In-vitro study on type I collagen synthesis in low-level laser therapy on the early ligament fibroblasts' healing process.

BACKGROUND: Low-level Laser Therapy (LLLT) has demonstrated its potential in promoting fiber matrix maturation, collagen synthesis, and fibroblast proliferation, contributing to tissue regeneration. Our study aimed to investigate the impact of LLLT on collagen type I synthesis, cell proliferation, and viability in human ligament fibroblasts derived from the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL). METHODS: Tissue samples were obtained from individuals undergoing arthroscopic ACL reconstruction surgery. Primary human fibroblasts were isolated, and immunohistochemical assays confirmed their characteristics. LLLT at 850 nm was administered in three groups: Low dose (1.0 J/cm²), High dose (5.0 J/cm²), and Control (0.0 J/cm²). Cell viability was calculated using a membrane integrity assay, proliferation was determined by automated counting, and collagen type I concentration in cell culture was measured using an immunoassay. RESULTS: Fibroblasts showed decreased viability after low and high doses of LLLT, increased proliferation at the low dose, and increased collagen synthesis at the high dose on day 10 for both sexes after treatment. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that LLLT may improve the early ligament healing process by increasing cell proliferation at the low dose and enhancing collagen type I synthesis at the high dose in human ligament fibroblasts.

Association between socioeconomic factors, attitudes and beliefs regarding the primary dentition and caries in children aged 1-5 years of Brazilian and Colombian parents.

AIM: To compare how parents' attitudes, knowledge, and sociodemographic characteristics influence untreated early childhood caries in infants and preschoolers in Brazil and Colombia. BACKGROUND: Dental caries is a prevalent chronic disease affecting children worldwide. However, little research has explored the connection between parents' knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about oral health and the occurrence of dental caries in their children's primary teeth. MATERIALS: Oral health information was evaluated in children aged 3 to 5 years with a questionnaire covering sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables, family information and questions about health knowledge and child's and parents' oral health. In addition, oral examinations have been carried out to determine the prevalence of untreated dental caries. A p-value of 0.05 and 95% reliability level were considered statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Untreated caries in infants and preschoolers are influenced by socioeconomic status, maternal education, sugar consumption, oral hygiene, and parents' beliefs about primary dentition.

Efficacy of powdered alfalfa leaves to ameliorate the toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 in turkey poults.

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of an adsorbent material based on powdered alfalfa leaves added in the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-contaminated diet of turkey poults on production parameters, blood cell count, serum biochemistry, liver enzymes, and liver histology. For this purpose, three hundred and fifty female Nicholas-700 poults were randomly assigned into five treatments: (1) Control, AFB1-free diet; (2) AF, diet contaminated with 250 ng AFB1/g; (3) Alfalfa, AFB1-free diet + 0.5% (w/w) adsorbent; (4) AF+alfalfa, diet contaminated with 250 ng AFB1/g + 0.5% (w/w) adsorbent, and (5) AF+ yeast cell wall (YCW), diet contaminated with 250 ng AFB1/g + 0.5% (w/w) of yeast cell wall (a commercial mycotoxin binder used as reference material). The in vivo efficacy of powdered alfalfa leaves was assessed during a 28-day period. In general, the addition of powdered alfalfa leaves in the AFB1-free diet gave the best performance results (body weight, body weight gain, and feed intake) and improved the values of total protein, glucose, calcium, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen. Moreover, the addition of powdered alfalfa leaves in the AFB1-contaminated diet enhanced body weight and body weight gain and significantly reduced the feed intake, compared to the AF and AF+YCW groups. Additionally, significant alterations in serum parameters were observed in poults intoxicated with the AFB1, compared to the Control group. Furthermore, typical histopathological lesions were observed in the liver of the AF group, which were significantly ameliorated with the addition of powdered alfalfa leaves. Conclusively, these results pointed out that low inclusion of powdered alfalfa leaves in the contaminated feed counteracted the adverse effects of AFB1 in turkey poults.

Adiabatic limit collapse and local interaction effects in non-linear active microrheology molecular simulations of two-dimensional fluids.

