RESUMO
The inhibition of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) has been shown to chemo- and radio-sensitize human glioma cells in vitro and therefore might provide an exciting new paradigm in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The effective treatment of GBM will likely require a compound with the potential to efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Starting from clinical candidate AZD0156, 4, we investigated the imidazoquinolin-2-one scaffold with the goal of improving likely CNS exposure in humans. Strategies aimed at reducing hydrogen bonding, basicity, and flexibility of the molecule were explored alongside modulating lipophilicity. These studies identified compound 24 (AZD1390) as an exceptionally potent and selective inhibitor of ATM with a good preclinical pharmacokinetic profile. 24 showed an absence of human transporter efflux in MDCKII-MDR1-BCRP studies (efflux ratio <2), significant BBB penetrance in nonhuman primate PET studies (Kp,uu 0.33) and was deemed suitable for development as a clinical candidate to explore the radiosensitizing effects of ATM in intracranial malignancies.
Assuntos
Ataxia Telangiectasia , Glioblastoma , Piridinas , Quinolonas , Animais , Humanos , Barreira Hematoencefálica/metabolismo , Ataxia Telangiectasia/tratamento farmacológico , Membro 2 da Subfamília G de Transportadores de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP , Proteínas Mutadas de Ataxia Telangiectasia , Proteínas de Neoplasias , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Glioblastoma/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
The glycine to cysteine mutation at codon 12 of Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) represents an Achilles heel that has now rendered this important GTPase druggable. Herein, we report our structure-based drug design approach that led to the identification of 14, AZD4747, a clinical development candidate for the treatment of KRASG12C-positive tumors, including the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) metastases. Building on our earlier discovery of C5-tethered quinazoline AZD4625, excision of a usually critical pyrimidine ring yielded a weak but brain-penetrant start point which was optimized for potency and DMPK. Key design principles and measured parameters that give high confidence in CNS exposure are discussed. During optimization, divergence between rodent and non-rodent species was observed in CNS exposure, with primate PET studies ultimately giving high confidence in the expected translation to patients. AZD4747 is a highly potent and selective inhibitor of KRASG12C with an anticipated low clearance and high oral bioavailability profile in humans.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Neoplasias , Animais , Humanos , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/genética , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Desenho de Fármacos , Glicina/uso terapêutico , Mutação , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
KRAS is an archetypal high-value intractable oncology drug target. The glycine to cysteine mutation at codon 12 represents an Achilles heel that has now rendered this important GTPase druggable. Herein, we report our structure-based drug design approach that led to the identification of 21, AZD4625, a clinical development candidate for the treatment of KRASG12C positive tumors. Highlights include a quinazoline tethering strategy to lock out a bio-relevant binding conformation and an optimization strategy focused on the reduction of extrahepatic clearance mechanisms seen in preclinical species. Crystallographic analysis was also key in helping to rationalize unusual structure-activity relationship in terms of ring size and enantio-preference. AZD4625 is a highly potent and selective inhibitor of KRASG12C with an anticipated low clearance and high oral bioavailability profile in humans.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Desenho de Fármacos , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Mutação , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/genética , Quinazolinas/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
In this article, we report the discovery of a series of pyrimidopyridones as inhibitors of IRAK4 kinase. From a previously disclosed 5-azaquinazoline series, we found that switching the pyridine ring for an N-substituted pyridone gave a novel hinge binding scaffold which retained potency against IRAK4. Importantly, introduction of the carbonyl established an internal hydrogen bond with the 4-NH, establishing a conformational lock and allowing truncation of the large basic substituent to a 1-methylcyclopyl group. Subsequent optimisation, facilitated by X-ray crystal structures, allowed identification of preferred substituents at both the pyridone core and pyrazole. Subsequent combinations of optimal groups allowed control of lipophilicity and identification of potent and selective inhibitors of IRAK4 with better in vitro permeability and lower clearance.
