Characterization and subchronic oral toxicity of Pentaclethra macroloba (pracaxi) oil in Rattus norvegicus (lin. Wistar).

The trend of replacing antimicrobials as growth promoters in animal nutrition is growing. Functional oils emerge as an alternative because of their richness in bioactive compounds and bioavailability. The present study aims to evaluate the fatty acid profile, antioxidant capacity, composition of phenolic compounds, and toxic capacity in Wistar rats of pracaxi oil (Pentaclethra macroloba). DDPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power), and ABTS (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid) were performed to assess antioxidant capacity. The composition of phenolic compounds was determined by specific reagents. For the evaluation of subchronic oral toxicity, 40 Wistar albino rats (20 males and 20 females) were randomized into 10 groups with different levels of pracaxi oil administered orally. The doses administered were 0, 300, 600, 1200 and 2400 mg/kg (Group 1 to 5 females and Group 6 to 10 males). The animals were submitted to evaluations described in the OECD manual (Guide 407). The analytical results showed that pracaxi oil has different fatty acids in its chemical composition: oleic, linoleic, arachidic, and behenic acids, which account for more than 90% of its composition. In a smaller percentage, lauric acid (0.17%), myristic (0.09%), palmitic (1.49%), stearic (3.45%), and linolenic acid (1.39%) were also found. According to the results of the antioxidant tests, pracaxi oil has a high antioxidant capacity and is a product with a high presence of phenolic compounds. Regarding the toxicity assessment, there were no alterations in the clinical signs and weight of organs. However, in histology, there were mild alterations of a possible toxic process with the increase in the oil dose. This research is extremely valuable since pracaxi oil is a product with little information about its potential use in animal nutrition.

Influence of homeopathy on the quality of quail eggs stored for different periods of time

The purpose of this trial was to assess the influence of homeopathy products on the diet of quails based on egg quality when submitted to different storage periods. Methodology: Two hundred, 45 day old Japanese quails and 80% of production were used, in a completely randomized design comprised of a 4x3 factorial, and 4 diets (basal feed, inert vehicle and 2 homeopathic products: Fertsigo® (Sulphur10 CH, Sepia 15CH ) and Ovosigo® (Belladonna 12CH,Silicea 12 CH, Natrum mur. 30CH, Calcarea phos. 30CH, Sulphur 12CH) and 3 storage periods (0 days, 7 days and 14 days) with ten repetitions of three eggs per treatment. The weight, percentages of yoke, albumen and shell, albumen height and yolk color, specific gravity, Haugh unit, yolk index and shell thickness were evaluated. The data were submitted to variance analysis to verify whether there was a interaction effect between homeopathy factors and storage time, and when absent, the isolated effects. Results: An interaction between the homeopathic products and time was found for the parameters of albumen height and yolk, Haugh unit and yolk index, which reduced over time. For egg weight, yolk, albumen and shell, a significant effect (p<0.05) was found only in the case of homeopathy for the percentages of albumen and shell. For egg and albumen weights, yolk and albumen percentages, specific gravity and colorimetry there was an effect for time, however these parameters reduced over the storage time in days. The addition of the homeopathic based products Ovosigo® and FertSigo® are indicated for the diets of Japanese quail during the laying phase since it resulted in better weights for the egg and its components. Conclusion: The different homeopathic products did not have an influence on conserving the quality of the Japanese quail eggs during the periods evaluated.

Calcareous seaweed flour in the diet of Japanese quails and its effects on egg conservation / Farinha de alga calcária na dieta de codornas japonesas e seus efeitos na conservação de ovos

