Anatomical outcome of laser treatment alone in aggressive retinopathy of prematurity.

PURPOSE: The purpose is to study the anatomical outcome of eyes in aggressive retinopathy of prematurity (AROP), treated with laser photocoagulation alone and to evaluate factors affecting outcomes. METHODS: Records of consecutive babies diagnosed with AROP, undergoing laser photocoagulation treatment in rural tertiary care centers from October 2016 to January 2021 were reviewed retrospectively. Anatomical outcome at 6 months follow-up was grouped as good in eyes with complete regression and poor in those who developed retinal detachment (stage IV a, IV b, and V). Both groups were compared with respect to the period of gestation, birth weight (BW), age at screening, age at treatment, zone of disease, presence of retinal fibrovascular proliferation (FVP), tunica vasculosa lentis, preretinal bleed, need for supplement laser, and associated systemic risk factors. RESULTS: Of the total of 2468 babies screened, 124 (5.02%) were diagnosed with severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), of which 54 (43.5%) lasered AROP babies were analyzed. Mean BW and gestation period of the AROP cohort were 1.43 kg and 31.1 weeks, respectively. Eighty-six eyes (79.6%) had good outcomes with laser photocoagulation alone. Posterior location of disease, presence of FVP, neonatal sepsis, shock, and late screening for ROP were found to be factors associated with poor outcomes. CONCLUSION: Adequate and timely treatment with laser photocoagulation in AROP can achieve good treatment outcomes in a significant proportion of babies. Although a combined approach using laser, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor and early vitrectomy is better, laser remains a viable treatment option in AROP, especially with limited resources and high risk of loss to follow-up.

Recurrent tracheo-esophageal fistula- management challenges: Case report and review of current literature.

Recurrent tracheoesophageal fistula is a rare complication of esophageal atresia surgery with an incidence of 3-15%. The presentation is subtle and is often missed, presenting as choking episodes during feed and recurrent chest infections. It is both a diagnostic and management challenge and requires a dedicated multidisciplinary pediatric surgical setup with adequate infrastructure for optimal management. We present a case of recurrent tracheoesophageal fistula which was diagnosed at our center. The patient underwent successful surgical management and is thriving well at six months follow-up period.

Emergence of Japanese encephalitis in eastern parts of Madhya Pradesh, India.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Emerging zoonotic and vector-borne diseases are posing new challenges to public health authorities. Morbidities and mortalities due to acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) is a serious health problem in paediatric patients. We conducted serological investigations on AES cases from six districts of north eastern Madhya Pradesh (MP), India for Japanese encephalitis (JE). METHODS: The paired serum and CSF samples were collected from paediatric patients having signs and symptoms of encephalitis and admitted at a tertiary care hospital during the study period from August 2020 to October 2021. Demographic and clinical information was collected in predesigned formats. Serum and CSF were subjected to JE IgM specific ELISA. RESULTS: Samples from 110 patients were collected during the study period of which 28 (25.4%) were reactive for JE IgM antibodies. JE IgM positivity was marginally higher in male children (26.6%) as compared to female children (22.8%). Out of 28 positive cases, 11 (39.2%) deaths were attributed to JE. Four districts of north eastern Madhya Pradesh showed JE activity. Maximum cases were observed in post-monsoon season. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Our results show that JEV is an emerging threat in eastern central India and health authorities need to be vigilant. A systematic molecular and serological survey among humans and animals along with xenomonitoring will help in understanding intricacies of JE epidemiology in the region.

Functionalized nanoparticles: Tailoring properties through surface energetics and coordination chemistry for advanced biomedical applications.

Significant advances in nanoparticle-related research have been made in the past decade, and amelioration of properties is considered of utmost importance for improving nanoparticle bioavailability, specificity, and catalytic performance. Nanoparticle properties can be tuned through in-synthesis and post-synthesis functionalization operations, with thermodynamic and kinetic parameters playing a crucial role. In spite of robust functionalization techniques based on surface chemistry, scalable technologies have not been explored well. The coordination enhancement via surface functionalization through organic/inorganic/biomolecules material has attracted much attention with morphology modification and shape tuning, which are indispensable aspects in the colloidal phase during biomedical applications. It is envisioned that surface amelioration influences the anchoring properties of nano interfaces for the immobilization of functional groups and biomolecules. In this work, various nanostructure and anchoring methodologies have been discussed, aiming to exploit their full potential in precision engineering applications. Simultaneous discussions on emerging characterization strategies for functionalized assemblies have been made to gain insights into functionalization chemistry. An overview of current advances and prospects of functionalized nanoparticles has been presented, with an emphasis on controllable attributes such as size, shape, morphology, functionality, surface features, Debye and Casimir interactions.

