Pixel-wise quantification of myocardial perfusion using spatial Tikhonov regularization.

Quantification of myocardial perfusion by contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) aims for an observer independent and reproducible risk assessment of cardiovascular disease. Currently, the data used for the pixel-wise analysis of cardiac perfusion are either filtered prior to a fitting procedure, which inherently reduces the spatial resolution of data; or all pixels are considered without any regularization or prior filtering, which yields an unstable fit in the presence of low signal-to-noise ratio. Here, we propose a new pixel-wise analysis based on spatial Tikhonov regularization which exploits the spatial smoothness of the data and ensures accurate quantification even for images with low signal-to-noise ratio. The regularization parameter is determined automatically by an L-curve criterion. We study the performance of our method on a numerical phantom and demonstrate that the method reduces significantly the root-mean square error in the perfusion estimate compared to a non-regularized fit. In patient data our method allows us to recover the myocardial perfusion and to distinguish between healthy and ischemic regions.

Absolute Quantification of Bionanoparticles by Electrospray Differential Mobility Analysis: An Application to Lipoprotein Particle Concentration Measurements.

This study presents an upgraded electrospray differential mobility analysis (ES-DMA) setup for the absolute quantification of bionanoparticle concentrations in biological samples, with a special focus on non-high-density-lipoprotein particle concentrations (non-HDL-P). Metrological characterization of the system's analytical performances for concentration measurements shows that the mean intermediate precision relative standard deviation is 14% for biological samples, 6% for silica nanoparticles, and less than 1% for diameter measurements. This study also demonstrates that the most accurate method for non-HDL-P quantification in native serum samples implies daily calculation of the electrospray transmission efficiency (E) of the system with the WHO SP3-08 reference material. The establishment of the uncertainty budget reveals that the main contribution to particle concentration measurement uncertainties is the electrospray transmission efficiency. This data additionally shows that E is not only low (approximately 15-20%) but also highly variable over time and strongly affected by sample composition. This work suggests that absolute enumeration of bionanoparticles is achievable with ES-DMA but provided that a special care is taken to quantifying E with a calibrator of nature and matrix highly similar to the samples ones.