Nonlinear active microrheology molecular dynamics simulations of high-density two-dimensional fluids show that the presence of strong confining forces and an external pulling force induces a correlation between the velocity and position dynamics of the tracer particle. This correlation manifests in the form of an effective temperature and an effective mobility of the tracer particle, which is responsible for the breaking of the equilibrium fluctuation-dissipation theorem. This fact is shown by measuring the tracer particle's temperature and mobility directly from the first two moments of the velocity distribution of a tracer particle and by formulating a diffusion theory in which effective thermal and transport properties are decoupled from the velocity dynamics. Furthermore, the flexibility of the attractive and repulsive forces in the tested interaction potentials allowed us to relate the temperature and mobility behaviors to the nature of the interactions and the structure of the surrounding fluid as a function of the pulling force. These results provide a refreshing physical interpretation of the phenomena observed in non-linear active microrheology.

The effect of moderate-dose aflatoxin B1 and Salmonella Enteritidis infection on intestinal permeability in broiler chickens.

The effect of dietary aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and Salmonella Enteritidis infection on intestinal permeability was investigated. Two hundred 1-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly divided into 4 treatments of 5 replicates each (10 birds per replicate), which were fed ad libitum for 3 weeks with the following treatments: control, chickens fed an AFB1-free diet; AF, chickens fed an AFB1-contaminated diet at 470 ng/g; SE, chickens fed an AFB1-free diet and challenged with 108 cfu of S. Enteritidis per bird at 18 days old; AF + SE, chickens fed an AFB1-contaminated diet and challenged with 108 cfu of S. Enteritidis per bird at 18 days old. At day 21 of age, chicks received an oral gavage dose of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-dextran) to evaluate gastrointestinal leakage. Blood and intestinal samples were collected to evaluate serum biochemistry and total intestinal IgA secretion, respectively. Liver tissues were aseptically collected to assess bacterial invasiveness and for histomorphological studies. The results showed that chickens receiving AFB1 presented a significant increment (up to 2.4-fold) in serum FITC-dextran concentration (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, S. Enteritidis infection had no additional effect on gastrointestinal leakage. Furthermore, the ingestion of AFB1 had no impact on the invasive potential of S. Enteritidis. These results suggest that moderate-dose AFB1 adversely affects intestinal barrier function resulting in increased gut permeability in broiler chickens.

Resistance profile and molecular characterization of pyrethroid resistance in a Rhipicephalus microplus strain from Colombia.

Intensive use of chemical acaricides for the control of cattle ticks (Rhipicephalus microplus) has led to the development of multiple acaricide resistance in Colombia. The present study aimed to characterize, using toxicological bioassays and molecular biology techniques, the resistance profile of a tick strain isolated from the Arauca state, Northeast Colombia. Commercial acaricides were used in adult immersion tests to determine its in vitro efficacies. Deltamethrin showed very low activity (4-7.3%), a mixture of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos had intermediate efficacy (64-75.2%), and ethion presented the highest activity (88.5-100%). A colony (Arauquita strain) was established and larval immersion tests confirmed high resistance level to deltamethrin (241-fold) and susceptibility to ivermectin. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction-high resolution melt technique was used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the para-sodium channel gene. All of the genotyped individuals were mutant, presenting one (n = 7), two (n = 7) or three (n = 9) SNPs previously associated with pyrethroid resistance. Sequencing revealed a novel mutation (F712L), that was found for the first time in R. microplus ticks from South America. This is the first description of mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance in R. microplus from Colombia. The acaricide resistance pattern found in the Arauquita strain is similar to other parts of Colombia.

Assessment of antibodies against three zoonotic bacteria and associated risk factors in pig farms in Colombia. / Evaluación de anticuerpos frente a tres bacterias zoonóticas y factores de riesgo asociados en explotaciones porcinas de Colombia.

The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of Salmonella spp., Mycobacterium bovis and Brucella spp., together with associated risk factors, in pigs from various farms in seven regions of Colombia. A total of 350 blood samples were obtained from pigs at different stages in the production cycle of 23 farms, which were tested using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) diagnostic kits Pigtype®-Salmonella Ab (Qiagen®, Hilden, Germany), INgezim TB porcine and INgezim Brucella porcine (Ingenasa®, Madrid, Spain). The overall seroprevalence for Salmonella spp. was 42.85% (n = 150) and, for M. bovis, it was 5.42% (n = 19). No positive samples were detected for Brucella spp. In the farms evaluated, the presence of pests, such as rodents, was found to be the management variable with a statistically significant association with seropositivity for Salmonella spp. and M. bovis. The results suggest that, at some point in the primary production cycle, pigs came into contact with zoonotic bacteria, resulting in seropositivity, which may pose a risk to public health and national pig production.

