Alternative splicing as a driver of natural variation in abscisic acid response.

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a crucial player in plant responses to the environment. It accumulates under stress, activating downstream signaling to implement molecular responses that restore homeostasis. Natural variance in ABA sensitivity remains barely understood, and the ABA pathway has been mainly studied at the transcriptional level, despite evidence that posttranscriptional regulation, namely, via alternative splicing, contributes to plant stress tolerance. Here, we identified the Arabidopsis accession Kn-0 as less sensitive to ABA than the reference Col-0, as shown by reduced effects of the hormone on seedling establishment, root branching, and stomatal closure, as well as by decreased induction of ABA marker genes. An in-depth comparative transcriptome analysis of the ABA response in the two variants revealed lower expression changes and fewer genes affected for the least ABA-sensitive ecotype. Notably, Kn-0 exhibited reduced levels of the ABA-signaling SnRK2 protein kinases and lower basal expression of ABA-reactivation genes, consistent with our finding that Kn-0 contains less endogenous ABA than Col-0. ABA also markedly affected alternative splicing, primarily intron retention, with Kn-0 being less responsive regarding both the number and magnitude of alternative splicing events, particularly exon skipping. We find that alternative splicing introduces a more ecotype-specific layer of ABA regulation and identify ABA-responsive splicing changes in key ABA pathway regulators that provide a functional and mechanistic link to the differential sensitivity of the two ecotypes. Our results offer new insight into the natural variation of ABA responses and corroborate a key role for alternative splicing in implementing ABA-mediated stress responses.

Marie Poussepin's Influence on Nursing from Her Vocation of Service and Charity / Influencia de Marie Poussepin a la enfermería desde su vocación de servicio y caridad / Influência de Marie Poussepin na enfermagem a partir de sua vocação de serviço e caridade

Objective. This work sought to describe the influence of Marie Poussepin on Nursing from her vocation of service and charity. Method. Historical-hermeneutic study with participation by 15 Dominican Sisters of Charity in the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin from the city of Manizales and Bogotá, Colombia, who answered semi-structured interviews. The information was gathered and recontextualized via the open and axial coding system through ATLAS.ti9 software. During the interpretation procedure, copying, intensive reading, note taking, analysis, first epigraph of the report, coding, grouping, and determination of categories was made, conducting information triangulation with existing evidence. Results.Three categories emerged: Responding to the call of Jesus through service to the community; Under the legacy of charity, respect for life and the dignity of human beings, and Caring for life as a foundation of nursing. The second category formulated the description that integrates the course of life and objectives of the institutions where the nuns interviewed work. Conclusion.The legacy byMarie Poussepin to nursing care has been manifested since the foundation of the work, influencing the disciplinary work through the vocational commitment of those who make up the congregation, imprinting a character of service and respect for others, in response to the love of God.

Objetivo. Describir la influencia de Marie Poussepin para la enfermería, desde su vocación de servicio y caridad. Método. Estudio histórico-hermenéutico. Participaron quince Hermanas de la Caridad Dominicas de la Presentación de la Santísima Virgen de la ciudad de Manizales y Bogotá, Colombia, quienes respondieron a entrevistas semiestructuradas. Se recogió y recontextualizó la información mediante el sistema de codificación abierta y axial del software ATLAS.ti9. Durante el procedimiento de interpretación se hizo copia, lectura intensiva, toma de notas, análisis, primer epígrafe del informe, codificación, agrupación y determinación de categorías, y se llevó a cabo la triangulación de la información con la evidencia existente. Resultados. Emergieron tres categorías: Dando respuesta al llamado de Jesús mediante el servicio a la comunidad; Bajo el legado de caridad, respeto por la vida y la dignidad del ser humano y Cuidado de la vida como fundamento de enfermería. En la segunda categoría se realizó la descripción que integra el curso de vida y objetivo de las instituciones donde laboran las religiosas entrevistadas. Conclusión.El legado de Marie Poussepin, al cuidado enfermero, se ha manifestado desde la fundación de la obra y ha influido en la labor disciplinar mediante el compromiso vocacional de quienes integran la congregación, e imprime un carácter de servicio y respeto por el otro en respuesta al amor a Dios.

