Perspectivas teóricas para un enfoque dialógico de la acreditación de posgrado en México

Los procesos de acreditación se ubican en el marco de las megatendencias globales que colocan en el centro del debate las nociones excelencia y evaluación de la calidad en las instituciones de educación superior contemporáneas. El estudio se realiza en la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, parte de un enfoque cualitativo en el que el método análisis de contenidos ocupó el centro de las acciones para develar desde las epistemologías globales y regionales, las regularidades que se manifiestan en la dinámica de los procesos de acreditación con énfasis en las instituciones de educación mexicana. La unidad de análisis se ubica en los documentos normativos, foros e informes de buenas prácticas en el quehacer de la acreditación. Como resultado, se proponen las bases conceptuales que favorecen una dialógica en el proceso de evaluación aplicada a los programas de posgrado mexicano, el cual, con las adecuaciones necesarias podría aplicarse a otras universidades.

Accreditation processes are located within the framework of global megatrends that place the notions of excellence and quality assessment in contemporary higher education institutions at the center of the debate. The study presented here was carried out at the Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, based on a qualitative approach in which the content analysis method was at the center of the actions to unveil from the global and regional epistemologies regularities that are manifested in the dynamics of accreditation processes with emphasis on Mexican educational institutions. The unit of analysis is located in the normative documents, forums and reports of good practices in accreditation. As a result, conceptual bases are proposed that can favor a dialogic in the evaluation process applied to Mexican graduate programs, which, with the necessary adaptations could be applied to con universities.

Sistematización teórica acerca de la formación del profesional como proceso de apropiación de la cultura / Theoretical systematization about professional training as a process of appropriation of culture

RESUMEN El artículo destaca la formación del profesional como un proceso de apropiación de la cultura que precisa del accionar planificado del profesor con un sentido orientador y de la formación lingüística para hacerlo, desde su conciencia lingüística para usar con un criterio exhaustivo la lengua idioma en la enculturación inherente al proceso de formación. Se hace un recorrido, por lo que se considera dimensiones para la comprensión global del sistema con el cual se construye - deconstruye la apropiación de la cultura: el lenguaje y sus unidades estructurales, con énfasis en el sistema léxico y sus principales modelos; de ahí que le es inherente al presente texto el objetivo de exponer los resultados de una sistematización teórica sobre el tratamiento de estos contenidos en la educación superior. Los resultados que se exhiben derivan de una línea de investigación que la autora desarrolla hace treinta y cinco años, como docente e investigadora en la educación superior, en la que se inscribe además, su tesis doctoral.

ABSTRACT The article highlights the training of the professional as a process of appropriation of the culture that requires the planned action of the teacher with a guiding sense and the linguistic training to do so, from his linguistic awareness to use the language in enculturation with an exhaustive criterion. inherent in the training process. A tour is made, for what is considered dimensions for the global understanding of the system with which the appropriation of culture is built - deconstructed: language and its structural units, with emphasis on the lexical system and its main models; hence, the objective of presenting the results of a theoretical systematization on the treatment of these contents in higher education is inherent to this text. The results that are exhibited derive from a line of research that the author has developed thirty-five years ago, as a teacher and researcher in higher education, in which her doctoral thesis is also inscribed.

Estado afectivo, regulación emocional y estilos de alimentación en adultos en Chile

