Doble cuarto arco aórtico persistente en un perro (Canis familiaris): reporte de caso

El doble arco aórtico persistente es una patología caracterizada por anomalías embrionarias en la vascularización, que pueden afectar de manera indirecta a otros sistemas, como el digestivo y el respiratorio. El objetivo de este documento es reportar un caso de doble arco aórtico, persistente en un cachorro Bull terrier, de seis meses de edad. El paciente ingresó a consulta por motivo de regurgitaciones frecuentes y pérdida ponderal. En el estudio radiográfico, se evidenció dilatación esofágica craneal a la base del corazón y en la toracotomía, se confirmó un doble arco aórtico persistente. Se realizó manejo nutricional y posteriormente, corrección quirúrgica de la anomalía vascular. Este es el primer caso de una anomalía de este tipo en Colombia. Se concluye, que un manejo quirúrgico enfocado a liberar el anillo estenosante y a recuperar la función esofágica, son la base terapéutica de este tipo de alteraciones.

Persistent double aortic arch is a pathology characterized by embryonic vascularization anomalies, which can indirectly affect other systems such as the digestive and respiratory systems. The objective of this document is to report a case of persistent double aortic arch in a six-month-old Bull Terrier puppy. The patient was admitted for consultation due to frequent regurgitation and weight loss. The radiographic study revealed cranial esophageal dilation at the base of the heart, and a thoracotomy confirmed a persistent double aortic arch. Nutritional management was performed and subsequently, surgical correction of the vascular anomaly. This is the first case of an anomaly of this type in Colombia. It is concluded that surgical management focused on releasing the stenosing ring and recovering esophageal function are the therapeutic basis for this type of alteration.

The First Report and Phylogenetic Analysis of Canine Distemper Virus in Cerdocyon thous from Colombia.

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is the etiological agent of a highly prevalent viral infectious disease of domestic and wild carnivores. This virus poses a conservation threat to endangered species worldwide due to its ability to jump between multiple species and produce a disease, which is most often fatal. Although CDV infection has been regularly diagnosed in Colombian wildlife, to date the molecular identity of circulating CDV lineages is currently unknown. Our aim was to evaluate the presence and phylogenetic characterization of CDV detected in samples from naturally infected Cerdocyon thous from Colombia. We sequenced for the first time the CDV infecting wildlife in Colombia and demonstrated the presence of South America/North America-4 Lineage with a higher relationship to sequences previously reported from domestic and wild fauna belonging to the United States of America. Our results are crucial for the understanding of the interspecies transmission of CDV in the domestic/wild interface and for the prevention and control of such an important multi-host pathogen.

Anatomical, morphometric and radiographic study of the humerus in lesser anteater (Tamandua mexicana Saussure, 1860): terminological and functional analyses.

Tamandua is a neotropical mammal genus that belongs to the superorder Xenarthra. The thoracic limbs of Tamandua have anatomical adaptations that widely differ from other mammals, and there are frequently specimens in wildlife care centers with traumas in their limbs. However, there are few studies describing the radiographic and morphometric anatomy of the humerus in Tamandua, or describing partially the bone reliefs. Thus, the main objective of this study was to describe the characteristics of the humerus of Tamandua mexicana based on gross dissections, radiographies and measurements comparing with other studies in the three Vermilingua genera, and establishing more suitable terminology. Twelve thoracic limbs of six death specimens of Tamandua mexicana were analyzed. The bone reliefs, ligaments, muscles and neurovascular structures related to the humerus were identified, and the suitable terminology to the humerus of Tamandua was established. Morphometric measurements of each bone relief were taken, and the data were statistically analyzed with the Wilcoxon non-parametric test for functional proposes. The humerus of Tamandua has anatomical characteristics mainly to offer greater areas to the muscles that act on the shoulder flexion and hand movements. Even the articular reliefs are lesser than the adjacent non-articular reliefs, the muscles and ligaments are the anatomical structures that give more stabilization to the shoulder and elbow joints. The deltosupracondylar ligament can be partially ossified in older adult specimens, and neurovascular structures pass through the supracondylar foramen. These anatomical characteristics must be accounted for in the radiological diagnosis and surgical approaches.

Anatomical and radiographic study of the scapula in juveniles and adults of Tamandua mexicana (Xenarthra: Myrmecophagidae).

Tamandua mexicana is a mammal of the superorder Xenarthra geographically located between Mexico and Peru that remains insufficiently studied. These species are characterized by their movement, resting, and eating of termites and ants in arboreal and terrestrial environments, and therefore, their thoracic limbs have been adapted morphologically to move in these environments. Tamandua mexicana is a species constantly threatened by different causes, and their thoracic limbs can be affected in the scapular and shoulder regions as a result; therefore, specific anatomical knowledge of the scapula allows for better clinical procedures, surgical approaches, radiological diagnosis and muscular reconstructions in extinct species of anteaters. The main objective of this study was to report the anatomical and radiographic features of the scapula in juvenile and adult specimens of T. mexicana. Gross dissections and radiographic study were performed in six cadavers. The scapula had large differences compared with other mammals, such as two spines, a foramen for the suprascapular nerve, a long acromion, a cranial transverse scapular ligament and caudolateral fossa for the origin of the muscles teres major, tensor fasciae antebrachii and subscapular. In juvenile specimens, a scapular cartilage, an acromial cartilage, craniomedial and caudolateral coracoscapular ligaments forming the foramen for the suprascapular nerve, and progressive ossification of those ligaments and the cranial transverse scapular ligament were observed. These findings were corroborated by radiography; therefore, these characteristics change with age. The bony reliefs of the scapula of T. mexicana corroborate the specialization of the shoulder in this species.