Objetivo. Descrever a influência de Marie Poussepin para a enfermagem, a partir de sua vocação de serviço e caridade. Método. Estudo histórico-hermenêutico. Participaram quinze irmãs da Caridade Dominicanas da Apresentação da Santíssima Virgem da cidade de Manizales e Bogotá, Colômbia, respondendo a entrevistas semiestruturadas. As informações foram coletadas e recontextualizadas por meio do sistema de codificação aberta e axial por meio do software ATLAS.ti9. Durante o procedimento de interpretação, foram feitas cópia, leitura intensiva, anotações, análise, primeira epígrafe do relato, codificação, agrupamento e determinação de categorias, realizando-se a triangulação das informações com as evidências existentes. Resultados. Emergiram três categorias: Respondendo ao chamado de Jesus através do serviço à comunidade; Sob o legado da caridade, o respeito à vida e à dignidade da pessoa humana e o cuidado à vida como fundamento da enfermagem. Na segunda categoria, foi feita a descrição que integra o percurso de vida e objetivo das instituições onde trabalham as freiras entrevistadas. Conclusão. O legado de Marie Poussepin para o cuidado de enfermagem se manifesta desde a fundação da obra, influenciando o trabalho disciplinar através do compromisso vocacional daqueles que compõem a congregação, imprimindo um caráter de serviço e respeito ao próximo, em resposta ao amor a Deus.

Effects of Socio-educational Interventions on the Quality of Life of People with a Digestive Ostomy.

Introduction: The creation of digestive stomata is associated with a change in people's lives. Causing a strong impact that influences all dimensions of life. This paper reports on the effects of socio-educational interventions on the quality of life (QOL) of people with a digestive ostomy. Objective: To describe the effect of a nursing intervention on the QOL of people with a digestive ostomy. Methods: A quasiexperimental study was conducted whose sample consisted of 12 people who were ostomized in a public hospital in Colombia. Participants were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to the intervention group and the control group. For the control group, an educational process was carried out through a theoretical session with virtual mediation (educational video). The QOL was evaluated before and after the interventions through the Montreux questionnaire. Results: The average age was 57(+7) years. No statistical differences were found between the groups in the QOL index or for any of the dimensions that make up QOL. Pretest and post-test analysis for each intervention separately showed improvement in two dimensions of QOL for each group; in the intervention group body image dimension (p = .017) and the positive coping dimension (p = .027). In the control group, the physical well-being dimension (p = .037) and social concerns dimension (p = .034). Conclusions: The personalized educational intervention or carried out through virtual pedagogical mediation, generated a clinically significant increase in the dimensions of QOL, without statistical differences. The study adds knowledge about the impact that digestive stomata have on the QOL, which is why it is necessary to establish specialized interdisciplinary teams to care for the person's new condition at home during the following months.

The SCL30a SR protein regulates ABA-dependent seed traits and germination under stress.

SR proteins are conserved RNA-binding proteins best known as splicing regulators that have also been implicated in other steps of gene expression. Despite mounting evidence for a role in plant development and stress responses, the molecular pathways underlying SR protein regulation of these processes remain poorly understood. Here we show that the plant-specific SCL30a SR protein negatively regulates ABA signaling to control seed traits and stress responses during germination in Arabidopsis. Transcriptome-wide analyses revealed that loss of SCL30a function barely affects splicing, but largely induces ABA-responsive gene expression and genes repressed during germination. Accordingly, scl30a mutant seeds display delayed germination and hypersensitivity to ABA and high salinity, while transgenic plants overexpressing SCL30a exhibit reduced ABA and salt stress sensitivity. An ABA biosynthesis inhibitor rescues the enhanced mutant seed stress sensitivity, and epistatic analyses confirm that this hypersensitivity requires a functional ABA pathway. Finally, seed ABA levels are unchanged by altered SCL30a expression, indicating that the gene promotes seed germination under stress by reducing sensitivity to the phytohormone. Our results reveal a new player in ABA-mediated control of early development and stress response.

ABA signaling prevents phosphodegradation of the SR45 splicing factor to alleviate inhibition of early seedling development in Arabidopsis.

Serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins are conserved splicing regulators that play important roles in plant stress responses, namely those mediated by the abscisic acid (ABA) hormone. The Arabidopsis thaliana SR-like protein SR45 is a described negative regulator of the ABA pathway during early seedling development. How the inhibition of growth by ABA signaling is counteracted to maintain plant development under stress conditions remains largely unknown. Here, we show that SR45 overexpression reduces Arabidopsis sensitivity to ABA during early seedling development. Biochemical and confocal microscopy analyses of transgenic plants expressing fluorescently tagged SR45 revealed that exposure to ABA dephosphorylates the protein at multiple amino acid residues and leads to its accumulation, due to SR45 stabilization via reduced ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Using phosphomutant and phosphomimetic transgenic Arabidopsis lines, we demonstrate the functional relevance of ABA-mediated dephosphorylation of a single SR45 residue, T264, in antagonizing SR45 ubiquitination and degradation to promote its function as a repressor of seedling ABA sensitivity. Our results reveal a mechanism that negatively autoregulates ABA signaling and allows early plant growth under stress via posttranslational control of the SR45 splicing factor.

Marie Poussepin's Influence on Nursing from Her Vocation of Service and Charity.

Objective: This work sought to describe the influence of Marie Poussepin on Nursing from her vocation of service and charity. Methods: Historical-hermeneutic study with participation by 15 Dominican Sisters of Charity in the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin from the city of Manizales and Bogotá, Colombia, who answered semi-structured interviews. The information was gathered and recontextualized via the open and axial coding system through ATLAS.ti9 software. During the interpretation procedure, copying, intensive reading, note taking, analysis, first epigraph of the report, coding, grouping, and determination of categories was made, conducting information triangulation with existing evidence. Results: Three categories emerged: Responding to the call of Jesus through service to the community; Under the legacy of charity, respect for life and the dignity of human beings, and Caring for life as a foundation of nursing. The second category formulated the description that integrates the course of life and objectives of the institutions where the nuns interviewed work. Conclusion: The legacy by Marie Poussepin to nursing care has been manifested since the foundation of the work, influencing the disciplinary work through the vocational commitment of those who make up the congregation, imprinting a character of service and respect for others, in response to the love of God.

Síntomas espirituales de adultos mayores en tiempos de pandemia por COVID-19 / Spiritual symptoms of aged in times of a COVID-19 pandemic

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir y correlacionar los síntomas espirituales que presentan los adultos mayores del municipio de Caldas, Colombia en tiempos de pandemia COVID-19. Materiales y Método: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, observacional y correlacional, con 300 personas mayores, se aplicó un instrumento validado sobre síntomas espirituales, analizando con estadística descriptiva y utilizando la prueba de Pearson. Resultados: Los síntomas de espiritualidad se evidenciaron moderados en cuanto al dolor espiritual con 34%, autocastigo 35%, búsqueda espiritual proyectada se detectó que en un 36% estaban en severo, al igual que angustia espiritual 42%, incredulidad 45%, desesperanza y desamor 48%, se encontró significancia estadística correlacionando signos espirituales con edad, sexo, ocupación, estado civil, enfermedad, presencia de hijos y necesidad de ayuda para las actividades diarias. Conclusiones: Se concluye que los resultados permiten describir los síntomas espirituales, así como hacer correlaciones entre los síntomas y las diversas características de los participantes. Más aún, estos resultados permiten reflexionar que el cuidado a los adultos mayores, debe considerar además de la cuestión biológica, la situación espiritual, demostrando que hay que cuidarlas de manera integral para mejorar el estado de salud y la calidad de vida de los adultos mayores, por lo que se deben considerar los problemas del proceso de envejecimiento en sus distintos contextos, proponer modelos multidisciplinares y políticas de salud que mejoren la calidad y condiciones de vida de este sector de la población y de sus cuidadores.

Abstract: Objective: To describe and to correlate the spiritual symptoms presented by the elderly in the municipality of Caldas, Colombia in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Method: Quantitative, descriptive, observational study, with 300 elderly people, a validated instrument on spiritual symptoms was applied, with descriptive statistics using Pearson test Results: spirituality symptoms were moderate in terms of spiritual pain with 34%, self-punishment 35%, projected spiritual search was found to be severe in 36% as well as spiritual anguish 42%, disbelief 45%, hopelessness and heartbreak 48%, statistical significance was found correlating spiritual signs with age, sex, occupation, marital status, illness, presence of children and need for help with daily activities. Conclusions: It is concluded that the results allow describing the spiritual symptoms, as well as making correlations between the symptoms and the various characteristics of the participants. Furthermore, these results allow us to reflect that the care of the elderly must consider, in addition to the biological dimension, the spiritual dimension, showing that care must be taken in a holistic way to improve the health status and quality of life of the elderly Therefore, the problems of the aging process should be considered in its different contexts, and multidisciplinary models and health policies should be proposed that improve the quality and living conditions of this sector of the population and its caregivers.