RESUMEN El comportamiento alimentario está intrínsecamente asociado al estado afectivo y las emociones dominantes. Esta investigación se propuso analizar la asociación entre afectividad, sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva, regulación emocional, estilos de alimentación desadaptativos: alimentación restrictiva, emocional y externa, y alimentación intuitiva. Se realizó un estudio transversal, de tipo correlacional, en el que participaron 648 adultos de ambos sexos, residentes en Chile. Se recogieron datos de las siguientes variables e instrumentos: afecto dominante con el Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS); síntomas de depresión y ansiedad con dos preguntas de respuesta cerrada, dificultades de regulación emocional, con Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS); estilos de alimentación con el Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) y alimentación intuitiva con la Intuitive Eating Scale (IES-2). Se realizaron análisis de correlación y regresión lineal multivariada. Ser mujer y presencia de afecto negativo predijeron los estilos de alimentación desadaptativo emocional y restrictivo. El afecto positivo se asoció a un estilo de alimentación externo. Los tres estilos de alimentación desadaptativos evaluados se asociaron a dificultades de regulación emocional. Por el contrario, la alimentación intuitiva se asoció a ser hombre, afectividad positiva y ausencia de dificultades de regulación emocional. Se confirma la asociación entre la experiencia emocional y los estilos de alimentación y se enfatiza el rol de la regulación emocional como recurso psicológico relevante para prevenir el potencial efecto disfuncional de las emociones en el comportamiento alimentario.

ABSTRACT Eating behavior is intrinsically associated with the affective state and dominant emotions. This research set out to analyze the association between affectivity, anxious and depressive symptoms, emotional regulation, maladaptive eating styles, and intuitive eating. A cross-sectional, correlational study was carried out. Participants were 648 adults of both sexes, residents of Chile. Data were collected on the following variables and instruments: dominant affect with the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS); emotional regulation difficulties, with Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS); eating styles with the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) and intuitive eating with the Intuitive Eating Scale (IES-2). Correlation analysis and multivariate linear regression were performed. Being a woman and the presence of negative affect predicted emotional and restrictive eating styles. Positive affect was associated with an external eating style. The three maladaptive eating styles evaluated were associated with emotional regulation difficulties. On the contrary, intuitive eating was associated with being a man, positive affectivity, and the absence of emotional regulation difficulties. The association between emotional experience and eating styles was confirmed emphasizing the role of emotional regulation as a relevant psychological resource to prevent the potential dysfunctional effect of emotions on eating behavior.

Dosimetric and preparation procedures for irradiating biological models with pulsed electron beam at ultra-high dose-rate.

PURPOSE: Preclinical studies using a new treatment modality called FLASH Radiotherapy (FLASH-RT) need a two-phase procedure to ensure minimal uncertainties in the delivered dose. The first phase requires a new investigation of the reference dosimetry lying outside the conventional metrology framework from national metrology institutes but necessary to obtain traceability, repeatability, and stability of irradiations. The second consists of performing special quality assurance procedure prior to irradiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Oriatron eRT6 (PMB-Alcen, France) is an experimental high dose-per-pulse linear accelerator, delivering a 6 MeV pulsed electron beam with mean dose-rates, ranging from a few Gy/min up to thousands of Gy/s. Absolute dosimetry is investigated with alanine, thermo-luminescent dosimeters (TLD) and radiochromic films as well as an ionization chamber for relative stability. The beam characteristic and dosimetry are prepared for three different setups. RESULTS: A cross-check between alanine, films and TLD revealed a dose agreement within 3% for dose-rates between 0.078 Gy/s and 1050 Gy/s, showing that these dosimeters are suitable for absolute dosimetry for FLASH-RT. In absence of appropriate setup dependent corrections, active dosimetry can reveal dose deviations up to 15% of the prescribed dose. These differences reduce to less than 3% when our dosimetric procedure is applied. CONCLUSION: We developed procedures to accurately irradiate biological models. Our method is based on validated absolute dosimeters and extends their use to routine FLASH irradiations. We reached an agreement of 3% between the delivered and prescribed dose and developed the requirements needed for workflows of preclinical and clinical studies.

High dose-per-pulse electron beam dosimetry: Commissioning of the Oriatron eRT6 prototype linear accelerator for preclinical use.