Les auteurs présentent les résultats d'une étude menée en Colombie pour déterminer la prévalence sérologique de Salmonella spp., de Mycobacterium bovis et de Brucella spp. et d'identifier les facteurs de risques associés chez les porcs de différents élevages répartis dans sept régions du pays. Au total, 350 prélèvements sanguins de porcs en différentes phases du cycle de production et provenant de 23 exploitations ont été analysés en utilisant les kits de diagnostic suivants : test immuno-enzymatique (ELISA) Pigtype®-Salmonella Ab (Qiagen®, Hilden, Allemagne), INgezim TB porcina et INgezim Brucella porcina (Ingenasa®, Madrid, Espagne). La prévalence sérologique globale de Salmonella spp. était de 42,85 % (n = 150) et celle de M. bovis de 5,42 % (n = 19) ; aucun échantillon n'a été trouvé positif pour Brucella spp. En ce qui concerne les facteurs en lien avec la gestion des élevages, une corrélation significative au plan statistique a été observée dans les exploitations étudiées entre la présence de ravageurs (rongeurs notamment) et l'apparition d'anticorps dirigés contre Salmonella spp. et M. bovis. Les résultats obtenus laissent penser que les porcs ont été exposés à ces bactéries zoonotiques à un moment ou un autre du cycle de production primaire, ce qui a déclenché l'apparition d'anticorps ; il s'agit d'une situation à risque tant pour la santé publique que pour la filière porcine du pays.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la seroprevalencia respectoa Salmonella spp., Mycobacterium bovis y Brucella spp., junto con los factores de riesgo asociados, en porcinos de diferentes explotaciones de producción en siete regiones de Colombia. Se obtuvieron 350 muestras sanguíneas de porcinos de diferentes etapas del ciclo productivo provenientes de 23 explotaciones,y estas fueron analizadas utilizando los estuches de ensayo inmunoenzimático (ELISA) para diagnóstico Pigtype®-Salmonella Ab (Qiagen®, Hilden, Alemania), INgezim TB porcina e INgezim Brucella porcina (Ingenasa®, Madrid, España). La seroprevalencia general respecto a Salmonella spp. fue del 42,85% (n = 150),y para M. bovis, del 5,42% (n = 19); no se detectó ninguna muestra positiva respecto a Brucella spp. Se determinó que en las explotaciones evaluadas, la presencia de plagas, como los roedores, fue la variable de manejo con asociación estadísticamente significativa a la seropositividad respecto a Salmonella spp.y a M. bovis. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que, en algún momento del ciclo de producción primaria, los cerdos estuvieron en contacto con las bacterias zoonóticas frente a las que se obtuvo seropositividad, lo cual puede representar un riesgo para la salud pública y la producción porcina a nivel nacional.

Comparación del consumo de edulcorantes no nutritivos con estado nutricional en embarazadas chilenas / Comparison of non-nutritive sweetener consumption and nutritional status among pregnant Chileans

INTRODUCCIÓN: El consumo de edulcorantes no calóricos (ENC) se ha incrementado en todos los grupos etarios, sin embargo, no se ha cuantificado su ingesta en embarazadas OBJETIVO: Determinar la ingesta y comparar el consumo de ENC según el estado nutricional en embarazadas chilenas. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, se entrevistaron a embarazadas de las ciudades de Santiago y Concepción. A cada embarazada se le aplicó una encuesta de frecuencia de consumo semanal de alimentos con ENC para determinar la ingesta de ellos, y se les realizó una evaluación nutricional utilizando la información del carné de control de la embarazada. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 601 embarazadas, 98% consume ENC, ninguna de ellas sobrepasa la ingesta diaria admitida (IDA) para ningún ENC. Las bebidas y jugos con ENC presentan la mayor penetración de productos con ENC de la dieta. Al comparar según estado nutricional, no se encontraron diferencia en el consumo de los ENC. Al comparar solo las bebidas y jugos con ENC con ciclamato las embarazadas obesas consumen significativamente más. CONCLUSIÓN: No se observó diferencias según estado nutricional cuando se analiza de manera global, al analizar por grupos de alimentos el mayor consumo se observo en bebidas con ciclamato en las embarazadas con obesidad.