The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of including levels of calcareous seaweed flour in replacement for calcite limestone on the diet under egg conservation at different storage periods. 140 Japanese quails were used in a completely randomized experiment consisting of a 4x4 factorial design. The factorial design was four inclusions of calcareous seaweed (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) and four storage periods (zero, seven, 14, and 21 days) with ten replications of three eggs each. The egg quality variables were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using Tukey test and polynomial regression at a 5% significance level. There was no interaction effect between the factor's storage time and inclusion of calcareous seaweed (p>0.05). There was an increasing linear effect on shell weight and thickness in relation to inclusion levels of calcareous seaweed. There was an individual effect of egg storage time (p>0.05) on egg weight, yolk color, albumen and yolk height, yolk weight and percentage, albumen, yolk index, yolk diameter, specific gravity, and Haugh unit. The inclusion of up to 30% of calcareous seaweed in replacement for calcite limestone in the diet of Japanese quails improves the weight and thickness of eggshells but does not influence the conservation of the eggs up to 21 days of storage.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da inclusão de níveis de farinha de alga calcária em substituição ao calcário calcítico na dieta sob a conservação de ovos em diferentes períodos de armazenamento. Foram utilizadas 140 codornas japonesas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado composto por um fatorial 4x4. Sendo 4 inclusões de alga calcária (0%, 10%, 20% e 30%) e 4 períodos de armazenamento (0, 7, 14 e 21dias) com dez repetições de três ovos em cada. Foram avaliadas as variáveis de qualidade de ovos das aves. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância utilizando o teste de Tukey e regressão polinomial ao nível de 5% de significância. Não houve efeito da interação entre os fatores tempo de armazenamento e inclusão de alga calcárea (p>0,05). Houve efeito linear crescente no peso e espessura da casca em relação aos níveis de inclusão de alga calcárea. Houve efeito individual do tempo de armazenamento dos ovos (p>0,05) sobre parâmetros peso de ovo, coloração da gema, altura de albúmen e gema, peso e porcentagem da gema, albúmen, índice de gema, diâmetro de gema, gravidade especifica e unidade Haugh. A inclusão de até 30 % de alga calcária em substituição ao calcário calcítico na dieta codornas japonesas aprimora o peso e a espessura da casca do ovo, mas não influencia na conservação dos ovos até 21 dias de armazenamento.

Calcareous seaweed flour in the diet of Japanese quails and its effects on egg conservation / Farinha de alga calcária na dieta de codornas japonesas e seus efeitos na conservação

The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of including levels of calcareous seaweed flour in replacement for calcite limestone on the diet under egg conservation at different storage periods. 140 Japanese quails were used in a completely randomized experiment consisting of a 4x4 factorial design. The factorial design was four inclusions of calcareous seaweed (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) and four storage periods (zero, seven, 14, and 21 days) with ten replications of three eggs each. The egg quality variables were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using Tukey test and polynomial regression at a 5% significance level. There was no interaction effect between the factor's storage time and inclusion of calcareous seaweed (p>0.05). There was an increasing linear effect on shell weight and thickness in relation to inclusion levels of calcareous seaweed. There was an individual effect of egg storage time (p>0.05) on egg weight, yolk color, albumen and yolk height, yolk weight and percentage, albumen, yolk index, yolk diameter, specific gravity, and Haugh unit. The inclusion of up to 30% of calcareous seaweed in replacement for calcite limestone in the diet of Japanese quails improves the weight and thickness of eggshells but does not influence the conservation of the eggs up to 21 days of storage.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da inclusão de níveis de farinha de alga calcária em substituição ao calcário calcítico na dieta sob a conservação de ovos em diferentes períodos de armazenamento. Foram utilizadas 140 codornas japonesas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado composto por um fatorial 4x4. Sendo 4 inclusões de alga calcária (0%, 10%, 20% e 30%) e 4 períodos de armazenamento (0, 7, 14 e 21dias) com dez repetições de três ovos em cada. Foram avaliadas as variáveis de qualidade de ovos das aves. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância utilizando o teste de Tukey e regressão polinomial ao nível de 5% de significância. Não houve efeito da interação entre os fatores tempo de armazenamento e inclusão de alga calcárea (p>0,05). Houve efeito linear crescente no peso e espessura da casca em relação aos níveis de inclusão de alga calcárea. Houve efeito individual do tempo de armazenamento dos ovos (p>0,05) sobre parâmetros peso de ovo, coloração da gema, altura de albúmen e gema, peso e porcentagem da gema, albúmen, índice de gema, diâmetro de gema, gravidade especifica e unidade Haugh. A inclusão de até 30 % de alga calcária em substituição ao calcário calcítico na dieta codornas japonesas aprimora o peso e a espessura da casca do ovo, mas não influencia na conservação dos ovos até 21 dias de armazenamento.(AU)

Calcareous seaweed flour in the diet of Japanese quails and its effects on egg conservation