PURPOSE: The Oriatron eRT6 is an experimental high dose-per-pulse linear accelerator (linac) which was designed to deliver an electron beam with variable dose-rates, ranging from a few Gy/min up to hundreds of Gy/s. It was built to study the radiobiological effects of high dose-per-pulse/dose-rate electron beam irradiation, in the context of preclinical and cognitive studies. In this work, we report on the commissioning and beam monitoring of the Oriatron eRT6 prototype linac. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The beam was characterized in different steps. The output stability was studied by performing repeated measurements over a period of 20 months. The relative output variations caused by changing beam parameters, such as the temporal electron pulse width, the pulse repetition frequency and the pulse amplitude were also analyzed. Finally, depth dose curves and field sizes were measured for two different beam settings, resulting in one beam with a conventional radiotherapy dose-rate and one with a much higher dose-rate. Measurements were performed with Gafchromic EBT3 films and with a PTW Advanced Markus ionization chamber. In addition, we developed a beam current monitoring system based on the signals from an induction torus positioned at the beam exit of the waveguide and from a graphite beam collimator. RESULTS: The stability of the output over repeated measurements was found to be good, with a standard deviation smaller than 1%. However, non-negligible day-to-day variations of the beam output were observed. Those output variations showed different trends depending on the dose-rate. The analysis of the relative output variation as a function of various beam parameters showed that in a given configuration, the dose-rate could be reliably varied over three orders of magnitude. Interdependence effects on the output variation between the parameters were also observed. The beam energy and field size were found to be slightly dose-rate-dependent and suitable mainly for small animal irradiation. The beam monitoring system was able to measure in a reproducible way the total charge of electrons that exit the machine, as long as the electron pulse amplitude remains above a given threshold. Furthermore, we were able to relate the charge measured with the monitoring system to the absorbed dose in a solid water phantom. CONCLUSION: The Oriatron eRT6 was successfully commissioned for preclinical use and is currently in full operation, with studies being performed on the radiobiological effects of high dose-per-pulse irradiation.

High dose-per-pulse electron beam dosimetry: Usability and dose-rate independence of EBT3 Gafchromic films.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the suitability of Gafchromic EBT3 films for reference dose measurements in the beam of a prototype high dose-per-pulse linear accelerator (linac), capable of delivering electron beams with a mean dose-rate (Dm ) ranging from 0.07 to 3000 Gy/s and a dose-rate in pulse (Dp ) of up to 8 × 106 Gy/s. To do this, we evaluated the overall uncertainties in EBT3 film dosimetry as well as the energy and dose-rate dependence of their response. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Our dosimetric system was composed of EBT3 Gafchromic films in combination with a flatbed scanner and was calibrated against an ionization chamber traceable to primary standard. All sources of uncertainties in EBT3 dosimetry were carefully analyzed using irradiations at a clinical radiotherapy linac. Energy dependence was investigated with the same machine by acquiring and comparing calibration curves for three different beam energies (4, 8 and 12 MeV), for doses between 0.25 and 30 Gy. Dm dependence was studied at the clinical linac by changing the pulse repetition frequency (f) of the beam in order to vary Dm between 0.55 and 4.40 Gy/min, while Dp dependence was probed at the prototype machine for Dp ranging from 7 × 103 to 8 × 106 Gy/s. Dp dependence was first determined by studying the correlation between the dose measured by films and the charge of electrons measured at the exit of the machine by an induction torus. Furthermore, we compared doses from the films to independently calibrated thermo-luminescent dosimeters (TLD) that have been reported as being dose-rate independent up to such high dose-rates. RESULTS: We report that uncertainty below 4% (k = 2) can be achieved in the dose range between 3 and 17 Gy. Results also demonstrated that EBT3 films did not display any detectable energy dependence for electron beam energies between 4 and 12 MeV. No Dm dependence was found either. In addition, we obtained excellent consistency between films and TLDs over the entire Dp range attainable at the prototype linac confirming the absence of any dose-rate dependence within the investigated range (7 × 103 to 8 × 106 Gy/s). This aspect was further corroborated by the linear relationship between the dose-per-pulse (Dp ) measured by films and the charge per pulse (Cp ) measured at the prototype linac exit. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that the use of EBT3 Gafchromic films can be extended to reference dosimetry in pulsed electron beams with a very high dose rate. The measurement results are associated with an overall uncertainty below 4% (k = 2) and are dose-rate and energy independent.