Assuntos
Quinases Associadas a Receptores de Interleucina-1 , Piridonas , Conformação Molecular , Piridonas/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Attempts to directly drug the important oncogene KRAS have met with limited success despite numerous efforts across industry and academia. The KRASG12C mutant represents an "Achilles heel" and has recently yielded to covalent targeting with small molecules that bind the mutant cysteine and create an allosteric pocket on GDP-bound RAS, locking it in an inactive state. A weak inhibitor at this site was optimized through conformational locking of a piperazine-quinazoline motif and linker modification. Subsequent introduction of a key methyl group to the piperazine resulted in enhancements in potency, permeability, clearance, and reactivity, leading to identification of a potent KRASG12C inhibitor with high selectivity and excellent cross-species pharmacokinetic parameters and in vivo efficacy.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Piperazinas/uso terapêutico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/antagonistas & inibidores , Quinazolinas/uso terapêutico , Quinolonas/uso terapêutico , Regulação Alostérica , Animais , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/farmacocinética , Células CACO-2 , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Desenho de Fármacos , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos Nus , Conformação Molecular , Mutação , Piperazinas/síntese química , Piperazinas/farmacocinética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/genética , Quinazolinas/síntese química , Quinazolinas/farmacocinética , Quinolonas/síntese química , Quinolonas/farmacocinética , Ratos Wistar , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
The availability of high-quality screening compounds is of paramount importance for the discovery of innovative new medicines. Natural product (NP) frameworks can inspire the design of productive compound libraries. Here, we describe the design and synthesis of four compound libraries based on scaffolds that have broad NP-like features, but that are only distantly related to specific NPs. The optimisation of syntheses of the scaffolds using [5 + 2] cycloaddition chemistry is detailed, together with methods to yield exemplar decorated screening compounds. In each case, a library was nominated for production, leading to a total of >2900 screening compounds that augmented the Joint European Compound Library of the European Lead Factory.
RESUMO
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) has been suggested as a potential therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease. Herein we report the discovery of 5-substituent-N-arylbenzamide derivatives as novel LRRK2 inhibitors. Extensive SAR study led to the discovery of compounds 8e, which demonstrated potent LRRK2 inhibition activity, high selectivity across the kinome, good brain exposure, and high oral bioavailability.
Assuntos
Benzamidas/farmacologia , Descoberta de Drogas , Serina-Treonina Proteína Quinase-2 com Repetições Ricas em Leucina/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Administração Oral , Benzamidas/administração & dosagem , Benzamidas/química , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Serina-Treonina Proteína Quinase-2 com Repetições Ricas em Leucina/metabolismo , Estrutura Molecular , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/administração & dosagem , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Accumulation of amyloid ß (Aß) in brain is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aß is generated after sequential cleavage of its parental molecule, amyloid precursor protein (APP), by ß- and γ-secretases. Inhibition of γ-secretase activity is an effective approach for the reduction of Aß levels. Since γ-secretase targets many different substrates, selective inhibition of its cleavage of APP is believed to be critical in order to avoid undesirable side effects. γ-Secretase modulator (GSM) shifts the cleavage site on APP and production of amyloidogenic to non-amyloidogenic Aß fragments. Since GSMs only modulate and do not block cleavage of γ-secretase substrates, they are believed less likely to produce untoward adverse reactions. Here, we report in vivo Aß-lowering profiles of a pyridazine and a pyridine-derived GSM: GSM-C (Wan et al., 2011a) and GSM-D (Wan et al., 2011b). Both compounds reduced Aß40 and Aß42 productions, increased shorter Aß fragments, and had little effect on Notch signaling (â¼100-fold selective). They had excellent oral bioavailability (97.8% for GSM-C, â¼100% for GSM-D) and good brain permeability (free brain to free blood AUC ratio of 0.41 and 1.10 for GSM-C and GSM-D, respectively). Oral administration of these compounds in both acute and sub-chronic conditions reduced Aß levels in plasma and brain in rats in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Therefore, GSM-C and GSM-D represent two GSMs that are orally bioavailable and brain-permeable. They could serve as excellent tools in the investigation of the role of Aß peptides in AD pathogenesis.