Etiolated Hypocotyls: A New System to Study the Impact of Abiotic Stress on Cell Expansion.

Abiotic stress impacts a wide range of plant developmental processes. Among them, cell expansion is particularly important given its contribution to plant growth and morphogenesis. Here, we describe a new phenotypic system to quantify accurately the impact of different sources of abiotic stress on the cell's capacity to expand. This approach monitors hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis thaliana etiolated seedlings, as in the dark this embryonic organ is known to grow solely by expanding its cells, without cell division.

Assessing Abscisic Acid-Mediated Changes in Stomatal Aperture Through High-Quality Leaf Impressions.

Plants live in highly dynamic surroundings and need to cope with constant environmental challenges. In order to do so, they developed quick reactions to stress that allow them to gain time while mounting a major response. This first line of defense includes the stomata, leaf epidermal pores in charge of regulating water loss and photosynthesis. Stomatal movements are controlled by the stress phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA), which induces fast closure of the stomata upon perception of stress conditions. By modulating plasma membrane ion channels, ABA leads to loss of water from the guard cells surrounding the stomatal pore and a consequent reduction of its aperture. Here, we provide a microscopy-based method to assess the plant's response to ABA through measurements of the stomatal aperture. This protocol describes a simple, quick, and unexpensive method to prepare high-quality impressions of leaves from Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings from long-lasting silicone-based casts, allowing detailed imaging and accurate determination of the aperture of stomatal pores.

Assessing Postgermination Development in Arabidopsis thaliana Under Abiotic Stress.

The abscisic acid (ABA) phytohormone is well known to regulate responses to abiotic stress, particularly tolerance to osmotic stress. Screening for phenotypes at the early plant development stages is fundamental to identify new regulators of the ABA pathway, which in turn is extremely relevant for agriculture in a global climate change context. Typically, under experimental conditions, seeds are germinated in hormone-containing plates, and postgermination development is then assessed through scoring of the appearance of green or expanded cotyledons. However, postgermination phenotypes may be either masked or exacerbated by prior defects in seed germination. To circumvent this, we propose a transfer assay to screen specifically and quickly for postgermination phenotypes affected by exogenous ABA. The assay can be applied to different forms of abiotic stress, and we provide tips to score for postgermination phenotypes in genotypes exhibiting differential development.

Biological Anchorage and Canine Orthodontic Movement Rate with a New Technique for Micro-Osteoperforations.

INTRODUCTION: The differential management of anchorage and the acceleration of tooth movement are some of the current greatest challenges for orthodontists. Diverse techniques and devices to reinforce anchorage and increase the rate of tooth movement have been proposed. Whether micro-osteoperforations (MOPs) can be used for both purposes is currently investigated. OBJECTIVES: To propose and describe a new technique for biological anchorage, which involves six MOPs performed every four weeks, and to present its results in a clinical case of upper premolar extraction. Intervention. In a dental class II patient who met the selection criteria, three MOPs both on the buccal and palatine sides on the intervention side were performed on the extraction area following the protocol described. No MOPs were performed on the control side. The allocation of the intervention was randomised. The MOPs were performed three times at an interval of four weeks. A 0.019 × 0.025-inch stainless steel wire was activated with calibrated NiTi springs. The three-dimensional movement of the first molars and upper canines was evaluated. In addition, the comfort, periodontal status, and canine root resorption of the patient were evaluated. RESULTS: Clinical and radiographic results suggest that the MOPs had a positive effect in reducing the loss of biological anchorage of the posterior sector and in the rate of canine tooth movement, without damaging changes in the soft and hard tissues. CONCLUSION: The proposed protocol involving six MOPs every four weeks improved the behaviour of biological anchorage and increased distalization on the intervention side in this clinical case.

Expression of Castanea crenata Allene Oxide Synthase in Arabidopsis Improves the Defense to Phytophthora cinnamomi.