Etapas y tendencias de la gestión de la Extensión Universitaria: antecedentes imprescindibles para la reconceptualización / Stages and trends of University Extension management: indispensable antecedents for re-conceptualization

El presente trabajo caracteriza las distintas etapas de la gestión de la Extensión Universitaria, como proceso universitario sustantivo en el contexto cubano. Uno de sus aportes más importantes es una sistematización de la teoría, apoyada en los métodos de análisis documental. Se exponen elementos identificables como logros y limitaciones que ha tenido la gestión de la Extensión Universitaria. Como resultado, se muestra la caracterización de cada una de las etapas, las cuales abarcan desde la colonia hasta la actualidad. Se develan las principales tendencias de la gestión de la Extensión Universitaria en la universidad cubana y se destaca el valor del presente estudio diacrónico, en función de su perfeccionamiento ante los retos de la actual realidad educativa (AU)

This article describes the different stages of University Extension management, as a paramount university process within the Cuban context. It contributes to a systematization of the theory, basing on documental analysis methods. It also presents the achievements and limitations of University Extension management. As a result, it characterizes each of the stages, from colonial times up to the present day. It displays the main trends of Cuban University Extension management and points out the importance of a diachronic study to develop this process in view of todays educational challenges (AU)

Definición del texto filosófico desde la perspectiva de la cultura / Definition of philosophical text from the viewpoint of culture

En este artículo se presenta una sistematización de los referentes teóricos acerca de los estudios sobre tipología textual. La cultura se asume como la categoría rectora del análisis heurístico que atraviesa el texto, al lado de los aportes de la lingüística del texto y el estilo. Ello permite una propuesta de definición de texto filosófico como tipo de texto, lo que constituye un aporte a los estudios sobre tipología textual (AU)

A systematization of theoretical references concerning textual typology studies is herein presented. Culture is understood as the leading category of a heuristic text analysis, according to contributions of text linguistics and style. The article aims to propose a definition of philosophical texts as a type of text so as to contribute to previous textual typology studies (AU)

Definición del texto filosófico desde la perspectiva de la cultura / Definition of philosophical text from the viewpoint of culture

En este artículo se presenta una sistematización de los referentes teóricos acerca de los estudios sobre tipología textual. La cultura se asume como la categoría rectora del análisis heurístico que atraviesa el texto, al lado de los aportes de la lingüística del texto y el estilo. Ello permite una propuesta de definición de texto filosófico como tipo de texto, lo que constituye un aporte a los estudios sobre tipología textual.

A systematization of theoretical references concerning textual typology studies is herein presented. Culture is understood as the leading category of a heuristic text analysis, according to contributions of text linguistics and style. The article aims to propose a definition of philosophical texts as a type of text so as to contribute to previous textual typology studies.

Etapas y tendencias de la gestión de la Extensión Universitaria: antecedentes imprescindibles para la reconceptualización / Stages and trends of University Extension management: indispensable antecedents for re-conceptualization

El presente trabajo caracteriza las distintas etapas de la gestión de la Extensión Universitaria, como proceso universitario sustantivo en el contexto cubano. Uno de sus aportes más importantes es una sistematización de la teoría, apoyada en los métodos de análisis documental. Se exponen elementos identificables como logros y limitaciones que ha tenido la gestión de la Extensión Universitaria. Como resultado, se muestra la caracterización de cada una de las etapas, las cuales abarcan desde la colonia hasta la actualidad. Se develan las principales tendencias de la gestión de la Extensión Universitaria en la universidad cubana y se destaca el valor del presente estudio diacrónico, en función de su perfeccionamiento ante los retos de la actual realidad educativa.

This article describes the different stages of University Extension management, as a paramount university process within the Cuban context. It contributes to a systematization of the theory, basing on documental analysis methods. It also presents the achievements and limitations of University Extension management. As a result, it characterizes each of the stages, from colonial times up to the present day. It displays the main trends of Cuban University Extension management and points out the importance of a diachronic study to develop this process in view of today’s educational challenges.

