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BACKGROUND: Lead sulfide nanoparticles were manufactured from lead oxide using a procedure described in the Ayurveda formulary of India, which involved using a quantum of the heat of up to 60 puta, which is officially known as the Shasti puta Naga Bhasma. OBJECTIVE: The study shows sulfurization of nanoparticles decreased their toxicity due to the lower solubility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present work used the arsenic sulfide media and traditional puta for processing and the characterization of the same has been conducted. Different analytical techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-Ray (EDX) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermo-gravimetry analysis (TGA) were used. RESULTS: Powder x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis, and differential thermal analysis all showed that the produced nanoparticles are lead sulfide nanoparticles with a particle size of an average of 84.60 and the crystalline average size of 69.06 nm. CONCLUSION: The rounded, rod, oval, cubic, and circular morphology of the produced lead sulfide nanoparticles can be seen in the SEM image. The stretching and bending functional groups in the sample were alkanes, alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, alkyl carboxylic acids, alkyl alpha, beta-unsaturated, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acid, aliphatic amines, primary amines, secondary amines, alkyl halides, are studied through the FTIR spectrum.
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BACKGROUND: Child undernutrition in India remains widespread. Data from the National Family Health Survey 3 and 4 (NFHS-3 and NFHS-4) suggest that wasting prevalence has increased while stunting prevalence has declined. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to do the following: 1) describe wasting and stunting by month of measurement in India in children <5 y of age in NFHS-3 and NFHS-4 surveys, and 2) test whether differences in the timing of anthropometric data collection and in states between survey years introduced bias in the comparison of estimates of wasting and stunting between NFHS-3 and NFHS-4. METHODS: Data on wasting and stunting for 42,608 and 232,744 children aged >5 y in the NFHS-3 and NFHS-4 survey rounds were analyzed. Differences in the prevalence of wasting and stunting by month of year and by state of residence were examined descriptively. Regression analyses were conducted to test the sensitivity of the estimate of differences in wasting and stunting prevalence across survey years to both state differences and seasonality. RESULTS: Examination of the patterns of wasting and stunting by month of measurement and by state across survey years reveal marked variability. When both state and month were adjusted, regardless of the method used to account for sample size, there was a small negative difference from 2005-2006 to 2015-2016 in the prevalence of wasting (-0.8 ± 0.6 percentage points; P = 0.2) and a negative difference in stunting prevalence (-8.3 ± 0.7 percentage points; P < 0.001), indicating a small bias for wasting but not for stunting in unadjusted analyses. CONCLUSIONS: State and seasonal differences may have introduced bias to the estimated difference in prevalence of wasting between the survey years but did not do so for stunting. Future data collection should be designed to maximize consistency in coverage of both time and place.
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BACKGROUND: Lauha Bhasma (LB) is a complex herbomineral preparation widely used as an Ayurvedic hematinic agent. It is an effective remedy for chronic fever (jirna jvara), phthisis (ksaya), Breathlessness (svasa) etc., and possesses vitality enhancing (vajikara), strength promoting and anti aging (rasayana) properties. OBJECTIVES: The present work was conducted to establish the safety aspects of the use of Lauha bhasma. SETTING AND DESIGN: LB was prepared by Ayurvedic procedures of purification (sodhana), sun drying (bhanupaka), sthalipaka, followed by repeated calcination (marana) and "nectarization" (amrtikarana). The resultant product was subjected to acute and sub acute toxicity studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Acute and subacute toxicity study of LB was conducted in albino rats. Criteria for assessment included ponderal changes, change in biochemical parameters viz., LFT and KFT and hematological parameters. Histopathological studies of different organs including liver, kidney, spleen, testis etc., were also conducted to observe pathological changes if any. RESULTS: In the acute toxicity study, the animal group did not manifest any signs of toxicity and no mortality was observed up to 100 times the therapeutic dose (TD). Significant increase in blood urea (27.83%, P < 0.01), serum creatinine (30.92%, P < 0.05), Aspartate aminotransferase (15.09%, P < 0.05), and serum alkaline phosphatase (27.5%, P < 0.01) was evident in group IV (10 TD). A significant increase in serum total protein (6.04%, P < 0.05) level was observed in group III (5 TD). Histopathological examination of livers in group IV (10 TD) showed mild inflammation in terms of bile stasis, peri-portal hepatic inflammation and sinusoidal congestion; lymphocyte infiltration in kidney and intracellular deposits in the splenic tissue. CONCLUSION: Lauha Bhasma was found to be safe at the therapeutic dose and also at five times the therapeutic dose levels. However, alteration in some of the biochemical and haematological parameters along with histopathological findings were evident at the highest dose level.
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Caraka the renowned physician of Indian system of medicine recommended Cyavanaprasa for wide variety of ailments from paediatric to geriatric. So, the paper is focused on the result of the clinical study, that was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Cyavanprasa in elderly volunteers. And the paper also highlights the step made through this clinical study to evaluate the weight of chief constituent i.e.500 number of fresh Amalaki (Emblica officinalis Gaertn) with proper ratio of sugar.
