the larynx, and between the cervical auscultate and laryngotracheal aspiration of liquid and pasty consistencies. CONCLUSION: both procedures are important and complementary in the diagnosis of dysphagia.

Swallowing in children with neurologic disorders: clinical and videofluoroscopic evaluations.

BACKGROUND: swallowing in children with neurologic disorders. AIM: to relate the data obtained in the clinical and in the videofluoroscopic evaluations of swallowing in children with neurologic disorders. METHODS: a retrospective analysis of 24 protocols of speech-language evaluation and of medical records of children, of both genders, referred to clinical and videofluoroscopic evaluations of swallowing at the School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, from January 2001 to June 2005. The following aspects were analyzed in the clinical evaluation: diet consistency, functional aspects of the swallowing mechanism and results of the cervical auscultation. Videofluoroscopic evaluation was performed to determine the dynamic aspects of the oral and pharyngeal phases. RESULTS: during the clinical evaluation of the oral phase, for both liquid and pasty consistencies, a greater occurrence of inadequate bolus control was observed (n = 15 e n = 14, respectively). In the pharyngeal phase, also for both consistencies, an adequate cervical auscultate was more frequently observed before swallowing (n = 16 e n = 13) followed by the inadequate cervical auscultation during swallowing (n = 15 e n = 12). In the videofluoroscopic evaluation, during the oral phase, for both consistencies, the presence of inadequate food propulsion was the most frequent finding (n = 13 e n = 13) and, in the pharyngeal phase, the most frequent finding was the absence of laryngotracheal aspiration (n = 12 e n = 17). There was a statistically significant correlation between the cervical auscultate and the excursion of the hyoid and the larynx, and between the cervical auscultate and laryngotracheal aspiration of liquid and pasty consistencies. CONCLUSION: both procedures are important and complementary in the diagnosis of dysphagia.

Evaluation of swallowing in children with vomiting after feeding.

Vomiting after feeding is a symptom of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and of eosinophilic esophagitis (EE), which are considered to be a cause of infant feeding disorder. The objective of the present study was to evaluate swallowing in children with feeding disorder manifested by vomiting after feeding. Using clinical and videofluoroscopic methods we studied the swallowing of 37 children with vomiting after feeding (mean age=15.4 months), and of 15 healthy children (mean age=20.5 months). In the videofluoroscopic examination the children swallowed a free volume of milk and 5 ml of mashed banana, both mixed with barium sulfate. We evaluated five swallows of liquid and five swallows of paste. The videofluoroscopic examination was recorded at 60 frames/s. Patients had difficulty during feeding, pneumonia, respiratory distress, otitis, and irritability more frequently than controls. During feeding, children with vomiting, choke were irritable, and refused food more frequently than controls, and during the videofluoroscopic examination the patients had more backward movement of the head than controls for both the liquid and paste boluses. There was no difference in the timing of oral swallowing transit, pharyngeal swallowing transit, or pharyngeal clearance between patients and controls. We conclude that children with vomiting after feeding may have difficulties in accepting feeding, although they have no alteration of oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing.