Molecular identification of Austrodiplostomum sp., an eye parasite among farmed tambaqui in Amazonia.

Austrodiplostomum Szidat & Nani, 1951 is a genus of parasitic digenetic trematodes widely distributed in the Neotropical region. Infects a wide variety of species, families and requests for freshwater fish. We identify samples of Austrodiplostomum sp, based on metacercariae isolates from eyes of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), a fish of high commercial importance in Brazil, and widely consumed by the population of the northern region. The sequences obtained clustered with A. compactum. This is the first report of the occurrence of diplostomids in farmed tambaqui in Amazonia.

Acute toxicity of a deltamethrin based pesticide (DBP) to the Neotropical electric fish Microsternarchus cf. bilineatus (Gymnotiformes)

A deltametrina é um inseticida piretróide amplamente utilizado no controle de pragas na agricultura brasileira. O uso intensivo e desordenado desse pesticida na Amazônia pode carreá-lo aos ecossistemas aquáticos de várias maneiras, mas principalmente por escoamento e lixiviação. O presente estudo foi concebido para determinar a toxicidade aguda (LC50) de um pesticida à base de deltametrina (PBD) e caracterizar seus efeitos sobre dois biomarcadores bioquímicos, a glutationa-S-transferase (GST) e a acetilcolinesterase (AChE), em tecidos do peixe elétrico Microsternarchus cf. bilineatus. Os peixes foram expostos a concentrações de 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 µg L-1 de PBD por até 96 horas. Para cada tratamento, foi analisada a atividade absoluta das enzimas GST (músculo e fígado) e AChE (músculo e tecido nervoso). A CL50-96 h para Microsternarchus cf. bilineatus foi de 2,15 µg L-1, a menor concentração registrada para um peixe amazônico até o momento. Nenhuma das concentrações testadas deste inseticida afetou a atividade da AChE para o período de exposição testado. Um aumento significativo da atividade de GST no músculo foi detectado somente para as concentrações de 2 e 3 µg L-1. (AU)

Morphology and Morphometry of the Ovaries and Uteri of the Amazonian Freshwater Stingrays (Potamotrygonidae: Elasmobranchii).

The reproductive biology of South American freshwater stingrays (family Potamotrygonidae) is still poorly studied compared to other marine species. In the present study, we examined the gross anatomy and histology of six species of potamotrygonids from the Amazon basin and described the structural asymmetry of the ovaries and their relationship between ovarian and uterine fecundities. Stereological techniques were used to quantify the volume of ovarian and epigonal organ tissue associated with the left and right sides of the Potamotrygon wallacei, a recently described species, locally known as the cururu ray. This species presented ovarian asymmetry; the left epigonal organ-ovary complex was 55 times larger than the right side. The right side was composed of, volumetrically, 7.3% ovarian tissue and 92.7% epigonal organ tissue whereas the left side was 51.2% of ovarian tissue and 48.8% epigonal organ tissue. In all species, six types of follicles were identified in both right and left ovaries. Uteri were symmetrical and the fecundity ratio between the right and left sides was 0.9:1.1, respectively. Despite the volumetric difference of ovarian tissue between the two sides, the uterine fecundity shows that both ovaries are functional and that ovarian fecundity alone is not an accurate measure to determine the reproductive potential of freshwater stingrays. Anat Rec, 300:265-276, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Gill dimensions in near-term embryos of Amazonian freshwater stingrays (Elasmobranchii: Potamotrygonidae) and their relationship to the lifestyle and habitat of neonatal pups

This comparative study of gill morphometrics in near-term embryos of freshwater stingray potamotrygonids examines gill dimensions in relation to neonatal lifestyle and habitat. In embryos of the potamotrygonids Paratrygon aiereba, Plesiotrygon iwamae, Potamotrygon motoro, Potamotrygon orbignyi, and cururu ray Potamotrygon sp. the number and length of filaments, total gill surface area, mass-specific surface area, water-blood diffusion distance, and anatomical diffusion factor were analysed. In all potamotrygonids, the 3rd branchial arch possessed a larger respiratory surface than the other gill arches. Larger embryos had more gill surface area and large spiracles, which are necessary to maintain the high oxygen uptake needed due to their larger body size. However, the higher mass-specific gill surface area observed in near-term embryos may be advantageous because neonates can use hypoxic environments as refuges against predators, as well as catch small prey that inhabit the same environment. As expected from their benthic mode of life, freshwater stingrays are sluggish animals compared to pelagic fishes. However, based on gill respiratory morphometry (such as gill area, mass-specific gill area, the water-blood diffusion barrier, anatomical diffusion factor, and relative opening of the spiracle), subtypes of lifestyles can be observed corresponding to: active, intermediate, and sluggish species according to Gray's scale.

Este estudo realizado com embriões a termo de arraias de água doce (Potamotrygonidae) compara e analisa as dimensões branquiais em relação ao estilo de vida e habitat dos neonatos. Nos embriões de Paratrygon aiereba, Plesiotrygon iwamae, Potamotrygon motoro, Potamotrygon orbignyi e Potamotrygon sp. (arraia cururu) foram analisados número e comprimento dos filamentos, área branquial, área superficial branquial massa-específica, barreira de difusão água-sangue e fator de difusão anatômico. Em todos os potamotrigonídeos estudados, o 3º arco branquial possui uma superfície respiratória maior que os demais arcos. Embriões de espécies de maior porte possuem grandes espiráculos e maior área de superfície branquial. Isso ajuda a manter a taxa de absorção de oxigênio proporcional ao requerimento do animal. No entanto, a grande área de superfície branquial massa-específica observadas nos embriões a termo pode ser vantajosa, pois os neonatos podem usar ambientes hipóxicos como refúgios contra predadores, bem como capturar pequenas presas que habitam o mesmo ambiente. Devido ao modo de vida bentônico, as arraias de água doce são nadadoras lentas comparadas aos peixes pelágicos. No entanto, com base na morfometria branquial (área de superfície branquial, área branquial massa-específica, barreira de difusão água-sangue, fator de difusão anatômico e abertura relativa do espiráculo), subtipos de estilos de vida podem ser observados: ativas, intermediárias e lentas, conforme escala definida por Gray.

Hematology and plasma biochemistry in rats fed with diets enriched with fatty fishes from Amazon region / Hematologia e bioquímica plasmática em ratos alimentados com dietas enriquecidas com peixes gordurosos da bacia Amazônica

OBJECTIVE: Rats fed diets enriched with fatty fish from the Amazon region had Hematology and plasma biochemistry analyzed. METHODS: Forty Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control group fed a standard diet; mapará group fed a diet enriched with Hypophthalmus edentatus; matrinxã group fed a diet enriched with Brycon spp.; and tambaqui group fed a diet enriched with Colossoma macropomum. After thirty days the rats had an red blood count and plasma biochemistry. RESULTS: Hematocrit and hemoglobin levels were higher in rats fed tambaqui and matrinxã than in those fed the standard diet of mapará. However, mapará increased cholesterol, especially low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. All fish-enriched diets reduced triacylglycerols. CONCLUSION: Diets enriched with fatty fish from the Amazon region reduce triacylglycerol and increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, especially the diet enriched with tambaqui. Tambaqui and matrinxã affected hematocrit and hemoglobin levels, but not mapará. Further research is needed to determine the benefits of diets enriched with fatty fish from the Amazon region. .

OBJETIVO: A hematologia e bioquímica plasmática foram avaliadas em ratos submetidos a dietas enriquecidas com peixes gordurosos da região amazônica. MÉTODOS: Ratos machos da linhagem Wistar foram divididos em quatro grupos: grupo-controle (dieta-padrão); grupo mapará (dietas enriquecidas com Hypophthtalmus edentatus); grupo matrinxã (dietas enriquecidas com Brycon spp.); grupo tambaqui (dietas enriquecidas com Colossoma macropomum). Os parâmetros hematológicos e as variáveis bioquímicas plasmáticas foram analisadas nos animais após 30 dias de experimentação. RESULTADOS: Animais alimentados com dietas enriquecidas com tambaqui e matrinxã apresentaram valores de hematócrito e concentração de hemoglobina mais elevados que aqueles alimentados com dieta padrão. Não foram observadas alterações nas variáveis hematológicas em ratos alimentados com dietas enriquecidas com mapará. Porém, os ratos desse grupo apresentaram elevados teores de colesterol total plasmáticos, principalmente de colesterol da lipoproteína de baixa densidade e colesterol da lipoproteína de alta densidade. Todos os tratamentos com dietas enriquecidas reduziram os níveis de triacilgliceróis plasmáticos. CONCLUSÃO: Dietas enriquecidas com carne de peixes amazônicos gordurosos reduzem os teores de triacilgliceróis plasmáticos e aumentam os níveis de colesterol da lipoproteína de alta densidade, especialmente nos ratos do grupo tambaqui. Com exceção do grupo mapará, ratos alimentados com dietas enriquecidas com outras dietas enri-quecidas com peixes apresentaram alterações hematológicas. Porém, fazem-se necessário mais estudos para se estabelecerem os benefícios das dietas enriquecidas com peixes gordurosos da Bacia Amazônica. .

Implications for osmorespiratory compromise by anatomical remodeling in the gills of Arapaima gigas.

The gill structure of the Amazonian fish Arapaima gigas, an obligatory air breather, was investigated during its transition from water breathing to the obligatory air breathing modes of respiration. The gill structure of A. gigas larvae is similar to that of most teleost fish; however, the morphology of the gills changes as the fish grow. The main morphological changes in the gill structure of a growing fish include the following: (1) intense cell proliferation in the filaments and lamellae, resulting in increasing epithelial thickness and decreasing interlamellar distance; (2) pillar cell system atrophy, which reduces the blood circulation through the lamellae; (3) the generation of long cytoplasmic processes from the epithelial cells into the intercellular space, resulting in continuous and sinuous paracellular channels between the epithelial cells of the filament and lamella that may be involved in gas, ion, and nutrient transport to epithelial cells; and (4) intense mitochondria-rich cell (MRC) proliferation in the lamellar epithelium. All of these morphological changes in the gills contribute to a low increase of the respiratory surface area for gas exchange and an increase in the water-blood diffusion distance increasing their dependence on air-breathing as fish developed. The increased proliferation of MRCs may contribute to increased ion uptake, which favors the regulation of ion content and pH equilibrium.

Functional morphology of the gill in amazonian freshwater stingrays (chondrichthyes: potamotrygonidae): implications for adaptation to freshwater.

The gill morphologies of six species of potamotrygonid freshwater stingrays from the Amazon basin were investigated using light and electron microscopy. Some unique features were found in the potamotrygonid gill: (1) fingerlike protuberances on the gill filament, (2) an Alcian blue/periodic acid-Schiff-positive histochemical reaction for several cell layers in the gill epithelium (except the basal ones), (3) pavement cells with numerous subapical mucous vesicles, (4) very large mucous cells, and (5) follicular Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase-rich (NKA-rich) mitochondria-rich cells (MRCs) in Potamotrygon sp. (known as the cururu ray). The fingerlike protuberances may constitute an additional resistance to water flow, helping to drive water through the lamellae. The secretion of a mucous substance by the pavement cells and mucous cells may help to protect the gills against mechanical injury and pathogens and aid in osmoregulation in the dilute water of the Amazon basin. All MRCs possess enfolded basolateral membranes and have poorly developed or absent tubular systems. NKA-rich MRCs are located high in the basolateral membrane. The cururu ray, which is endemic to the Rio Negro, has follicular NKA-rich MRCs (8-12 cells in cross section) that share the same apical pit in the filament; this may be considered to be an autapomorphy. The combination of these branchial characteristics may have favored tolerance to the freshwater environment during the evolution and diversification of potamotrygonids throughout the Amazon basin.