Temporal Trends in Spinal Imaging in Ontario (2002-2019) and Manitoba (2001-2011), Canada.

Background Several studies have reported the overuse of spinal imaging, which, in Canada, led to several provincial pathways aimed at optimizing the use of imaging. We assessed temporal trends in spine imaging in two Canadian provinces. Methods We explored the use of X-ray, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine regions among adults in Ontario (April 1, 2002, to March 31, 2019) and in Manitoba, Canada (April 1, 2001, to March 31, 2011) using linked Ontario Health Insurance Plan administrative databases and data from Manitoba Health. We calculated the age- and sex-adjusted rates of spinal X-ray, CT, and MRI examinations by dividing the number of imaging studies by the population of each province for each year and estimated the use of each imaging modality per 100,000 persons. Results The total cost of spine imaging in Ontario increased from $45.8 million in 2002/03 to $70.3 million in 2018/19 (a 54% increase), and in Manitoba from $2.2 million in 2001/02 to $5 million in 2010/11 (a 127% increase). In Ontario, rates of spine X-rays decreased by 12% and spine CT scans decreased by 28% over this time period, while in Manitoba, rates of spine X-rays and CT scans remained constant. Age- and sex-adjusted utilization of spinal MRI scans per 100,000 persons markedly increased over time in both Ontario (277%) and Manitoba (350%). Conclusion Despite efforts to reduce the use of inappropriate spinal imaging, both Ontario and Manitoba have greatly increased utilization of spine MRI in the past two decades.

Differential Diagnosis of Colonic Strictures: Pictorial Review With Illustrations from Computed Tomography Colonography.

Strictures of the colon can lead to significant morbidity requiring surgical management. The etiology of strictures is broad and generally categorized as benign, malignant, or pseudostrictures. Computed tomography (CT) is a crucial imaging modality in the assessment and characterization of colonic pathologies but colonoscopy remains the diagnostic gold standard. However, in the setting of incomplete colonoscopy due to strictures, the imaging features of CT will be relied on. This review will focus on the CT features of different colon pathologies leading to strictures and will be illustrated with images from 10 years of experience with CT colonography at our institutions from 2002-2012 (Hotel Dieu Hospital, Queen's University and Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto).

Myxopapillary ependymoma as a cause of back pain in a young male - A case report.

OBJECTIVE: Primary spinal cord tumours are rare causes of low back pain but can be a significant cause of morbidity if undiagnosed and untreated. The following is a case of a young male patient presenting with low back pain and radicular symptoms caused by myxopapillary ependymoma. CLINICAL FEATURES: A nineteen year old male presented to an orthopaedic surgeon with a long history of back pain. He was initially diagnosed with soft tissue injuries and discharged. He began to experience erectile and bowel dysfunction two years later and was re-referred to the orthopaedic surgeon by his family physician but was lost to follow-up. The patient did not present to the surgeon until two years after his symptom profile changed. At that point, MRI examinations revealed a large myxopapillary ependymoma extending from T12 to L4 that was confirmed by a pathologist. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME: The tumour was surgically resected with subsequent adjuvant radiotherapy. After one year, the patient required continued catheterization and had poor anal tone. His back and leg complaints were almost normal. Follow-up MRI examinations revealed no disease progression or new spinal lesions at 4 years after the initial diagnosis. CONCLUSION: The clinical presentation of primary spinal cord tumours is non-specific and can easily be missed. In cases of chronic back pain, signs and symptoms should be regularly monitored for changes indicative of progressive neurological compromise such as sensory, motor and bowel/bladder dysfunction. If there is deterioration of clinical signs and symptoms, a spinal tumour should be considered in the list of differential diagnoses. Delayed diagnosis and treatment of these rare causes of back pain could lead to poor outcomes; therefore, a referral to a surgeon should be done immediately with proper follow up to ensure continuity of care.

