[Statistics on oncological urologic diseases in Russia]. / Statistika onkourologicheskikh zabolevanii v Rossii.

Incidence rate of male urogenital cancer has increased for 1975-1993 by 138.7% reaching 27,700. The disease-specific trends in prevalence, morbidity and mortality are outlined. The rise in urogenital cancer incidence is attributed to higher risk to develop the disease rather than to growing percentage of the elderly among overall population. Mean lifespan of Russian population due to urological cancer mortality is cut by 2 months. Fatal cases live by 11-19 years less than healthy subjects. Economical losses because of deaths of urological cancer make up 187.3 million rubles in 1990 prices.

[Indicators of the state and effectiveness of cancer control in Russia]. / Pokazateli sostoianiia i éffektivnosti protivorakovoi bor'by v Rossii.

The paper analyses mortality rates due to malignant neoplasms and resultant socioeconomic losses, the risk of having and dying of these diseases throughout the coming life, the average longevity among cancer patients. These summarized indicators are considered by the authors as criteria for planning, managing, and implementing anticancer measures in the community.

[Statistics and prehospital diagnosis of malignant neoplasms of upper respiratory tract in Russia]. / Statistika i dogospitalnaia diagnostika zlokachestvennykh novoobrazovanii verkhnikh dykhatelnykh putei v Rossii.

In 1990 in Russia there were 12,264 newly diagnosed cases of upper respiratory tract cancer and 7562 relevant lethal cases. The authors provide data on such cancer incidence rate by site, groups of population, sex, age, type of tumor. Standardized incidence and mortality rates for various regions of Russia are indicative of the trend to the rates increase and relevant economic losses. The emphasis is on late diagnosis of ENT cancer, as 70-85% of the patients start anticancer treatment in advanced stages of the disease. This shows unsatisfactory situation in prehospital diagnosis of such tumors, numerous cases of misdiagnosis. The authors express their concern about poor oncological qualification of the practicing ENT specialists and urge improvements in current system of otorhinolaryngological training, performance of updated prophylactic and diagnostic measures.

[Combined treatment of stage III laryngeal cancer with different schedules of radiotherapy and surgery. Evaluation of preventive methods of the treatment of regional areas (cooperative randomized study)]. / Kombinirovannoe lechenie raka gortani III stadii s razlichnoi posledovatel'nost'iu oblucheniia i operatsii. Otsenka preventivnykh metodov vozdeistviia na regionarnye zony (po materialam kooperirovannogo randimizirovannogo issledovaniia).

In 1980-1987, a cooperative randomized study of 363 patients with stage III laryngeal cancer (T1-3N0-1M0) was carried out. In 249 patients tumor was located in the vestibular space and in 114 in the vocal cord area; 78.5% of the patients had no regional metastases (N0) and 21.5% had metastases (N1). Combined therapy was applied to 251 patients, 135 of which were first exposed to radiotherapy and then to surgery and 116 were first exposed to surgery and then radiotherapy. In 71 patients, regional zones underwent preventive treatment (in 24 patients elective radiotherapy and in 47 preventive removal of the cervical fat were used). In 112 patients, the therapeutic protocol was modified due to different reasons (69 patients underwent only surgery and 43 radical radiotherapy). The therapeutic results were assessed in terms of three parameters: incidence of relapses and regional metastases, relapse-free time, and survival. This approach revealed no significant differences in the efficacy of the different protocols of the combined treatment. The 5-year survival rate of the patients with vestibular and cord space tumor was 77.9% and 80.7% respectively, when treated according to the radiotherapy + surgery protocol, and 82.8% and 89.2%, respectively, when treated according to the surgery + radiotherapy protocol. Comparison of preventive approaches showed that the 5-year survival rate increased by 92% as a result of removal of the subcutaneous fat from the neck area.

[Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of radiotherapy, surgery and combined treatment of stage I-II laryngeal cancer (T1-2NoMo) based on the data of a cooperative randomized study]. / Sravnitel'naia otsenka éffektivnosti luchevogo, khirurgicheskogo i kompleksnogo lecheniia raka gortani I-II stadii (T1-2NoMo) po materialam kooperirovannogo randomizirovannogo issledovaniia.

