Unlocking Peer Review: Elevating Scholarly Writing and Research Competence in Urology Residency.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: It is incumbent upon training programs to set the foundation for evidence-based practices and to create opportunities for trainees to develop into academic leaders. As dedicated resident research time and funding have declined in recent years, residency programs and the field at large will need to create new ways to incorporate scholarly activity into residency curricula. RECENT FINDINGS: Literature across specialties demonstrates barriers to resident involvement including lack of time, cost, and absent scholarly mentorship. Peer review stands as a ready-made solution that can be formalized into a collaborative relationship with journals. A formal relationship between professional societies, academic journals, and residencies can facilitate the use of peer review as a teaching tool for residency programs.

Effect of obesity on the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives: an individual participant data meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this investigation was to assess the potential effect of obesity on the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives (HCs). STUDY DESIGN: A meta-analysis was conducted using individual participant data directly from the Phase 3 clinical trials of combination oral contraceptives (COCs) rather than extracting summary data from literature. Trials selected were reviewed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) between 2000 and 2012, conducted in North America, had more than six 28-day cycle equivalents of exposure, and had readily retrievable participant-level data. Contraceptive effectiveness was measured by the Pearl Index (PI: the number of pregnancies per 100 woman-years) in women aged 18-35 at risk of unintended pregnancy. The incidence rate ratio (IRR), a ratio of PIs for obese women (defined as body mass index [BMI] ≥30 kg/m(2)) compared to non-obese women (BMI <30 kg/m(2)) was calculated. A Cox proportional-hazard regression model with fixed and random-effects were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for unintended pregnancy in obese women compared to non-obese women. RESULTS: Seven clinical trials with COCs (N=14,024: 2707 obese and 11,317 non-obese women) met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. The PI for each trial varied: 2.05-5.08 for obese and 1.84-3.80 for non-obese women. The pooled PI estimated using direct weighted average method was 3.14 (95% CI: 2.33-4.22) for obese and 2.53 (95% CI: 1.88-3.41) for non-obese women. The pooled IRRs estimated using direct weighted average and Mantel-Haenszel adjustment methods were comparable: 1.37 (95% CI: 1.02-1.84) and 1.43 (95% CI: 1.07-1.92), respectively. The overall HR of 1.44 (95% CI: 1.06-1.95; p=.018) in the meta-analysis suggested a 44% higher pregnancy rate during COC use for obese women after adjusting for age and race. IMPLICATIONS STATEMENT: Obesity may increase the risk of unintended pregnancy in women using COCs; more data on obese women from ongoing and future Phase 3 clinical trials are necessary to allow further evaluation of this topic. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this meta-analysis suggest that obese women may have a higher pregnancy rate during COC use compared to non-obese women. Future analysis should assess differences in pharmacodynamics or compliance that could potentially account for the observed difference in unintended pregnancy rates.