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of including levels of calcareous seaweed flour in replacement for calcite limestone on the diet under egg conservation at different storage periods. 140 Japanese quails were used in a completely randomized experiment consisting of a 4x4 factorial design. The factorial design was four inclusions of calcareous seaweed (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) and four storage periods (zero, seven, 14, and 21 days) with ten replications of three eggs each. The egg quality variables were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using Tukey test and polynomial regression at a 5% significance level. There was no interaction effect between the factor's storage time and inclusion of calcareous seaweed (p>0.05). There was an increasing linear effect on shell weight and thickness in relation to inclusion levels of calcareous seaweed. There was an individual effect of egg storage time (p>0.05) on egg weight, yolk color, albumen and yolk height, yolk weight and percentage, albumen, yolk index, yolk diameter, specific gravity, and Haugh unit. The inclusion of up to 30% of calcareous seaweed in replacement for calcite limestone in the diet of Japanese quails improves the weight and thickness of eggshells but does not influence the conservation of the eggs up to 21 days of storage.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da inclusão de níveis de farinha de alga calcária em substituição ao calcário calcítico na dieta sob a conservação de ovos em diferentes períodos de armazenamento. Foram utilizadas 140 codornas japonesas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado composto por um fatorial 4x4. Sendo 4 inclusões de alga calcária (0%, 10%, 20% e 30%) e 4 períodos de armazenamento (0, 7, 14 e 21dias) com dez repetições de três ovos em cada. Foram avaliadas as variáveis de qualidade de ovos das aves. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância utilizando o teste de Tukey e regressão polinomial ao nível de 5% de significância. Não houve efeito da interação entre os fatores tempo de armazenamento e inclusão de alga calcárea (p>0,05). Houve efeito linear crescente no peso e espessura da casca em relação aos níveis de inclusão de alga calcárea. Houve efeito individual do tempo de armazenamento dos ovos (p>0,05) sobre parâmetros peso de ovo, coloração da gema, altura de albúmen e gema, peso e porcentagem da gema, albúmen, índice de gema, diâmetro de gema, gravidade especifica e unidade Haugh. A inclusão de até 30 % de alga calcária em substituição ao calcário calcítico na dieta codornas japonesas aprimora o peso e a espessura da casca do ovo, mas não influencia na conservação dos ovos até 21 dias de armazenamento.

Addition of homoeopathy in the diet of Japanese quails increases egg weight / A adição da homeopatia na dieta de codornas japonesas aumenta o peso dos ovos

This study aims to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of different homoeopathic products on the diet of laying quails. We used 200 Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) distributed in a completely randomized design consisting of the adoption of four experimental diets, with eight replicates of five quails each. The treatments were control (without additives), calcium carbonate (vehicle used in the products), Fertsigo®, and Ovosigo®. We determined the performance, egg quality, and blood biochemical profile of quails. The data were submitted to Tukey test at 5% probability. There was a significant effect of the homeopathic products Fertsigo® and Ovosigo® on the variables egg weight, yolk, albumen, and shell percentage. It did not affect the performance and blood biochemical profile (p > 0.05). The addition of the homoeopathic product Ovosigo® and FertSigo® in diets of Japanese quails at the laying phase is recommended because they resulted in the better weight of the egg and its components. Thus, the application of homoeopathy in the production of quails is a viable practice, since it is easy to manage, has a reduced cost, and exerts positive effects on the performance of quails.(AU)

Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a ação da inclusão de diferentes produtos homeopáticos na dieta de codornas poedeiras. Foram utilizadas 200 codornas japonesas (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica), distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, consistindo na adoção de quatro dietas experimentais com oito repetições de cinco codornas cada. Os tratamentos foram: Controle (sem aditivos); Carbonato de cálcio (veículo utilizado nos produtos); Fertsigo® e Ovosigo®. O desempenho, a qualidade dos ovos e o perfil bioquímico do sangue das codornas foram avaliados e os dados submetidos ao teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Houve efeito significativo do produto homeopático Fertsigo® e Ovosigo® para as variáveis peso do ovo, gema e albúmen e porcentagem de casca. Não foram afetados o desempenho e o perfil bioquímico do sangue (p > 0,05). É indicada a adição dos produtos homeopáticos Ovosigo® e FertSigo® em dietas para codornas japonesas na fase de postura, pois resultaram no melhor peso do ovo e seus componentes. Assim, a aplicação da homeopatia na produção de codornas pode ser uma prática viável, pois é de fácil administração, com custo reduzido e com efeitos positivos no desempenho das codornas.(AU)