During 1979-1987 269 patients with laryngeal cancer stage I-II were included into a cooperative randomized study: 111 patients had T1 and 158 patients, T2 tumor; 13% of patients showed cancer of the vestibular cord and 87% of them of the true vocal cord. 76 patients underwent surgery, 129 patients--radiotherapy, and 64 patients received combined treatment, i.e. radio- and chemotherapy (prospidine). The rate of relapses and regional metastases was 11.8 +/- 3.7% and 2.6 +/- 1.8% after surgery, 21.4 +/- 3.8% and 1.6 +/- 1.1% after radiotherapy, and 23.4 +/- 5.3% and 6.3 +/- 3.0% after combined treatment. In terms of the recurrence-free time surgical intervention showed the highest efficacy. With respect to the 5-year survival, measured in the above patients plus 42 patients operated on because of relapses and regional metastases, surgery of vocal cord cancer was effective in 100% in case of stage I, 97.4% in case of stage II; radiotherapy was effective in 91.7% in case of stage I, 88.8% in case of stage II, and combined treatment was effective in 100% in case of stage I and 70.3% in case of stage II; surgery of vestibular cord cancer stage II was effective in 100%, combined treatment in 88.9%, and radiotherapy in 68.6%. When vocal cord cancer involves the anterior commissure, ventricle, and space, preference should be given to surgery because relapses after radiotherapy were seen in 38-42%. Combined radio- and chemotherapy did not reduce the recurrence rate and therefore cannot be recommended for practical purposes.

[The statistics on malignant neoplasms of the urinary and male genital organs in 1987 in the USSR]. / Statistika zlokachestvennykh novoobrazovanii mochevykh i muzhskikh polovykh organov v 1987 g. v SSSR.

The USSR statistics on malignant neoplastic diseases of the urinary system and male sexual organs which comprised 5.7 per cent in the total mortality was presented for the first time. More than a 50 per cent increment in the death rate from these tumors was documented between 1975 and 1987. Annually, prostatic carcinoma is diagnosed in almost 10 thousand patients and cancer of the urinary bladder in 15 thousand patients. Maximal prevalence of the disease has been recorded in the Baltic republics, the Ukraine and Byelorussia. The detection rate of the aforementioned diseases, Stages I-II, is about 40 per cent. The estimate revealed that the total number of the registered oncological patients was 100 thousand persons. The problems in organization of the oncological care system, material and technical supplies and professional training should be considered.

[Methods of component analysis of the dynamics of the incidence of chronic non-infectious diseases]. / Metodika komponentnogo analiza dinamiki zabolevaemosti khroniche- skimi neinfektsionnymi zabolevaniiami.

Proceeding from the example of lung cancer the technique of component analysis is provided while studying the dynamics of absolute numbers of newly identified patients and indicators of incidence of chronic noncommunicable diseases.

Smoking patterns in the USSR.

Smoking is widespread in the USSR. The prevalence of smoking among males ranges from 35-80%, although some of the very high rates may be the result of surveying selected population groups. Smoking appears to be more frequent among young people, and the proportion of adolescent smokers is high. There are reported to be fewer women smokers (about 10%) than in most countries of Europe and North America. The per capita production of smoking materials (cigarettes and papyrossi) increased substantially during the post-war period, reached its maximum in the year 1971, and decreased thereafter. The highest per capita sales of smoking materials were reported in the years 1976-1980, and they have declined slightly since. Presently, 70% of the smoking materials produced in the USSR are cigarettes. The proportion of filter cigarettes has increased from 1.1% in 1963 to 30% in 1982. However, about 90% of cigarettes produced in the USSR still fall within the category of high-tar cigarettes (20 mg/cigarette and over). To avoid a continuation of the increase in the frequency of smoking and, consequently, an increase in mortality from lung cancer and other diseases caused by smoking, serious consideration should be given to a wide range of smoking control measures.