Extensión universitaria en la universalización de la Educación Superior: una mirada desde la pedagogía intercultural / University extension within the universalization of Higher Education: a view from intercultural pedagogy

La pedagogía intercultural tiene en su esencia el respeto y el tratamiento a la diversidad cultural, elementos de gran relevancia que se dan en el contexto de la nueva universidad cubana y que constituyen puntos de partida para llevar a cabo procesos formativos. La extensión universitaria cobra importancia, dados los cambios sustanciales ocurridos en el entramado de la cultura universitaria con la universalización de la Educación Superior. Este trabajo ofrece los fundamentos teóricos que, desde una pedagogía intercultural, se manifiestan en este proceso formativo, constituyen referentes a tomar en consideración para mejorar la gestión pedagógica y la formación cultural del estudiante, y son basamento científico para nuevas propuestas, a partir de las insuficiencias que se dan en la extensión universitaria. Además, se reconoce la importancia de tomar en cuenta dichos fundamentos, como punto de partida, para la modelación de la gestión del proceso extensionista, en condiciones de universalización (AU)

Intercultural pedagogy bases on the respect and treatment of intercultural diversity; both elements are of great importance within the context of the new Cuban university and represent starting points to carry out formative processes. University extension becomes important due to significant changes occurred within the framework of university culture after the universalization of Higher Education. This paper presents the theoretical foundations that, from an intercultural pedagogy, appear during the formative process; represent referents to be considered when improving both pedagogical management and students cultural formation; and are scientific basis to new proposals taking into account deficiencies within university extension (AU)

Extensión universitaria en la universalización de la Educación Superior: una mirada desde la pedagogía intercultural / University extension within the universalization of Higher Education: a view from intercultural pedagogy

La pedagogía intercultural tiene en su esencia el respeto y el tratamiento a la diversidad cultural, elementos de gran relevancia que se dan en el contexto de la nueva universidad cubana y que constituyen puntos de partida para llevar a cabo procesos formativos. La extensión universitaria cobra importancia, dados los cambios sustanciales ocurridos en el entramado de la cultura universitaria con la universalización de la Educación Superior. Este trabajo ofrece los fundamentos teóricos que, desde una pedagogía intercultural, se manifiestan en este proceso formativo, constituyen referentes a tomar en consideración para mejorar la gestión pedagógica y la formación cultural del estudiante, y son basamento científico para nuevas propuestas, a partir de las insuficiencias que se dan en la extensión universitaria. Además, se reconoce la importancia de tomar en cuenta dichos fundamentos, como punto de partida, para la modelación de la gestión del proceso extensionista, en condiciones de universalización.

Intercultural pedagogy bases on the respect and treatment of intercultural diversity; both elements are of great importance within the context of the new Cuban university and represent starting points to carry out formative processes. University extension becomes important due to significant changes occurred within the framework of university culture after the universalization of Higher Education. This paper presents the theoretical foundations that, from an intercultural pedagogy, appear during the formative process; represent referents to be considered when improving both pedagogical management and students’ cultural formation; and are scientific basis to new proposals taking into account deficiencies within university extension.

Susceptibilidad antifúngica de aislados de Candida spp. de hemocultivos en un período de cinco años (1997-2001) / Antifungal susceptibility of Candida spp. isolates from blood cultures in a five-year period (1997-2001)