Allene oxide synthase (AOS) is a key enzyme of the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway. The AOS gene was previously found to be upregulated in an Asian chestnut species resistant to infection by the oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi (Castanea crenata), while lower expression values were detected in the susceptible European chestnut (Castanea sativa). Here, we report a genetic and functional characterization of the C. crenata AOS (CcAOS) upon its heterologous gene expression in a susceptible ecotype of Arabidopsis thaliana, which contains a single AOS gene. It was found that Arabidopsis plants expressing CcAOS delay pathogen progression and exhibit more vigorous growth in its presence. They also show upregulation of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid-related genes. As in its native species, heterologous CcAOS localized to plastids, as revealed by confocal imaging of the CcAOS-eGFP fusion protein in transgenic Arabidopsis roots. This observation was confirmed upon transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermal cells. To further confirm a specific role of CcAOS in the defense mechanism against the pathogen, we performed crosses between transgenic CcAOS plants and an infertile Arabidopsis AOS knockout mutant line. It was found that plants expressing CcAOS exhibit normal growth, remain infertile but are significantly more tolerant to the pathogen than wild type plants. Together, our results indicate that CcAOS is an important player in plant defense responses against oomycete infection and that its expression in susceptible varieties may be a valuable tool to mitigate biotic stress responses.

Tailoring photomorphogenic markers to organ growth dynamics.

When a dark-germinated seedling reaches the soil surface and perceives sunlight for the first time, light signaling is activated to adapt the plant's development and transition to autotrophism. During this process, functional chloroplasts assemble in the cotyledons and the seedling's cell expansion pattern is rearranged to enhance light perception. Hypocotyl cells expand rapidly in the dark, while cotyledon cell expansion is suppressed. However, light reverses this pattern by activating cell expansion in cotyledons and repressing it in hypocotyls. The fact that light-regulated developmental responses, as well as the transcriptional mechanisms controlling them, are organ-specific has been largely overlooked in previous studies of seedling de-etiolation. To analyze the expansion pattern of the hypocotyl and cotyledons separately in a given Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedling, we define an organ ratio, the morphogenic index (MI), which integrates either phenotypic or transcriptomic data for each tissue and provides an important resource for functional analyses. Moreover, based on this index, we identified organ-specific molecular markers to independently quantify cotyledon and hypocotyl growth dynamics in whole-seedling samples. The combination of these marker genes with those of other developmental processes occurring during de-etiolation will allow improved molecular dissection of photomorphogenesis. Along with organ growth markers, this MI contributes a key toolset to unveil and accurately characterize the molecular mechanisms controlling seedling growth.

Alternative splicing landscapes in Arabidopsis thaliana across tissues and stress conditions highlight major functional differences with animals.

BACKGROUND: Alternative splicing (AS) is a widespread regulatory mechanism in multicellular organisms. Numerous transcriptomic and single-gene studies in plants have investigated AS in response to specific conditions, especially environmental stress, unveiling substantial amounts of intron retention that modulate gene expression. However, a comprehensive study contrasting stress-response and tissue-specific AS patterns and directly comparing them with those of animal models is still missing. RESULTS: We generate a massive resource for Arabidopsis thaliana, PastDB, comprising AS and gene expression quantifications across tissues, development and environmental conditions, including abiotic and biotic stresses. Harmonized analysis of these datasets reveals that A. thaliana shows high levels of AS, similar to fruitflies, and that, compared to animals, disproportionately uses AS for stress responses. We identify core sets of genes regulated specifically by either AS or transcription upon stresses or among tissues, a regulatory specialization that is tightly mirrored by the genomic features of these genes. Unexpectedly, non-intron retention events, including exon skipping, are overrepresented across regulated AS sets in A. thaliana, being also largely involved in modulating gene expression through NMD and uORF inclusion. CONCLUSIONS: Non-intron retention events have likely been functionally underrated in plants. AS constitutes a distinct regulatory layer controlling gene expression upon internal and external stimuli whose target genes and master regulators are hardwired at the genomic level to specifically undergo post-transcriptional regulation. Given the higher relevance of AS in the response to different stresses when compared to animals, this molecular hardwiring is likely required for a proper environmental response in A. thaliana.

