RESUMO
Mature grapevine berries at the harvesting stage (MB) are very susceptible to the gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea, while veraison berries (VB) are not. We conducted simultaneous microscopic and transcriptomic analyses of the pathogen and the host to investigate the infection process developed by B. cinerea on MB versus VB, and the plant defense mechanisms deployed to stop the fungus spreading. On the pathogen side, our genome-wide transcriptomic data revealed that B. cinerea genes upregulated during infection of MB are enriched in functional categories related to necrotrophy, such as degradation of the plant cell wall, proteolysis, membrane transport, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and detoxification. Quantitative-polymerase chain reaction on a set of representative genes related to virulence and microscopic observations further demonstrated that the infection is also initiated on VB but is stopped at the penetration stage. On the plant side, genome-wide transcriptomic analysis and metabolic data revealed a defense pathway switch during berry ripening. In response to B. cinerea inoculation, VB activated a burst of ROS, the salicylate-dependent defense pathway, the synthesis of the resveratrol phytoalexin, and cell-wall strengthening. On the contrary, in infected MB, the jasmonate-dependent pathway was activated, which did not stop the fungal necrotrophic process.
Assuntos
Botrytis/genética , Resistência à Doença/genética , Frutas/genética , Doenças das Plantas/genética , Vitis/genética , Botrytis/patogenicidade , Parede Celular/genética , Parede Celular/metabolismo , Parede Celular/microbiologia , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Frutas/microbiologia , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Regulação Fúngica da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Ontologia Genética , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/genética , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Oxilipinas/metabolismo , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Resveratrol , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Salicilatos/metabolismo , Sesquiterpenos/metabolismo , Estilbenos/metabolismo , Virulência/genética , Vitis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Vitis/microbiologia , FitoalexinasRESUMO
Search for new biomarkers able to improve patient diagnosis has become a real challenge in the era of personalized medicine. Considering that early detection of cancer greatly increases the chances for successful treatment, the identification of accurate biomarkers is essential. In addition, the possibility to optimize patients' care and follow-up using "companion" diagnostic tests is emerging under the term of theranostics and should become a key step in future therapeutics. Since their discovery in serum and their close associations with pathological conditions, miRNA found in biological fluids represent a new promising class of potential biomarkers. First identified in cancer patients, possible applications are very broad and address the vast majority of human diseases. This review focuses on recent advances in our knowledge of circulating miRNA. Their production in cells, export in extra-cellular environment and presumed physiological functions are addressed. The review also emphasizes their potential applications in clinics as biomarkers or therapeutic agents.