OBJECTIF: Les tumeurs primaires de la moelle épinière sont des causes rares de lombalgies, mais peuvent être une importante cause de morbidité si elles sont pas diagnostiquées ni traitées. Le cas suivant concerne un jeune homme qui présente une lombalgie et des symptômes radiculaires causés par un épendymome myxopapillaire. CARACTÉRISTIQUES CLINIQUES: Un homme de dix-neuf ans s'est présenté chez un chirurgien orthopédique avec de longs antécédents de douleur dorsale. Il lui a d'abord diagnostiqué des blessures des tissus mous et il a été libéré par la suite. Deux ans après, il a commencé à souffrir de dysfonctionnement érectile et intestinal et a été renvoyé vers le chirurgien orthopédique par le médecin de famille mais a été perdu au suivi. Le patient s'est présenté au chirurgien deux ans après que son profil de symptôme a changé. À ce moment-là, les examens par IRM ont révélés un épendymome myxopapillaire se prolongeant de T12 à L4, confirmé par un pathologiste. INTERVENTION ET RÉSULTAT: La tumeur a été prélevée chirurgicalement à l'aide d'une radiothérapie adjuvante subséquente. Après un an, le patient avait besoin d'un cathétérisme continu et présentait un tonus anal faible Il ne se plaignait presque plus de douleurs au dos et aux jambes. Les examens de suivi par IRM n'ont pas révélé de progression de la maladie ou de nouvelles lésions de la moelle épinière, quatre ans après le diagnostic initial. CONCLUSION: La présentation clinique de tumeurs primaires de la moelle épinière n'est pas spécifique et peut facilement ne pas être repérée. Dans les cas de douleurs dorsales chroniques, les signes et symptômes devraient être contrôlés régulièrement dans le cas de changements indiquant des troubles neurologiques progressifs tels que les dysfonctionnements sensoriels, moteurs, intestinaux et érectiles. Dans le cas de dégradation des signes et symptômes cliniques, une tumeur de la moelle épinière devrait être considérée parmi les diagnostics différentiels. Un diagnostic tardif et un traitement de ces causes rares de douleur dorsale peut mener à de pauvres résultats; et un renvoi chez un chirurgien devrait par conséquent être effectué dans les plus brefs délais avec un suivi approprié pour assurer la continuité des soins.

Urolithiasis presenting as right flank pain: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Urolithiasis refers to renal or ureteral calculi referred to in lay terminology as a kidney stone. Utolithiasis is a potential emergency often resulting in acute abdominal, low back, flank or groin pain. Chiropractors may encounter patients when they are in acute pain or after they have recovered from the acute phase and should be knowledgeable about the signs, symptoms, potential complications and appropriate recommendations for management. CASE PRESENTATION: A 52 year old male with acute right flank pain presented to the emergency department. A ureteric calculus with associated hydronephrosis was identified and he was prescribed pain medications and discharged to pass the stone naturally. One day later, he returned to the emergency department with severe pain and was referred to urology. He was managed with a temporary ureteric stent and antibiotics. CONCLUSION: This case describes a patient with acute right flank and lower quadrant pain which was diagnosed as an obstructing ureteric calculus. Acute management and preventive strategies in patients with visceral pathology such as renal calculi must be considered in patients with severe back and flank pain as it can progress to hydronephrosis and kidney failure.

CONTEXTE: La lithiase urinaire se réfère à des calculs rénaux ou urétéraux connus plus communément comme des calculs rénaux. La lithiase urinaire présente une urgence potentielle qui entraîne souvent des douleurs aiguës à l'abdomen, au dos, à la colonne lombaire, au flanc ou à l'aine. Les chiropraticiens peuvent rencontrer les patients quand ceux-ci éprouvent des douleurs aiguës ou après s'être remis de la phase aiguë et devraient donc connaître les signes, les symptômes, les complications possibles et les recommandations appropriées de gestion. EXPOSÉ DE CAS: Un homme de 52 ans éprouvant des douleurs aiguës au flanc droit s'est présenté à l'urgence. Un calcul urétéral avec hydronéphrose associée a été décelé et on lui a prescrit des analgésiques et on l'a renvoyé chez lui pour passer les calculs rénaux sans intervention. Le lendemain il est retourné aux urgences avec une douleur intense et a été renvoyé à l'urologie, où on lui a posé une endoprothèse urétérale temporaire et prescrit des antibiotiques. CONCLUSION: Ce cas décrit un patient souffrant d'une douleur aiguë au flanc et au quadrant inférieur droits. Le diagnostic posé indiquait des calculs urétéraux obstructifs. Il faut envisager des stratégies de prévention et de gestion à court terme pour les patients atteints de pathologies viscérales telles que des calculs rénaux avec des douleurs sévères au dos et au flanc, sinon cela peut mener à une hydronéphrose et une insuffisance rénale.