Calidad de vida en personas portadoras de ostomías digestivas / Quality of life in people with digestive ostomies

INTRODUCCIÓN: La realización de una ostomía digestiva ha de ocasionar en las personas alteraciones en las dimensiones del ser como físicas, mentales, sociales y culturales lo que genera compromisos en la calidad de vida. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el impacto que se presenta en la calidad de vida de la persona en condición de ostomizadas en la ciudad de Manizales. METODOLOGÍA: estudio desarrollado a través de una fase cuantitativa con diseño observacional descriptivo utilizando el cuestionario Montreaux para la valoración de la calidad de vida y una fase cualitativa, fenomenológica realizada por medio de entrevistas semiestructruadas en el que participaron 16 personas en condicion de ostomizados. RESULTADOS: Promedio de edad 56 años, El 75% de ellos pertenecia a estrato socioeconómico bajo, el 50% tenia con estudios de primaria y el 50% con estudios de secundaria. El 75% pertenecía al régimen de salud contributivo. Los resultados cuantitativos mostraron un índice de calidad de vida del 44,5%; el aspecto con porcentaje mas alto en la calidad de vida fue el hecho de no tener preocupaciones sociales 73%, por el contrario, el porcentaje más bajo se obtuvo en el aspecto relacionado con la actividad sexual 25%. Se identificó un porcentaje de autosuficiencia del 80%, pero una adaptación negativa en el 50% de los casos. Los resultados cualitativos, evidenciaron siete categorías que describen los aspectos que alteran la calidad de vida y el autocuidado: sentimiento de discapacidad, pérdida laboral, alteración de la imagen corporal, afrontamiento según duración y posición de la ostomía, proyección del futuro, aislamiento social y alteración de la sexualidad. CONCLUSIÓN: el índice de calidad de vida fue bajo y las categorías encontradas confirman los aspectos de la vida diaria de las personas en condición de ostomizados y la necesidad de brindar un cuidado integral donde el rol de enfermería este visible ampliamente.

INTRODUCTION. The performance of a digestive ostomy must cause alterations in the dimensions of the being such as physical, mental, social and cultural, which generates compromisesin the quality of life. OBJECTIVE. To evaluate the impact on the quality of life of the person with an ostomy condition in the city of Manizales. METHODOLOGY. Study developed through a quantitative phase with a descriptive observational design using the Montreaux questionnaire for the assessment of quality of life and a qualitative, phenomenological phase carried out through semi-structured interviews in which 16 people with ostomized conditions participated. RESULTS. Average age 56 years, 75% of them belonged to low socioeconomic status, 50% had primary education and 50% had secondary education. 75% belonged to the contributory health scheme. The quantitative results showed a quality of life index of 44.5%; The aspect with the highest percentage in quality of life was the fact of not having social concerns, 73%, on the contrary, the lowest percentage was obtained in the aspect related to sexual activity, 25%. A self-sufficiency percentage of 80% was identified, but a negative adaptation in 50% of the cases. The qualitative results showed seven categories that describe the aspects that alter the quality of life and self-care: feeling of disability, job loss, alteration of body image, coping according to duration and position of the ostomy, projection of the future, social isolation and alteration of sexuality. CONCLUSIONS. The quality of life index was low and the categories found confirm the aspects of daily life of people with an ostomy condition and the need to provide comprehensive care where the role of nursing is widely visible.

Current Challenges in Studying Alternative Splicing in Plants: The Case of Physcomitrella patens SR Proteins.

To colonize different terrestrial habitats, early land plants had to overcome the challenge of coping with harsh new environments. Alternative splicing - an RNA processing mechanism through which splice sites are differentially recognized, originating multiple transcripts and potentially different proteins from the same gene - can be key for plant stress tolerance. Serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins constitute an evolutionarily conserved family of major alternative splicing regulators that in plants subdivides into six subfamilies. Despite being well studied in animals and a few plant species, such as the model angiosperm Arabidopsis thaliana and the crop Oryza sativa, little is known of these splicing factors in early land plants. Establishing the whole complement of SR proteins in different species is essential to understand the functional and evolutionary significance of alternative splicing. An in silico search for SR proteins in the extant moss Physcomitrella patens revealed inconsistencies both in the published data and available databases, likely arising from automatic annotation lacking adequate manual curation. These misannotations interfere with the description not only of the number and subfamily classification of Physcomitrella SR proteins but also of their domain architecture, potentially hindering the elucidation of their molecular functions. We therefore advise caution when looking into P. patens genomic resources. Our systematic survey nonetheless confidently identified 16 P. patens SR proteins that fall into the six described subfamilies and represent counterparts of well-established members in Arabidopsis and rice. Intensified research efforts should disclose whether SR proteins were already determining alternative splicing modulation and stress tolerance in early land plants.

