Patterns in anticoagulant utilization in the Czech Republic during 2007-2017.

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have gradually entered the Czech market as alternatives to vitamin K antagonists and parenteral anticoagulants since 2008. Considering the eventual changes, the aim was to evaluate drug use and expenditure patterns on anticoagulants in the Czech Republic. A retrospective utilization study was conducted retrieving data from the State Institute for Drug Control database, including reports on drug supplies from distributors with anatomical therapeutic chemical classification (ATC) codes B01AA, B01AB, B01AE, B01AF, and B01AX. The utilization on national level was expressed as the ratio of the number of defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day (DDD/TID). Expenditures on all anticoagulants were also assessed. Data was analyzed using PASW (version 18.0). Between January 2007 and December 2017, the national anticoagulant utilization rate increased continuously from 14.15 to 27.67 DDD/TID. The use of DOACs was 0.002 DDD/TID in 2008, increased to 6.04 DDD/TID in 2017. Warfarin utilization, after a small decrease in 2008, has shown nearly stable levels in the recent years (70.9% of all anticoagulants; mean 11.55 DDD/TID over the last 5 years), while its increase was halted by the spread of DOACs utilization (p < 0.05). In 2017, over half of the expenditures (51.1%) were due to oral anticoagulants, whereof 47.6% was related to DOACs. The results reflected a growing utilization and increasing costs of all anticoagulants, especially in DOACs at the expense of warfarin. Still, additional information regarding patient persistence and prescribing patterns is needed for a better understanding of oral anticoagulant utilization.

Alkaloids and Phenolics of Colchicum cilicicum1,2.

The distributions of the alkaloids colchicine, 2-demethylcolchicine, 3-demethylcolchicine, demecolcine, 2-demethyldemecolcine, and 3-demethyldemecolcine in the corms, stems, leaves, flowers, and seeds of COLCHICUM CILICICUM were analysed by HPLC. In addition, the alkaloids cornigerine, N-formyl- N-deacetylcolchicine, N-methyl-demecolcine, beta-lumicolchicine, gamma-lumicolchicine, beta-lumidemecolcine, gamma-lumidemecolcine, and N-ethoxycarbonyldemecolcine were identified, the last named being reported for the first time from a COLCHICUM species. The flavones luteolin and apigenin were isolated and benzoic, 2-hydroxy-6-methoxybenzoic, and vanillic acids were also detected.