Assuntos
Países em Desenvolvimento , Prescrições de Medicamentos/normas , Uso de Medicamentos , Medicamentos Essenciais/provisão & distribuição , Medicamentos Essenciais/uso terapêutico , Política de Saúde , África , Custos de Medicamentos , Prescrições de Medicamentos/economia , Prescrições de Medicamentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Medicamentos Essenciais/economia , Humanos , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of a four month endurance training programme on body composition and reproductive hormone levels. DESIGN: PRE and POST training comparative study. SETTING: Zimbabwe Military Academy, Gweru, Zimbabwe. SUBJECTS: 77 male recruit volunteers participating in the Zimbabwe Defence Forces cadet training programme. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Percent body fat, fat free mass, body mass index, total serum testosterone, luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) compared using the paired t-test. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in all parameters measured after four months of endurance training. Decreases in body composition parameters were 54% in percent body fat, 6% in fat free mass, and 13% in body mass index. There was a dramatic 58% drop in testosterone, 60% drop in LH and 15% drop in FSH after four months of endurance training. CONCLUSIONS: The Zimbabwe Defence Forces cadet training programme, an endurance training programme induces a state of negative energy balance in trainees. This results in a decrease in % body fat and body mass index due to utilisation of fat stores as a source of energy and a decrease in fat free mass due to gluconeogenic utilisation of muscle protein as energy source for muscle activity. There is impaired hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis function as evidenced by the state of hypogonadal-hypogonadism (low testosterone, LH and FSH). This may be attributed to: 1. gonadotrophin releasing hormone pattern generator malfunction due to the stress of intense physical activity and 2. withdrawal of energy expenditure from reproductive machinery as a way of conserving energy for more vital processes in the prevailing state of energy starvation.
Assuntos
Composição Corporal , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/sangue , Hormônio Luteinizante/sangue , Militares , Educação Física e Treinamento , Testosterona/sangue , Adolescente , Adulto , Antropometria , Índice de Massa Corporal , Metabolismo Energético , Gluconeogênese , Homeostase , Humanos , Hipogonadismo/etiologia , Hipogonadismo/metabolismo , Hipogonadismo/fisiopatologia , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Educação Física e Treinamento/métodos , Resistência Física , Sistema Hipófise-Suprarrenal/fisiopatologia , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Testículo/fisiopatologia , ZimbábueAssuntos
Medicamentos Essenciais/uso terapêutico , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Formulários de Hospitais como Assunto , Política de Saúde , Comitê de Farmácia e Terapêutica/organização & administração , Uso de Medicamentos , Humanos , Avaliação das Necessidades , Objetivos Organizacionais , Farmacologia/educação , Projetos Piloto , ZimbábueRESUMO
The relationship between temperature and the degradation of reconstituted penicillin solutions was evaluated. In all cases storage at temperatures of 25 degrees C or less was sufficient to maintain penicillin stability within acceptable pharmacopoeial limits for 5 days. In addition, the relationship between humidity and dry bulb temperature was examined in order to assess the use of evaporative cooling in lowering the temperature of penicillin solutions in those areas of the country where temperatures commonly exceed 25 degrees C. The results of this study suggest that, with the use of evaporative cooling, penicillin solutions can be maintained in a stable state for a 5-day period without the need for refrigeration.