fall risks in the elderly, an avoidable multifactorial event

Introduction Falls in the elderly represent important alterations in functionality and are given by intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors, which constitute an increase in morbidity and mortality, so a preventive care plan must be carried out. Objective To describe the risk factors associated with falls of the elderly in a vulnerable community. Materials and Methods Descriptive, quantitative, cross-sectional study. Population universe formed by N. 81 older adults who attend the community cafeteria in the San Sebastian neighborhood to receive food for lunch, and the sample obtained was n. 41. Simple random sampling with older adults of both sexes. The instrument that was applied was the Tinetti scale and Short Physical Performance Battery test (SPPB). Results The analysis of the Tinetti scale was observed balance and gait with an average of 24 points, meaning that older adults have little risk of having a fall, in the SPPB an average of 9 points was obtained, so there is minimal probability of suffering a fall.

Introducción Las caídas en personas mayores representan alteraciones importantes de la funcionalidad y vienen dadas por factores de riesgo intrínsecos y extrínsecos, que constituyen un aumento de la morbilidad y la mortalidad, por lo que se debe llevar a cabo un plan de cuidados preventivos. Objetivo Describir los factores de riesgo asociados a las caídas de las personas mayores en una comunidad vulnerable. Materiales y Métodos Estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo y transversal. Universo poblacional formado por N. 81 adultos mayores que acuden al comedor comunitario del barrio de San Sebastián para recibir alimentos para el almuerzo, y la muestra obtenida fue la n. 41. Muestreo aleatorio simple con adultos mayores de ambos sexos. El instrumento que se aplicó fue la escala Tinetti y la prueba SPPB de Baterías de Corto Rendimiento Físico. Resultados El análisis de la escala de Tinetti se observó en equilibrio y marcha con un promedio de 24 puntos, lo que significa que los adultos mayores tienen poco riesgo de sufrir una caída, en la SPPB se obtuvo un promedio de 9 puntos, por lo que hay una probabilidad mínima de sufrir una caída.

Afrontamiento de docentes de enfermería ante la muerte del paciente en unidades de cuidado crítico / Coping with Nursing Teachers in the Front of Patient Death in Critical Care Units / Enfrentamento de docentes de enfermagem frente à morte do paciente em unidades de cuidado crítico

Introducción. La muerte es un fenómeno que preocupa a la humanidad, por tanto, es objeto de cuidado por enfermería como parte de las competencias inherentes a la disciplina. Objetivo. Describir el nivel de afrontamiento de las enfermeras frente a la muerte de pacientes en unidades de cuidado crítico. Método. Estudio piloto observacional, de tipo descriptivo transversal, con método de muestreo probabilístico, teniendo en cuenta el número de enfermeras que se desempañaban como docentes de enfermería en el área de cuidado crítico de cuatro universidades de Pereira y Manizales (n = 30). Se aplicó encuesta autoadministrada, elaborada por las investigadoras, con datos sociodemográficos, curriculares y del perfil docente. Para evaluar el nivel de afrontamiento, se utilizó la escala de Bugen de afrontamiento de la muerte, validada al castellano. Resultados. El 100% de docentes de enfermería tuvo una experiencia cercana a la muerte con algún ser querido, y el 73,3% no había tenido ninguna preparación como enfermera acerca de la muerte, lo que se puso de manifiesto según la escala de Bugen, donde el 36,8% (n = 11) de la población puntuó por debajo del percentil 33, el 33,4% (n = 10) de la población por encima del percentil 66, y el 29,9% (n = 9) puntuó en la zona intermedia. Conclusión. Las enfermeras necesitan mejorar su nivel de afrontamiento ante la muerte, mediante una formación sólida en cuidados integrales al final de la vida y el buen morir, para lograr competencias específicas que puedan ser enseñadas en los actos docentes de manera consciente.