Common Inflammatory Markers and Outcome After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery With High Thoracic Epidural Anesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Study.

Background: High thoracic epidural analgesia (HTEA) plays a pivotal role in reducing stress and neuroendocrine response in cardiac surgeries. Aim: The primary objective is to assess the effect of HTEA, in pediatric cardiac surgery, on inflammatory markers (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α). The secondary objectives are to assess its effect on various organ systems, that is, pulmonary (PaO2, P/F ratio), renal (Creatinine clearance, somatic near infrared spectroscopy [NIRS], serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin values), cardiac (cardiac index, serum Trop-I, and lactate levels), mechanical ventilation duration, and length of stay in hospital (LOS). Methods: The study included 188 pediatric patients, who underwent, on-pump cardiac surgery randomized into the Epidural Group (n = 92) and Non-Epidural Group (n = 96). After general anesthesia, a 23 G epidural catheter was placed at the T4-5 level with a Bupivacaine infusion while the Non-epidural Group received fentanyl infusion. Blood samples were collected at four-time points, T0(preop), T1(4 h), and on the first and second postoperative days (T2 and T3). Results: The inflammatory markers were reduced, while the outcomes variables of mechanical ventilation (MV) duration had lower values in the epidural group (19.5 h vs 47.3 h, P = .002). LOS was shorter (10.1 days vs 13.3 days, P = .016). pO2, PF ratio, and renal NIRS values were better in the Epidural Gp, while other parameters were comparable. Non-epidural Gp had more complications esp. Acute kidney injury requires RRT. Conclusion: HTEA use in pediatric, on-pump cardiac surgery offers a favorable profile in terms of reduction in the inflammatory markers and positive effect on the organ systems with lesser MV duration and the LOS.

A prospective observational study to correlate lung ultrasound with clinical severity and prognosis score in patients with primary pulmonary pathology on invasive ventilatory support.

Background: Lung ultrasound (LUS) is a known imaging modality employed for monitoring patients in an intensive care unit. This study evaluates, LUS in assessing disease severity and prognosis, by correlating its score with the three commonly used clinical severity scoring systems (CSSS), namely, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II score, and simplified acute physiology score (SAPS) II. Methods: This single-center prospective observational study included 54 adult patients of primary lung disease-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), on invasive ventilation. The primary objective was to correlate LUS score with SOFA score. Secondary objectives were to correlate LUS score with APACHE II and SAPS II scores. LUS score was also correlated with the estimated mortality derived from the above-mentioned scores. A subgroup analysis on COVID-19-positive cases was also carried out. All scores were calculated on the initiation of mechanical ventilation, daily for 7 days or mortality, whichever was earlier. Results: A significant positive correlation (P < 0.001) was found between LUS and all three severity scores, as well as their corresponding estimated mortality percentages, for all days of the study period, in both non-COVID-19 ARDS patients and in COVID-19 patients. The merit of all four scores in differentiating between the survivor and mortality group for the duration of study also showed significant (P < 0.05) to very significant (P < 0.001) results. Conclusion: Point-of-care LUS in conjunction with CSSS is a reliable tool for assessing the severity and progression of primary lung disease.

Contralateral Acute Extradural Hematoma Following Decompressive Craniectomy for Subdural Hematoma Evacuation: A Rare Complication and a Short Literature Review.

Subdural hematoma (SDH) is a common intracranial lesion seen in severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). The development of contralateral delayed extradural hematoma (EDH) after surgery is well described. But limited literature available about immediate contralateral EDH after subdural hematoma (SDH) evacuation. We report a case of a young adult who developed contralateral EDH following decompressive surgery for acute SDH.

Biology of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Skeleton Disease: Osteonecrosis in Sickle Cell Disease Patients.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an autosomal recessive trait of genetic hemoglobin disorder whose prevalence is varied from 5 to 25 % of the world population. It is characterized by the presence of hemoglobin (HbS) instead of normal hemoglobin (HbA). An individual suffering from sickle cell disease is likely to be at risk of osteonecrosis, which is a form of ischemic bone infarction which causes intolerable degenerative joint problems and can affect 30-50% of people with sickle cell disease. The femoral head is the most frequent epiphyseal location in osteonecrosis with sickle cell disease. In this review, the Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-a subfamily of transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) characteristics outlined the osteoblastogenesis potentiality via using combinatorial or advanced treatment approaches. In this review, we aim to describe the Bone morphogenetic proteins' role in Skeleton diseases and discuss the potent osteogenic BMPs (majorly BMP-2, BMP-6, and BMP-7) with therapeutic benefits.