The assessment of anemia from attenuation values of cranial venous drainage on unenhanced computed tomography of the head.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if prediction of anemia is possible from quantitative analyses of unenhanced cranial computed tomography (CT) images. METHODS: A retrospective chart review revealed 101 patients who had hemoglobin and hematocrit levels obtained within 24 hours of an unenhanced cranial CT. Regions of interest were the place on the torcular Herophili (confluence of sinuses) and the left and right transverse sinuses. Attenuation values were correlated with hemoglobin and hematocrit to investigate any possible relationship. RESULTS: Hemoglobin levels were correlated with torcular and transverse sinus attenuation levels. For every 10 Hounsfield unit (HU) increase in torcular attenuation, hemoglobin levels increased by 16.3 g/L (P < .001). When subgroup analysis was performed, by sex, for every 10 HU increase in torcular attenuation, hemoglobin levels increased by 22.6 g/L (P < .001) in men and 8.96 g/L (P < .05) in women. CONCLUSION: The attenuation values for venous drainage on unenhanced cranial CT constitute a practical adjunct in the assessment of anemia. Given the number of individuals undergoing CT without blood work, this rapid assessment technique for anemia is a convenient means for narrowing possible diagnoses.

Spinal infection: a case report.

OBJECTIVE: To present a case of a patient with spinal infection (SI) and highlight the chiropractor's role in the prevention or minimization of devastating complications of SI. BACKGROUND: Recent literature trends suggest an increasing prevalence of SI. Patients with SI most commonly present with unremitting progressive back pain and may or may not have fever or neurological signs. To avoid negative post-infection sequelae, establishing an early diagnosis and treatment is crucial. CLINICAL FEATURES: A 29-year-old female diagnosed with L5-S1 disc herniation with impingement of the right S1 nerve root opted for surgical management. Iatrogenic bowel perforation during her spinal surgery resulted in contamination of the spinal surgical site, and findings in keeping with disco-osteomyelitis with epidural and paraspinal phlegmon formation were visualized on contrast enhanced MRI. CONCLUSION: Recent trends of increased spinal infection urge a heightened awareness by the chiropractor. The chiropractor can provide early diagnosis and supportive multidisciplinary care for such patients.

Multiple Myeloma presenting as sacroiliac joint pain: a case report.

Multiple Myeloma (MM) is the most common primary cancer of bone in adults. The clinical presentation of MM is varied and depends on the sites and extent of involvement. Most importantly for chiropractors, the leading clinical symptoms of MM are related to bone neoplasm and may mimic pain of musculoskeletal origin. The following is the case of a 56 year old male chiropractic patient presenting with a 6 month history of sacroiliac joint pain previously diagnosed and managed unsuccessfully as a hematoma by multiple providers. Physical examination, imaging, and laboratory investigations confirmed a diagnosis of MM. The case report describes relevant pathophysiology, clinical presentation, imaging, and management for MM, while illustrating key issues in patient management as they relate to chiropractic practice and the recognition of pathology in the context of musculoskeletal pain.

Delayed recovery in patients with whiplash-associated disorders.