Influence of homeopathy on the quality of eggs of quails stored

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of homeopathic products in diets of quails in the egg quality when submitted to different storage periods. In the trial we used 200 Japanese quails in a completely randomized design with 4 diets: reference diet, vehicle used in homeopathic products and 2 homeopathic products - Fertsigo® and Ovosigo® with ten replicates of three eggs in each. Egg quality parameters were evaluated during 3 storage periods. Data were evaluated as repeated measures in time, the effects of the interactions between treatments and time as well as their isolated effects were verified. There was the interaction between homeopathic products and storage time in the parameters of albumen and yolk height, Haugh unit, and yolk index, in which a reduction was obtained over time. For egg weight, yolk, albumen and shell, percentage of albumen, and percentage of eggshell there was a significant effect only for homeopathy. The inclusion of homeopathic additives increased egg weight. It is indicated the addition of the product with homeopathic basis Ovosigo® and FertSigo® in diets of Japanese quails in the laying phase resulting in better egg and components but did not influence the quality maintenance of eggs of Japanese quails in the periods evaluated.(AU)

Influence of homeopathy on the quality of eggs of quails stored

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of homeopathic products in diets of quails in the egg quality when submitted to different storage periods. In the trial we used 200 Japanese quails in a completely randomized design with 4 diets: reference diet, vehicle used in homeopathic products and 2 homeopathic products - Fertsigo® and Ovosigo® with ten replicates of three eggs in each. Egg quality parameters were evaluated during 3 storage periods. Data were evaluated as repeated measures in time, the effects of the interactions between treatments and time as well as their isolated effects were verified. There was the interaction between homeopathic products and storage time in the parameters of albumen and yolk height, Haugh unit, and yolk index, in which a reduction was obtained over time. For egg weight, yolk, albumen and shell, percentage of albumen, and percentage of eggshell there was a significant effect only for homeopathy. The inclusion of homeopathic additives increased egg weight. It is indicated the addition of the product with homeopathic basis Ovosigo® and FertSigo® in diets of Japanese quails in the laying phase resulting in better egg and components but did not influence the quality maintenance of eggs of Japanese quails in the periods evaluated.

Addition of homoeopathy in the diet of Japanese quails increases egg weight / A adição da homeopatia na dieta de codornas japonesas aumenta o peso dos ovos

This study aims to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of different homoeopathic products on the diet of laying quails. We used 200 Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) distributed in a completely randomized design consisting of the adoption of four experimental diets, with eight replicates of five quails each. The treatments were control (without additives), calcium carbonate (vehicle used in the products), Fertsigo®, and Ovosigo®. We determined the performance, egg quality, and blood biochemical profile of quails. The data were submitted to Tukey test at 5% probability. There was a significant effect of the homeopathic products Fertsigo® and Ovosigo® on the variables egg weight, yolk, albumen, and shell percentage. It did not affect the performance and blood biochemical profile (p > 0.05). The addition of the homoeopathic product Ovosigo® and FertSigo® in diets of Japanese quails at the laying phase is recommended because they resulted in the better weight of the egg and its components. Thus, the application of homoeopathy in the production of quails is a viable practice, since it is easy to manage, has a reduced cost, and exerts positive effects on the performance of quails.

Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a ação da inclusão de diferentes produtos homeopáticos na dieta de codornas poedeiras. Foram utilizadas 200 codornas japonesas (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica), distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, consistindo na adoção de quatro dietas experimentais com oito repetições de cinco codornas cada. Os tratamentos foram: Controle (sem aditivos); Carbonato de cálcio (veículo utilizado nos produtos); Fertsigo® e Ovosigo®. O desempenho, a qualidade dos ovos e o perfil bioquímico do sangue das codornas foram avaliados e os dados submetidos ao teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Houve efeito significativo do produto homeopático Fertsigo® e Ovosigo® para as variáveis peso do ovo, gema e albúmen e porcentagem de casca. Não foram afetados o desempenho e o perfil bioquímico do sangue (p > 0,05). É indicada a adição dos produtos homeopáticos Ovosigo® e FertSigo® em dietas para codornas japonesas na fase de postura, pois resultaram no melhor peso do ovo e seus componentes. Assim, a aplicação da homeopatia na produção de codornas pode ser uma prática viável, pois é de fácil administração, com custo reduzido e com efeitos positivos no desempenho das codornas.