Artificial intelligence in healthcare: a mastery.

There is a vast development of artificial intelligence (AI) in recent years. Computational technology, digitized data collection and enormous advancement in this field have allowed AI applications to penetrate the core human area of specialization. In this review article, we describe current progress achieved in the AI field highlighting constraints on smooth development in the field of medical AI sector, with discussion of its implementation in healthcare from a commercial, regulatory and sociological standpoint. Utilizing sizable multidimensional biological datasets that contain individual heterogeneity in genomes, functionality and milieu, precision medicine strives to create and optimize approaches for diagnosis, treatment methods and assessment. With the arise of complexity and expansion of data in the health-care industry, AI can be applied more frequently. The main application categories include indications for diagnosis and therapy, patient involvement and commitment and administrative tasks. There has recently been a sharp rise in interest in medical AI applications due to developments in AI software and technology, particularly in deep learning algorithms and in artificial neural network (ANN). In this overview, we enlisted the major categories of issues that AI systems are ideally equipped to resolve followed by clinical diagnostic tasks. It also includes a discussion of the future potential of AI, particularly for risk prediction in complex diseases, and the difficulties, constraints and biases that must be meticulously addressed for the effective delivery of AI in the health-care sector.

Single long midline incision versus two small incision techniques in treatment of Schatzker type V and type VI tibial plateau fractures--a comparative study.

Tibial plateau fractures had been treated with single long midline incision technique traditionally. But recently two-incision technique is becoming popular Tibial plateau fractures are generally classified according to the method developed by Schatzker. Schatzker types V and VI fractures are high-energy fractures often accompanied by other injuries and complications, such as postoperative inflammation, wound problems and infections. It was a prospective randomised study where 56 patients with Schatzker types V and VI were included in the study group. Alternatively all were allocated in the two groups ie, two small incision and one midline incision. Two incision was better than single midline incision in terms of posteromedial collapse, postoperative infection, skin necrosis. Operative fixation of complex fractures of the tibial plateau remains quite difficult and is associated with postoperative functional limitations in a large percentage of patients. Dual plating through an anterolateral and posteromedial approach is recommended in fractures complicated by a significantly displaced posteromedial fragment or depression of the medial articular surface.

Management of pathological fracture in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.

Primary hyperparathyroidism due to parathyroid adenoma is sporadic in nature and seldom symptomatic. Patients usually present with pathological fractures. The objective of this study was to diagnose primary hyperparathyroidism in patients presenting with pathological neck of femur fractures, detection of the adenoma or ectopic tissue, removal of the tissue, and treatment of the fracture. All patients presenting with pathological fracture neck of femur, with clinical features suggestive of hyperparathyroidism were investigated for blood calcium, alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone. If found to be raised patients underwent nuclear scan for detection of primary hyperparathyroidism. Primary hyperparathyroidism (usually parathyroid adenoma) when found was excised. After 2 weeks fixation of fracture was done. Follow-up at 6 weeks, 12 weeks, 6 months, 1 year were done. Time to radiological union, functional assessment and other systemic complaints were noted. Nine patients were included in the study as they presented with pathological fracture due to hyperparathyroidism. All except 1 were due to parathyroid adenoma. Excision of the tumour with early fracture fixation lead to quick rehabilitation of the patient. All fractures united. Hyperparathyroidism is asymptomatic in many patients, and may present only with a fracture. Orthopaedicians should keep this possibility in mind while diagnosing these cases, failure to which may result in disastrous complications.