Introduction. The death is a phenomenon, it has always worried humanity, so it is the object of nursing care as part of the inherent competencies of the discipline. Objective. To describe the nurses' level of coping with the death of patients in critical care units. Method. Pilot study observational, descriptive transversal study, the sampling method was probabilistic, taking into account the number of nurses who performed as Nursing teachers in the critical care area of ​​four universities in Pereira and Manizales (n = 30). A self-administered survey was applied, prepared by the researchers, with sociodemographic, curricular and teaching profile data, and to assess the level of coping, the Bugen scale of coping with death, validated in Spanish, was used. Results. The 100% teachers had near-death experience with a family member and the 73,3% had not preparation about the death, which was revelated by the Bugen scale. The 36,8% (1) of the population scored below the percentile 33 and 33,4% (2) of the population scored upper the percentile 66 and 29,9% (3) in the average zone. Conclusion. The nurses need to improve their level of coping with death, through solid training in comprehensive care at the right to die, to achieve specific competencies that can be consciously teach.

Introdução. A morte é um fenômeno que preocupa a humanidade, portanto, é objeto dos cuidados de enfermagem no âmbito das competências inerentes à disciplina. Objetivo. Descrever o nível de enfrentamento do enfermeiro frente à morte de pacientes em unidades de cuidado crítico. Método. Estudo piloto observacional, de tipo descritivo transversal, com método de amostragem probabilística, considerando o número de enfermeiros que atuavam como docentes de enfermagem na área de cuidado crítico de quatro universidades de Pereira e Manizales (n= 30). Inquérito autoaplicado elaborado pelas pesquisadoras foi aplicado, com dados sociodemográficos, curriculares e do perfil docente. Para avaliar o nível de enfrentamento foi utilizada a escala de Bugen de enfrentamento da morte, validada em espanhol. Resultados. 100% de docentes de enfermagem teve uma experiência de quase morte com um ente querido e 73.3% não teve preparo nenhum como enfermeira de quase morte, o que foi revelado de acordo com a escala de Bugen, onde 36.8% (n = 11) da população pontuou por abaixo do percentil 33, 33.4% (n = 10) da população acima do percentil 66 e 29.9% (n= 9) pontuou na zona intermediaria. Conclusão. O enfermeiro precisa melhorar o seu nível de enfrentamento à morte, por meio de uma sólida formação no cuidado integral no final da vida e o bom morrer para alcançar competências específicas que possam ser ensinadas nos atos docentes de maneira consciente.

Percepción del paciente hospitalizado sobre el cuidado brindado por estudiantes de enfermería / Inpatient perception of the care provided by nursing students

Resumen Introducción: La enfermería ha evolucionado su quehacer en torno a los constructos teóricos que la componen, éste crecimiento progresivo incluye el desarrollo de procesos de enseñanza resignificados en los futuros profesionales, que deben ser validados en torno a las respuestas humanas en la relación enfermero - paciente. Objetivo: Describir la percepción del paciente hospitalizado sobre el cuidado brindado por estudiantes de enfermería. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, de corte trasversal, realizado con 356 pacientes que recibieron cuidado por parte de estudiantes de enfermería durante en instituciones de salud, se aplicó el instrumento Percepción del Cuidado Humanizado de enfermería - versión 3. Se analizó con estadística descriptiva y prueba no paramétrica mediante probabilidad Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: Los pacientes manifestaron que "siempre se percibe un cuidado humanizado", en cuanto a las preguntas relacionadas con instrucciones sobre el autocuidado, identificación de necesidades de tipo físico, psicológico y espiritual se obtuvieron puntajes bajos. Conclusión: Es necesario abordar el tema del cuidado humanizado como fenómeno de interés de la disciplina al identificar fortalezas y debilidades con estudios de pertinencia en torno al cuidado.

Abstract Introduction: Nursing has evolved its work around the theoretical constructs that compose it, this progressive growth includes the development of resignified teaching processes for future professionals, which must be validated around human responses in the nurse-patient relationship. Objective: Describe the perception of the hospitalized patient about the care provided by nursing students. Materials and methods: A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study, conducted with 356 patients who received care from nursing students within health institutions. The Perception of Humanized Nursing Care instrument - version 3 was applied. It was analyzed with descriptive statistics and a non-parametric test using Kruskal-Wallis probability. Results: The patients stated that "humanized care is always perceived", regarding the questions related to instructions on self-care; low scores were obtained in identification of physical, psychological and spiritual needs. Conclusion: It is necessary to address the issue of humanized care as a phenomenon of interest of the discipline when identifying strengths and weaknesses with studies of relevance around care.