INTRODUCTION: Consumption of non-caloric sweeteners (NCS) has increased in all age groups; however, intake in pregnant women has not been quantified. OBJECTIVE: To determine the intake of NCS and compare consumption by nutritional status among pregnant Chileans. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Pregnant women from the cities of Santiago and Concepción were interviewed as part of a descriptive study. Each pregnant woman was given a frequency survey of weekly food consumption with NCS to determine intake, and a nutritional evaluation was carried out using information from the pregnant woman's check up form. RESULTS: 601 pregnant women were evaluated, 98% consumed NCS, none of them exceeded the accepted daily intake (ADI) for any NCS. Beverages and juices with NCS presented the highest proportions of NCS in the diet. When comparing nutritional status, no difference was found in the consumption of NCS. When comparing only beverages and juices with NCS, obese pregnant women consumed significantly more cyclamate compared to non-obese women. CONCLUSION: No differences according to nutritional status were observed when analyzed globally, when analyzing by food groups the highest consumption was observed in beverages with cyclamate among obese pregnant women.

HRTEM Microstructural Characterization of ß-WO3 Thin Films Deposited by Reactive RF Magnetron Sputtering.

Though tungsten trioxide (WO3) in bulk, nanosphere, and thin film samples has been extensively studied, few studies have been dedicated to the crystallographic structure of WO3 thin films. In this work, the evolution from amorphous WO3 thin films to crystalline WO3 thin films is discussed. WO3 thin films were fabricated on silicon substrates (Si/SiO2) by RF reactive magnetron sputtering. Once a thin film was deposited, two successive annealing treatments were made: an initial annealing at 400 °C for 6 h was followed by a second annealing at 350 °C for 1 h. Film characterization was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution electron transmission microscopy (HRTEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. The ß-WO3 final phase grew in form of columnar crystals and its growth plane was determined by HRTEM.

Experiencia Programa de Intercambio Residentes Neuropediatría Chile-Hospital de Niños de Boston / Interchange Program Experience Pediatric Neurology Residents of Chile-Boston Children's Hospital

Cada dos años, residentes de Neuropediatría de distintos centros en Chile visitan el Boston Children's Hospital a fin de dar vida a un intercambio académico bilateral, que se constituye como una valiosa instancia de aprendizaje bilateral. Pensamos que es importante relatar nuestra experiencia y al mismo tiempo hacer algunas reflexiones sobre esta instancia formativa.

Every two year, residents of pediatric neurology from different Chilean Universities visit the Boston Children's Hospital for a bilateral academic exchange, that constitutes a valuable learning instance. We think that it is important to relate our experience and share our thoughts about this interchange.

Increased Systemic Cytokine/Chemokine Expression in Asthmatic and Non-asthmatic Patients with Bacterial, Viral or Mixed Lung Infection.

This study was aimed to determine the profiles of serum cytokines (IL-1ß, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-5) and chemokines (MCP-1: monocyte chemoattract protein-1 and RANTES: regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) in individuals with an asthmatic versus a non-asthmatic background with bacterial, viral or mixed acute respiratory infection. Asthmatic (n = 14) and non-asthmatic (n = 29) patients with acute viral, bacterial or mixed (bacterial and viruses) respiratory infection were studied. Patients were also analysed as individuals with pneumonia or bronchitis. Healthy individuals with similar age and sex (n = 10) were used as controls. Cytokine/chemokine content in serum was determined by ELISA. Increased cytokine/chemokine concentration in asthmatic and non-asthmatic patients was observed. However, higher concentrations of chemokines (MCP-1 and RANTES) in asthmatic patients infected by viruses, bacteria or bacteria and viruses (mixed) than in non-asthmatic patients were observed. In general, viral and mixed infections were better cytokine/chemokine inducers than bacterial infection. Cytokine/chemokine expression was similarly increased in both asthmatic and non-asthmatic patients with pneumonia or bronchitis, except that RANTES remained at normal levels in bronchitis. Circulating cytokine profiles induced by acute viral, bacterial or mixed lung infection were not related to asthmatic background, except for chemokines that were increased in asthmatic status.

