RESUMO
Alpha-phellandrene is a very common cyclic monoterpene found in several EOs, which shows extensive biological activities. Therefore, the main focus of the present systematic review was to provide a comprehensive and critical analysis of the state of the art regarding its biological activities and pharmaceutical and food applications. In addition, the study identified essential oils rich in alpha-phellandrene and summarized their main biological activities as a preliminary screening to encourage subsequent studies on their single components. With this review, we selected and critically analyzed 99 papers, using the following bibliographic databases: PubMed, SciELO, Wiley and WOS, on 8 July 2022. Data were independently extracted by four authors of this work, selecting those studies which reported the keyword "alpha-phellandrene" in the title and/or the abstract, and avoiding those in which there was not a clear correlation between the molecule and its biological activities and/or a specific concentration from its source. Duplication data were removed in the final article. Many essential oils have significant amounts of alpha-phellandrene, and the species Anethum graveolens and Foeniculum vulgare are frequently cited. Some studies on the above-mentioned species show high alpha-phellandrene amounts up to 82.1%. There were 12 studies on alpha-phellandrene as a pure molecule showed promising biological functions, including antitumoral, antinociceptive, larvicidal and insecticidal activities. There were 87 research works on EOs rich in alpha-phellandrene, which were summarized with a focus on additional data concerning potential biological activities. We believe this data is a useful starting point to start new research on the pure molecule, and, in particular, to distinguish between the synergistic effects of the different components of the OEs and those due to alpha-phellandrene itself. Toxicological data are still lacking, requiring further investigation on the threshold values to distinguish the boundary between beneficial and toxic effects, i.e., mutagenic, carcinogenic and allergenic. All these findings offer inspiration for potential applications of alpha-phellandrene as a new biopesticide, antimicrobial and antitumoral agent. In particular, we believe our work is of interest as a starting point for further studies on the food application of alpha-phellandrene.
RESUMO
Several studies have assessed the potential of essential oils as substitutes for synthetic pesticides, in order to counter insect resistance to commercial pesticides. Piper aduncum L. is a very common shrub in the Amazon Rainforest and in other subtropical areas. The objective of this review was to analyse the existing information on P. aduncum essential oil as a raw material for new bioproducts for sustainable pest disease management. With this review, we collected and critically analysed 59 papers, representing all the studies that aimed to evaluate the essential oil properties of this species as an insecticide, acaricide and antiparasitic. The chemical composition differs depending on the origin, although phenylpropanoid dillapiole is the most cited component, followed by myristicin, 1,8-cineole and ß-ocimene. Between the acaricidal, antiparasitic and synergistic activities, the insecticidal effects are highly promising, with optimal results against the malaria vector Aedes aegypti, with an LC50 that ranges between 57 and 200µg/mL. Acaricidal activity has mainly been reported against Tetranychus urticae, showing an LC50 that ranges between 5.83 and 7.17µg/mL. Antiparasitic activity has predominately been found on Leishmania amazonensis, and antipromastigote activity has been found to be between 23.8 and 25.9µg/mL. Concerning the synergistic effect between dillapiole and synthetic insecticides, four studies on Spodoptera frugiperda found promising results with cypermethrin. In this review, we highlighted the potential of P. aduncum essential oil as a biopesticide, also focusing on the lack of information about applied research. We also provide suggestions for future investigations.
TITLE: L'huile essentielle de Piper aduncum: un insecticide, acaricide et antiparasitaire prometteur. Une synthèse. ABSTRACT: Plusieurs études ont abordé le potentiel des huiles essentielles comme substitut aux pesticides de synthèse, afin de lutter contre la résistance des insectes aux pesticides commerciaux. Piper aduncum L. est un arbuste très commun dans la forêt amazonienne et dans d'autres zones subtropicales. L'objectif de ce travail est d'analyser les informations existantes sur l'huile essentielle de P. aduncum comme matière première de nouveaux bioproduits pour une gestion durable des maladies nuisibles. Dans cette synthèse, nous avons collecté et analysé de manière critique 59 articles, représentant toutes les études qui visaient à prouver les propriétés des huiles essentielles de cette espèce en tant qu'insecticide, acaricide et antiparasitaire. La composition chimique diffère selon la provenance, bien que le phénylpropanoïde dillapiole soit le composant le plus cité, suivi de la myristicine, du 1,8-cinéole et du ß-ocimène. À côté des activités acaricide, antiparasitaire et de synergie avec les autres composants, les effets insecticides sont les plus prometteurs, avec des résultats optimaux contre le vecteur du paludisme Aedes aegypti, avec une CL50 comprise entre 57 et 200µg/mL. Une activité acaricide a été principalement rapportée contre Tetranychus urticae avec une CL50 comprise entre 5,83 et 7,17µg/mL. L'activité antiparasitaire a été montrée principalement sur Leishmania amazonensis et l'activité antipromastigote s'est avérée être comprise entre 23,8 et 25,9µg/mL. Concernant l'effet synergique entre le dillapiole et les insecticides synthétiques, quatre études sur Spodoptera frugiperda ont mis l'accent sur des résultats prometteurs avec la cyperméthrine. Avec cette étude, nous avons mis en évidence le potentiel de l'huile essentielle de P. aduncum en tant que biopesticide, en insistant sur le manque d'informations de la recherche appliquée et sur certaines propositions pour de futures recherches.