Efficacy of Prophylactic Ketamine, Ondansetron, and Pethidine in Preventing Perioperative Shivering in Patients Undergoing Elective Knee Replacement Surgery Under Spinal Anaesthesia.

OBJECTIVE: Perioperative shivering is a very common complication. Despite the vast array of knowledge regarding perioperative shivering and its after-effects, its prophylaxis is often overlooked. The study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of low-dose ketamine, ondansetron, and pethidine in the prevention of perioperative shivering in patients undergoing total knee replacement surgery under the subarachnoid block. METHODS: In this randomized controlled study, 203 patients aged 18-75 were included and allocated to one of the 4 groups; normal saline (group S), ondansetron 4 mg (group O), ketamine 0.25 mg kg-1 (group K), and pethidine 0.25 mg kg-1 (group P). Side effects, namely hypotension, nausea and vomiting, sedation, hallucinations, and respiratory depression were recorded. RESULTS: Perioperative shivering was present in 22 (44%), 8 (16%), 4 (7.84%), and 4 (7.69%) patients respectively in group S, O, K, and P, which was statistically significant when compared to group S with group K and P (P < .01). No difference in the incidence of hypothermia was observed across the groups (P < .17). A significantly lower incidence of hypotension was observed in group K. In group K, 5.9% of the patients were scored as being under severe sedation, according to the modified Wilson sedation scale. There was no incidence of hallucination or respiratory depression observed in any of the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing total knee replacement surgeries are highly predisposed to the development of hypothermia. Temperature monitoring is thus imperative for all patients. Prophylactic administration of low-dose ketamine or ondansetron or low-dose pethidine produces a significant anti-shivering effect without any significant side effects. However, low-dose ketamine has the advantages of a lower incidence of hypotension, nausea, and vomiting than pethidine.

When Fryn met Edward: Two rare syndromes in a single patient.

A neonate born at our centre was diagnosed as Fryns Syndrome ie congenital diaphragmatic hernia with facial dysmorphism and distal limb anomalies, which is a rare disorder with only a few hundred cases reported till date.With high clinical index of suspicion and further evaluation, the diagnosis was confirmed. The baby was initially stabilized and later underwent repair of the diaphragmatic hernia. Despite best measures, the baby could not be salvaged. When severe, this can be lethal and diagnosis can only be made after autopsy. However, with early suspicion, better modalities of investigations available and improved NICU care, these babies can be salvaged. We report a case of Fryns Syndrome who was incidentally found to have Edward Syndrome as well. Such an extremely rare combination is yet to be reported in medical literature.Also with updated genetic studies, better diagnostics and treatment options coming up in future, there are chances to improve the survivability of these babies. It is prudent to document all such cases to aid in better understanding of the disease process.

Physicochemical characterisation of kafirins extracted from sorghum grain and dried distillers grain with solubles related to their biomaterial functionality.

Kafirin, the hydrophobic prolamin storage protein in sorghum grain is enriched when the grain is used for bioethanol production to give dried distillers grain with solubles (DGGS) as a by-product. There is great interest in DDGS kafirin as a new source for biomaterials. There is however a lack of fundamental understanding of how the physicochemical properties of DDGS kafirin having been exposed to the high temperature conditions during ethanol production, compare to kafirin made directly from the grain. An understanding of these properties is required to catalyse the utilisation of DDGS kafirin for biomaterial applications. The aim of this study was to extract kafirin directly from sorghum grain and from DDGS derived from the same grain and, then perform a comparative investigation of the physicochemical properties of these kafirins in terms of: polypeptide profile by sodium-dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; secondary structure by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction, self-assembly behaviour by small-angle x-ray scattering, surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy and surface chemical properties by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. DDGS kafirin was found to have very similar polypeptide profile as grain kafirin but contained altered secondary structure with increased levels of ß-sheets. The structure morphology showed surface fractals and surface elemental composition suggesting enhanced reactivity with possibility to endow interfacial wettability. These properties of DDGS kafirin may provide it with unique functionality and thus open up opportunities for it to be used as a novel food grade biomaterial.