Caracterización de la ingesta de alimentos y nutrientes en adultos mayores chilenos / Characterization of food intake and nutrient in elderly chilean adults

Introduction: The elderly population is a constantly growing demographic group in Chile and worldwide. It represents a group of high nutritional risk, given the health complications that occur. Objective: To describe the quantity and quality of nutrients, and the main food consumed by elderly, older and younger than 80 years. Subjects and methods: 514 autonomous elderly men and women, living in Santiago, Chile participated in the study. Food intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. About 338 foods were collected, and the contribution of macro and micronutrients by food groupwas calculated. Comparisons were made on the average intake between older and younger than 80 years. Results: No significant differences in macro and micronutrient intake among women, older and younger than 80 years were found. Differences in the intake by age in the men group was found, for calories, carbohydrates, fiber, iron, thiamin, niacin, folate, pantothenic acid, copper, magnesium, and selenium (p<0.05). Bread is an important contributor of folic acid and B vitamins. Dairy contributed the greatest amount of B12. Most iron was provided by bread and cereals. Calcium provided by dairy and breads. Conclusions: The traditional foods in the Chilean diet, such asbread, contribute significantly to the intake of nutrients. It would be important to thoroughly analyze the reasons why differencesin consumption where found in men, older and younger than 80 years, to improve nutrient intake in this population at risk.

Introducción: La población de adultos mayores (AM) es un grupo demográfico en constante crecimiento, en Chile y a nivel mundial. Representa un grupo de alto riesgo nutricional, dadas las complicaciones en la salud que presentan. Objetivo: Describir la cantidad y calidad de nutrientes, y los principales alimentos consumidos por adultos mayores (AM), y menores de 80 años. Sujetos y métodos: Se evaluó mediante un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentosla ingesta detallada de alimentos, de 514 AM sanos de ambos sexos, autónomos de la ciudad de Santiago. Se recolectó información sobre 338 alimentos, y calculó el aporte de macro y micronutrientes por grupo de alimentos. Se realizaron comparaciones en los promedios de ingesta entre mayores y menores de 80 años. Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias significativas en el consumo de macro y micronutrientes entre mujeres mayores y menores de 80 años. Se encontraron diferencias en hombres según grupo de edad, para calorías, carbohidratos, fibra, hierro, tiamina, niacina, folatos, ácido pantoténico, cobre, magnesio, y selenio (p<0,05). El pan es un importante aportador de ácido fólico y de vitaminas del complejo B. Los lácteos aportaron la mayor cantidad de B12. La mayor cantidad de hierro fue aportada por pan y cereales. El calcio fue aportado por lácteos y panes. Conclusiones: Los alimentos tradicionales en la dieta chilena como el pan contribuyen de forma importante a la ingesta de nutrientes. Sería importante analizar exhaustivamente las causas por las cuales existen diferencias en el consumo en hombres mayores y menores de 80 años, para mejorar la ingesta de nutrientes en esta población en riesgo.

Predominance of Clostridium difficile ribotypes 012, 027 and 046 in a university hospital in Chile, 2012.

In a 1-year survey at a university hospital we found that 20·6% (81/392) of patients with antibiotic associated diarrohea where positive for C. difficile. The most common PCR ribotypes were 012 (14·8%), 027 (12·3%), 046 (12·3%) and 014/020 (9·9). The incidence rate was 2·6 cases of C. difficile infection for every 1000 outpatients.

Utilidad de la proteína morfogenética en el tratamiento de la seudoartrosis congénita de la tibia / Utility of morphogenetic protein for the treatment of congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia

Objetivo: Reportar la capacidad de la proteína morfogenética de lograr la consolidación ósea en pacientes con seudoartrosis congénita de tibia. Pacientes y métodos: Se realizó en tres pacientes con diagnóstico de seudoartrosis congénita de tibia, se hizo seguimiento durante seis meses a cada uno observando la consolidación y capacidad funcional de la extremidad. Resultados: Se logró consolidación en todos los casos presentándose ésta a los tres meses y medio en promedio. Conclusiones: La proteína morfogenética tiene utilidad como coadyuvante para conseguir la regeneración y consolidación ósea en pacientes con seudoartrosis congénita de tibia.