BACKGROUND: Prognosis of whiplash injury has been found to be related to a number of sociodemographic, treatment and clinical factors. In the current study, we attempt to identify several novel prognostic factors for delayed recovery in whiplash-associated disorders (WADs), using a validated and reliable measure of recovery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of a large database of a national network of physiotherapy and rehabilitation service providers in Canada yielded 5581 individuals injured in motor vehicle collisions. Cases were grouped into 3 cohorts based on time lapsed between injury date and initial presentation. Acute (n=3075), early chronic (n=958) and chronic (n=1548) patient cohorts were compared regarding treatment outcome and relative distribution of 29 prognostic factors. Outcome was defined by a minimally important clinical change (10%) on a previously validated disability questionnaire between initial and discharge rehabilitation visits. RESULTS: Analysis demonstrated positive outcomes to be proportionally fewer in the chronic cohort (52.1%) relative to the early chronic (61.4%), which was in turn lower than the acute cohort (72.3%). Furthermore, individuals presenting with chronic pain were more likely to: (1) be female; (2) present with lower limb pain or nonorganic signs; (3) have returned to work; (4) have retained a lawyer; or (5) have undergone previous spinal surgery, and were less likely to: (1) present with neck or midback pain; (2) live in Ontario or Nova Scotia; or (3) have modified duties upon return to work. Acute, early chronic and chronic cohorts were also found to differ in the distribution of several other prognostic factors at initial clinical visit. CONCLUSIONS: Recovery in whiplash-associated disorder appears to be multifactorial with both medical and non-injury related factors influencing outcome. Further characterisation of these factors may prove invaluable in guiding future clinical treatment and referral practices.

Spontaneous conus medullaris infarction in a 79 year-old female with cardiovascular risk factors: a case report.

OBJECTIVE: To detail the case of a 79 year-old female who presented with sudden bilateral neurological deficits of the lower extremities and was later diagnosed with non-traumatic conus medullaris infarction. The purpose of this case report is to inform primary contact practitioners of the presentation, diagnosis and the associated risk factors of this condition in order to facilitate prompt management. CLINICAL FEATURES: Spinal cord infarction presenting as low back pain with a high degree of bilateral loss of motor strength, sensation and reflexes in the lower extremities and bowel/bladder dysfunction, in a patient with previous coronary artery bypass graft surgery and renal insufficiency. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME: Referral to emergency within hours of symptom onset allowed for immediate assessment, management and relatively favourable partial recovery. SUMMARY: Although rare, conus medullaris infarction is potentially devastating and requires an appropriate clinical index of suspicion for timely diagnosis, treatment and optimal neurological recovery.

Posterior fossa measurements in patients with and without Chiari I malformation.

PURPOSE: To determine if there is a correlation between cerebellar tonsillar descent in patients with and without Chiari I malformation and three skull morphometric measurements: clivus length, anteroposterior diameter of the foramen magnum, and Boogard's angle. METHODS: Cerebellar tonsillar descent, clivus length, anteroposterior diameter of the foramen magnum, and Boogard's angle were measured in mid-sagittal T1-weighted magnetic resonance images of 188 patients. The study included 81 patients with Chiari I malformations (CMI). Without identifiable pathology, 107 patients served as a comparison group. Two-sample t-tests were used to assess for significance. A Pearson correlation matrix was constructed to assess the strength of linear dependence between measured parameters for the study population. RESULTS: A negative correlation was found between tonsillar herniation and clivus length (r = -0.30, P < 0.001), while a positive correlation was found between tonsillar herniation and foramen magnum size (r = 0.15, P = 0.0431), and Boogard's angle (r = 0.23, P = 0.0014). Clivus length was shorter (P = 0.0009) in CMI patients (4.02 cm ± 0.45) than comparison patients (4.23 cm ± 0.42). In addition, the anteroposterior diameter of the foramen magnum was wider (P = 0.0412) (3.74 cm ± 0.40 compared to 3.63 ± 0.30) and Boogard's angle was larger (P = 0.0079) (123.58 degrees ± 8.27 compared to 120.62 degrees ± 6.79) with CMI. CONCLUSION: A greater degree of cerebellar tonsillar herniation is associated with a shorter clivus length, a wider anteroposterior diameter of foramen magnum, and a wider Boogard's angle.

Nontuberculous mycobacterial breast implant infections.