INTRODUCCIÓN. Estudiar retrospectivamente la incidencia de candidemia y la sensibilidad a antifúngicos de los aislados de Candida spp. de hemocultivos en el período de enero de 1997 a diciembre de 2001 en nuestro hospital. MÉTODOS. Las concentraciones inhibitorias mínimas (CIM) de anfotericina B, fluconazol, itraconazol y flucitosina se determinaron por el método de microdilución en caldo Sensititre YeastOne para los 53 aislados en el período de estudio: C. parapsilosis (22), C. albicans (19), C. glabrata (5), C. krusei (3), C. tropicalis (2) y C. guilliermondii (2). RESULTADOS. La incidencia de candidemia en el período estudiado fue 0,25 episodios por 1.000 admisiones.C. parapsilosis se aisló del 41,5 por ciento de los casos, seguida de C. albicans (35,8 por ciento), C. glabrata (9,4 por ciento), C. krusei (5,5 por ciento), C. tropicalis (3,7 por ciento) y C. guilliermondii (3,7 por ciento). El aislamiento de C. parapsilosis se asoció significativamente con el Servicio de Neonatología-Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) de Pediatría. No hubo ningún aislado con CIM > 1 mg/ml de anfotericina B. Todos los aislados de C. krusei fueron resistentes a fluconazol y la resistencia a itraconazol se encontró en el 80 por ciento de los aislados de C. glabrata que además fueron susceptibles dependiendo de la dosis de fluconazol. Hubo un único aislado de C. parapsilosis resistente a flucitosina. CONCLUSIONES. La incidencia de candidemia en nuestro hospital fue baja. C. parapsilosis fue la especie más común y se asoció con el Servicio de Neonatología-UCI de Pediatría. La resistencia a fluconazol e itraconazol sólo se encontró entre los aislados de C. krusei y C. glabrata, que son el 15 por ciento del total de aislados de Candida spp. de hemocultivos en nuestro hospital (AU)

[Antifungal susceptibility of Candida spp. isolates from blood cultures in a five-year period (1997-2001)]. / Susceptibilidad antifúngica de aislados de Candida spp. de hemocultivos en un período de cinco años (1997-2001).

INTRODUCTION: This retrospective study investigates the incidence of candidemia and antifungal susceptibility of Candida spp. isolates from blood cultures performed in the period from January 1997 to December 2001. METHODS: Amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole and flucytosine minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using the Sensititre YeastOne broth microdilution assay for the 53 isolates detected in the study period: C. parapsilosis (22), C. albicans (19), C. glabrata (5), C. krusei (3), C. tropicalis (2) and C. guilliermondii (2). RESULTS: The incidence of candidemia was 0.25 episodes per 1000 admissions in the period studied. C. parapsilosis was present in 41.5% of cases, followed by C. albicans (35.8%), C. glabrata (9.4%), C. krusei (5.5%), C. tropicalis (3.7%) and C. guilliermondii (3.7%). Isolation of C. parapsilosis was significantly associated with the neonatal and pediatric ICU. None of the isolates presented an amphotericin B MIC > 1 micro g/ml. All the C. krusei isolates were resistant to fluconazole. Itraconazole resistance and dose-dependent fluconazole susceptibility was found in 80% of C. glabrata isolates. Only one C. parapsilosis isolate was resistant to flucytosine. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of candidemia in our hospital was low. C. parapsilosis was the most common species and was associated with neonatal and pediatric ICUs. Fluconazole and itraconazole resistance was only found among C. krusei and C. glabrata isolates, which accounted for 15% of the total Candida spp. isolated from blood cultures in our hospital.

Chromomycosis due to Exophiala jeanselmei in a renal transplant recipient.

Chromomycosis is a rare mycotic infection that is more frequent in tropical and subtropical regions. Dematiaceous fungi are the causal agents of this mycosis. Several cases of chromomycosis in organ transplant recipients have been reported. We present a case of chromomycosis by Exophiala jeanselmei in a Spanish male who had received a renal transplant several months previously, and was receiving treatment with tacrolimus, prednisone and mycophenolate mofetil. Very few cases of chromomycosis due to Exophiala have been reported, and this is, to our knowledge, the first European case.

Cutaneous infection caused by Ulocladium chartarum in a heart transplant recipient: case report and review.

A cutaneous mycoses caused by Ulocladium chartarum in a heart transplant recipient is reported. The infection cleared after complete surgical excision and 6 months of oral itraconazole therapy. In vitro activity of amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, ravuconazole and terbinafine against the clinical isolate is shown.