Objective: To report the ability of bone morphogenetic protein to achieve bone healing in patients with congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia. Patients and methods: Three patients with a diagnosis of congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia were followed-up for six months. Bone healing and functional capacity of the limb were observed. Results: Bone healing occurred in all cases at a mean of three and half months of treatment. Conclusions: Morphogenetic protein is useful as an adjuvant to achieve bone regeneration and healing in patients with congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia.

Turnover and release of P-, N-, Si-nutrients in the Mexicali Valley (Mexico): interactions between the lower Colorado River and adjacent ground- and surface water systems.

A study on dissolved nitrate, ammonium, phosphate and silicate concentrations was carried out in various water compartments (rivers, drains, channels, springs, wetland, groundwater, tidal floodplains and ocean water) in the Mexicali Valley and the Colorado River delta between 2012 and 2013, to assess modern potential nutrient sources into the marine system after river damming. While nitrate and silicate appear to have a significant input into the coastal ocean, phosphate is rapidly transformed into a particulate phase. Nitrate is, in general, rapidly bio-consumed in the surface waters rich in micro algae, but its excess (up to 2.02 mg L(-1) of N from NO3 in winter) in the Santa Clara Wetland represents a potential average annual source to the coast of 59.4×10(3)kg N-NO3. Despite such localized inputs, continuous regional groundwater flow does not appear to be a source of nitrate to the estuary and coastal ocean. Silicate is associated with groundwaters that are also geothermally influenced. A silicate receiving agricultural drain adjacent to the tidal floodplain had maximum silicate concentrations of 16.1 mg L(-1) Si-SiO2. Seepage of drain water and/or mixing with seawater during high spring tides represents a potential source of dissolved silicate and nitrate into the Gulf of California.

[Utility of morphogenetic protein for the treatment of congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia]. / Utilidad de la proteína morfogenética en el tratamiento de la seudoartrosis congénita de la tibia.

OBJECTIVE: To report the ability of bone morphogenetic protein to achieve bone healing in patients with congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three patients with a diagnosis of congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia were followed-up for six months. Bone healing and functional capacity of the limb were observed. RESULTS: Bone healing occurred in all cases at a mean of three and half months of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Morphogenetic protein is useful as an adjuvant to achieve bone regeneration and healing in patients with congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia.

Impacto de una intervención en alimentación y nutrición en escolares / Impact of food and nutrition intervention on students in Santiago

Introducción: Las intervenciones a nivel escolar constituyen una de las estrategias más importantes para enfrentar la obesidad en la población infantil. Objetivo: Determinar los cambios en los patrones de alimentación y estado nutricional en una intervención de 2 años de duración en alimentación saludable y actividad física en escolares. Sujetos y Método: Se intervinieron durante 2 años a 2.527 estudiantes de primero a cuarto básico de escuelas básicas de las comunas de Santiago Centro, Estación Central y Peñalolén, en Alimentación-Nutrición y Actividad física. A cada apoderado se le realizó una Encuesta de Frecuencia de Alimentos y a los escolares una evaluación antropométrica al inicio y final de la intervención. Resultados: De 2.527 estudiantes intervenidos finalizaron 1.453. La prevalencia de obesidad disminuyó de un 23,4 a 20,1%. Los escolares obesos incrementaron de forma significativa el consumo de frutas (p < 0,05), pescado (p < 0,01) y leguminosas (p < 0,05) y redujeron el consumo de bebidas gaseosas (p < 0,01) y pasteles/ dulces/chocolates (p < 0,01). Conclusión: Los resultados de este estudio demuestran que la intervención en los colegios en alimentación saludable y actividad física, puede mejorar el estado nutricional en escolares con sobrepeso y obesidad e incrementar el consumo de alimentos saludables.

Introduction: School interventions are one of the most important strategies to combat obesity in children. Objective: To determine changes in eating patterns and nutritional status after an intervention of two years long that promoted healthy eating and physical activity in school children. Subjects and Method: 2,527 students, between first and fourth grade, were intervened for two years in the districts of Santiago Centro, Estacion Central and Peñalolen regarding Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity. Each parent underwent a Food Frequency Survey and the students were anthropometrically assessed at the beginning and at the end of the intervention. Results: 1,453 out of 2,527 completed the whole process. The prevalence of obesity decreased from 23.4 to 20.1%. Obese schoolchildren significantly increased fruit consumption (p < 0.05), fish (p < 0.01) and legumes ( p < 0.05 ) and reduced the consumption of soft drinks (p < 0.01) and cakes/candy/chocolates (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that interventions in schools on healthy eating and physical activity can improve the nutritional status of obese and overweighed children and increase healthy food consumption.