BACKGROUND: For reasons that are unclear, the incidence of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease is increasing worldwide. Periprosthetic nontuberculous mycobacterial infections following augmentation mammaplasty and breast reconstruction have been reported previously in the form of case reports. METHODS: This retrospective case series examines periprosthetic nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in two western Canadian cities (Edmonton, Alberta, and Vancouver, British Columbia) over a 10-year time period. RESULTS: Ten patients were identified, four of whom had bilateral infections. The most common isolate was Mycobacterium fortuitum. Clinical features were similar to nonmycobacterial periprosthetic infections. The median time to onset of symptoms was 4.5 weeks and the median time to culture an organism was 5.4 weeks. The median duration of antibiotic therapy was 22 weeks. Patients required a mean of three additional operations after diagnosis. Nine patients underwent explantation of the involved implant(s). Reimplantation was performed in six patients a median of 11.5 months after explantation. All cases of reimplantation were successful. CONCLUSIONS: Experience with this postoperative complication is limited, as nontuberculous mycobacteria represent a minority of the pathogens responsible for periprosthetic infections. In the absence of specific features with which to identify patients at risk, the surgeon must be aware of the possibility of this infection. To achieve earlier diagnosis, the clinician should have a high index of suspicion in a patient with delayed onset of symptoms, negative preliminary cultures, and a periprosthetic infection that fails to resolve following a course of conventional antimicrobial treatment. With appropriate treatment, nontuberculous mycobacterial periprosthetic infections can be managed successfully.

Prognostic factors associated with minimal improvement following acute whiplash-associated disorders.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective clinical cohort study. OBJECTIVE: To identify the prognostic factors associated with a poor response to treatment in the early stages of a whiplash-associated disorder (WAD). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Several demographic and clinical factors related to recovery following acute WADs have been identified. However, few longitudinal studies have investigated a multivariable model of recovery that includes socio-demographic, treatment, clinical, and nonclinical factors. METHODS: A study cohort of 2,185 patients with acute or subacute WADs presenting to 48 rehabilitation clinics in 6 Canadian provinces were investigated for factors associated with failure to demonstrate a minimally important clinical change (10%) in the Canadian Back Institute Questionnaire (CBIQ) score between the initial and discharge rehabilitation visits. RESULTS: Multivariable analysis revealed eight prognostic factors associated with a negative outcome: 1) older age, 2) female gender, 3) increasing lag time between injury date and presentation for treatment, 4) initial pain location, 5) province of injury, 6) higher initial pain intensity, 7) lawyer involvement, and 8) at work at entry to the clinic. The effect of lawyer involvement was stronger for patients with less intense pain on initial visit (odds ratio = 2.97; 95% confidence interval, 1.77-4.99). Similarly, the effect of work status was stronger for patients with less intense pain on initial visit (odds ratio = 2.02; 95% confidence interval, 1.18-3.46). CONCLUSIONS: Researchers and clinicians should be aware of the potential for non-injury-related factors to delay recovery, and be aware of the interaction between the initial intensity of a patient's pain and other covariates when confirming these results.

The impact of non-injury-related factors on disability secondary to whiplash associated disorder type II: a retrospective file review.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence to suggest that Whiplash Associated Disorders (WADs) are influenced by physical trauma and psychosocial factors, as well as by medicolegal and compensation systems. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of noninjury related variables on self-reported disability at initial assessment among patients presenting with WAD type II injuries. DESIGN AND SETTING: We reviewed a total of 1101 consecutive files of patients presenting to a single chiropractor's office in British Columbia, Canada. We included those who met the inclusion criteria. We extracted demographic variables and noninjury related information from 33 eligible patient files. We calculated correlations between variables and created a multivariable linear regression model to evaluate their relative associations with Neck Disability Index (NDI) scores on presentation. RESULTS: Higher NDI scores on initial assessment correlated with female sex (r = 0.40, P =.02), a greater number of subsequent treatments (r = 0.44, P =.01), a higher number of providers seen before presentation (r = 0.40, P =.02), and most strongly with the involvement of a lawyer (r = 0.73, P <.01). A multivariable linear regression model found that only female sex (P =.03) and the involvement of a lawyer (P =.01) remained significantly associated with higher NDI scores on presentation (adjusted R2 = 0.68 for the model). Female sex was associated with a 10-point increase in NDI scores on presentation (beta coefficient = 10.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.8-18.2), and involvement of a lawyer was associated with a 15-point increase in NDI scores on presentation (beta coefficient = 14.9; 95% CI 5.0-24.7). CONCLUSION: Our analysis of WAD type II patients in receipt of compensation found that higher self-reported disability on initial assessment was associated with female sex and in particular by retaining a lawyer. Large prospective studies are needed to establish the validity of these findings.