Assuntos
Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/antagonistas & inibidores , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Piridazinas/farmacologia , Piridazinas/farmacocinética , Piridinas/farmacologia , Piridinas/farmacocinética , Administração Oral , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/sangue , Animais , Disponibilidade Biológica , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Masculino , Neurônios/enzimologia , Neurônios/metabolismo , Cultura Primária de Células , Piridazinas/administração & dosagem , Piridinas/administração & dosagem , Ratos , Receptores Notch/metabolismo , Timócitos/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
We describe the discovery and optimization of a novel series of benzofuran EP(1) antagonists, leading to the identification of 26d, a novel nonacidic EP(1) antagonist which demonstrated efficacy in preclinical models of chronic inflammatory pain.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/química , Benzofuranos/química , Receptores de Prostaglandina E Subtipo EP1/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacocinética , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Benzofuranos/farmacocinética , Benzofuranos/uso terapêutico , Linhagem Celular , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Cães , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Ratos , Receptores de Prostaglandina E Subtipo EP1/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
SAR of a novel series of pyridazine-derived γ-secretase modulators is described. Compound 25 was found to be a potent modulator in vitro, which on further profiling, was found to decrease Aß42 and Aß40, and maintain the levels of total Aß. Furthermore, 25 demonstrated excellent pharmacokinetic parameters as well as good CNS penetration in the rat.
Assuntos
Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/antagonistas & inibidores , Piridazinas/síntese química , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Animais , Sobrevivência Celular , Células Cultivadas , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Piridazinas/química , Piridazinas/farmacologia , Ratos , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
We report the synthesis and SAR of a series of novel azaindole CB(2) agonists. 6-Azaindole 18 showed activity in an acute pain model but was inactive in a chronic model. 18 is a Pgp substrate with low brain penetration. The template was redesigned, and the resulting 5-azaindole 36 was a potent CB(2) agonist with high CNS penetration. This compound was efficacious in the acute model and the chronic joint pain model.
Assuntos
Aminopiridinas/uso terapêutico , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Morfolinas/uso terapêutico , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Receptor CB2 de Canabinoide/agonistas , Aminopiridinas/farmacocinética , Animais , Compostos Aza , Células CHO , Linhagem Celular , Doença Crônica , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Descoberta de Drogas , Humanos , Indóis , Morfolinas/farmacocinética , Ratos , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
We describe herein the medicinal chemistry approach which led to the discovery of a novel pyridine-3-carboxamide series of CB(2) receptor agonists. The SAR of this new template was evaluated and culminated in the identification of analogue 14a which demonstrated efficacy in an in vivo model of inflammatory pain.
Assuntos
Analgésicos/síntese química , Piridinas/síntese química , Piridinas/uso terapêutico , Receptor CB2 de Canabinoide/agonistas , Amidas/síntese química , Amidas/farmacologia , Amidas/uso terapêutico , Analgesia/métodos , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Descoberta de Drogas/métodos , Inflamação , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Piridinas/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
The first total synthesis of the natural nondimerizing o-quinol (+)-wasabidienone B1 was achieved from commercially available 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene. The key dearomatizing transformation was efficiently accomplished via a hydroxylative phenol dearomatization reaction using the stabilized lambda(5)-iodane reagent IBX (SIBX). (+)-Wasabidienone B1 was then converted into its congener (-)-wasabidienone B0 via an improved thermally induced ring-contracting isomerization reaction.
Assuntos
Iodobenzenos/química , Lactonas/síntese química , Fenóis/química , Quinonas/síntese química , Catálise , Hidroxilação , Indicadores e Reagentes/química , IsomerismoRESUMO
Selective CB2 receptor agonists are promising potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. A focused screen identified a pyrimidine ester as a partial agonist at the CB2 receptor with micromolar potency. Subsequent lead optimization identified 35, GW842166X, as the optimal compound in the series. 35 has an oral ED50 of 0.1 mg/kg in the rat FCA model of inflammatory pain and was selected as a clinical candidate for this indication.