Comparación del consumo de vitaminas y minerales en adultos mayores chilenos según estado nutricional / Nutrient intake of Chilean older people according to body mass index

Background: An adequate consumption of micro and macro nutrients is essential to maintain an adequate health among older people. Aim: To compare the consumption of micro- and macronutrients in older people from three Chilean cities, according to their nutritional status. Material and Methods: Body mass index (BMI) was assessed and a food consumption tendency survey was applied to 976 non-disabled older people, living in the community. Thinness was defined as a BMI < 23 kg/m². Results: Twenty percent of females and 17% of males had a BMI < 23 kg/m². Participants with a higher BMI had a greater intake of micro- and macronutrients. In females, micronutrient intake was adequate among those with higher BMI, although mean intake of calcium and vitamin B-12 were below recommendations. In males, iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium, vitamin A, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and pantothenic acid intake were below recommendation. Conclusions: Thin older adults, regardless of sex, had a lower intake of calories and micro- and macronutrients. Additionally, an overall low consumption of zinc, calcium, magnesium and vitamin B12 was detected.

Asociación entre calidad de vida y cantidad de sueño en adultos mayores de la Región Metropolitana y Región de Valparaíso, Chile / Association of quality of life perception with sleeping patterns in Chilean older people

Background: An adequate sleeping pattern recovers physical and mental wellbeing and improves mood. Aim: To determine the association between quality of life and quantity of sleep in older people living in Santiago and Viña del Mar, Chile. Material and Methods: The Spanish versions of the Health Promoting Lifestyles survey and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were answered by 975 non-disabled participants aged 70.7 ± 7.4 years (61% females). Results: Older adults who slept < 7.0 or > 8.5 hours (h) per night were at higher risk of having lower quality of life scores for all sub-domains, compared with those that slept 7.0 to 8.5 h per night. Conclusions: A normal sleep pattern in older adults is associated with a better quality of life perception.

Hábitos alimentarios y condición física en estudiantes de pedagogía en educación física / Eating habits and physical condition of physical education students

Objective: To determinate dietary habits and physical condition of physical activity students from the Autonomous University of Chile, Temuco, relating these to their fitness level. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted among 239 students (76.5 % males). Assessment included a food questionnaire, anthropometric measurements and physical condition. Results: In a sample of 239 students, 35.6% of them were overweight or obese as well as having unhealthy dietary habits independent of the academic year at university. Only 4.7 % of the students used the national recommendations for fruit intake and only 30% ate breakfast daily. In men weight, waist circumference and BMI were negatively associated with the Nvette Course test (R = -0.203, R= -0.249 and R= -0.196, p<0.01 respectively). Conclusion: Physical activity education students have poor dietary habits throughout the university academic years while their fitness decreases irregularly as studies progress. This is a major concern since they will become healthy life style role models for their future students.

Objetivo: Determinar los hábitos alimentarios y condición física de los estudiantes de pedagogía en educación física de la Universidad Autónoma de Chile, sede Temuco y relacionarlos con el nivel de condición física. Sujetos y métodos: Estudio transversal observacional, se evaluaron 239 estudiantes de educación física, de los cuales 76,5% eran hombres, aplicándoles una encuesta alimentaria, antropometría y evaluación de la condición física. Resultados: El 35,6% de los estudiantes presentaba sobrepeso/obesidad, además tenían malos hábitos alimentarios independientes del año de ingreso. Sólo 4,7% consumía las recomendaciones de frutas y 30% tomaba desayuno todos los días. En hombres el peso, la circunferencia de la cintura e IMC correlacionan negativamente con la prueba de Course navette (R=-0,203; R=-0,249; R=-0,196, p<0,01 respectivamente). Conclusión: Los estudiantes universitarios presentan malos hábitos alimentarios durante toda la carrera universitaria, mientras que su condición física disminuye de manera irregular a medida que avanzan los estudios, situación preocupante ya que ellos se transformaran en modelos de estilos de vida saludable especialmente a nivel escolar.