Caracterización de arritmias cardíacas tras el uso de infusiones analgésicas continuas de tramadol o lidocaína en perras ovariohisterectomizadas / Characterization of cardiac arrhythmias following the use of continuous infusions analgesic of tramadol or lidocaine in dogs ovariohysterectomised / Caracterização de arritmias cardíacas após o uso de infusões analgésicas contínuas de tramadol ou lidocaína no pós-operatório de cadelas ovário histerectomizadas

Resumen El uso de infusiones analgésicas continuas (IACs) es una estrategia eficaz para el control del dolor posquirúrgico en caninos; sin embargo, dependiendo del fármaco empleado, la electrofisiología cardiaca puede verse alterada por la presencia de taquiarritmias, bradiarritmias, complejos ventriculares, fibrilación o bloqueos atrioventriculares. El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar la frecuencia cardiaca y caracterizar las anormalidades electrocardiográficas observadas durante el empleo de infusiones analgésicas continuas posoperatorias de tramadol o lidocaína en perras ovariohisterectomizadas mediante la monitorizacion Holter 24 horas. Para ello se emplearon 26 hembras caninas (26,6 ± 17,6 meses; 15,34 ± 7,81 kg) sanas divididas en tres grupos a saber: Grupo 1 NaCl 0,9% como control (n= 7), Grupo 2 lidocaína 100µg/kg/minuto (n=10) y Grupo 3 tramadol 22µg/kg/minuto (n= 9). No se evidenciaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05) entre los grupos evaluados. La frecuencia cardiaca media, mínima y máxima encontrada en cada grupo fue: Control 100, 40 y 253 lpm, Lidocaína 93, 42 y 238 lpm, y Tramadol 90, 43 y 253 lpm; Por otra parte, un total de 20/26 (76,9%) de los animales estudiados, presentaron diversas alteraciones electrocardiográficas que incluyeron en su orden CSVP, BAV, CVP y pausas RR. Se concluye que las IACs de tramadol o lidocaína bajo las condiciones del presente estudio no generan alteraciones electrocardiográficas estadisticamente significativas, pero podrian cumplir un papel en la minimización de las mismas al ser empleadas de manera complementaria durante el periodo posoperatorio.

Abstract The use of continuous analgesic infusions (IACs) is an effective strategy for the control of postoperative pain in canines; however, depending on the used drug, cardiac electrophysiology can be altered by the presence of tachyarrhythmias, bradyarrhythmias, ventricular complexes, fibrillation or atrioventricular block. The aim of this study was to evaluate the heart rate and to characterize the electrocardiographic abnormalities during the use of continuous postoperative analgesic infusions of tramadol or lidocaine in ovariohysterectomized bitches using 24-hour Holter monitoring. For this purpose, 26 healthy canine females (26.6 ± 17.6 months, 15.34 ± 7.81 kg) were divided into three groups: Group 1 NaCl 0.9% as control (n = 7), Group 2 lidocaine 100μg / kg / minute (n = 10) and Group 3 tramadol 22μg / kg / minute (n = 9). As results the mean, minimum and maximum heart rate found in each group were Control 100, 40 and 253 bpm. Lidocaine 93, 42 and 238 bpm and Tramadol 90, 43 and 253 bpm; on the other hand, a total of 20/26 (76.9%) of the studied animals presented several electrocardiographic alterations that included in their order SVPC, AVB, VPC and RR pauses, however, there were no statistically significant differences (p<0.05) between the evaluated groups. It is concluded that the IACs of tramadol or lidocaine under the described experimental conditions do not generate statistically significant electrocardiographic alterations, but could play a role in the minimization of those parameters when used in a complementary way during the postoperative period.

Resumo O uso de infusões contínuas de analgésicos (ICA) é uma estratégia eficaz para o controle da dor pós-operatória em cães. No entanto, dependendo do fármaco utilizado, a eletrofisiologia cardíaca pode ser alterada observando-se a presença de taquiarritmias, bradiarritmias, complexos ventriculares, fibrilação ou bloqueios atrioventriculares. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a frequência cardíaca e caracterizar as anomalias eletrocardiográficas, utilizando-se Holter 24 horas, observadas durante o uso de infusões analgésicas contínuas de Tramadol ou Lidocaína no pós-operatório de cadelas ovário histerectomizadas. Para isso, foram utilizadas 26 cadelas saudáveis (26,6 ± 17,6 meses; 15,34 ± 7,81 kg) divididas em três grupos: Grupo 1 NaCl 0,9% como controle (n=7), Grupo 2 lidocaína 100 µg/kg/minuto (n=10) e Grupo 3 Tramadol 22 µg/kg/minuto (n=9). Não foram evidenciadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p< 0,05) entre os grupos avaliados. A frequência cardíaca média, mínima e máxima encontradas em cada grupo foram: Controle 100, 40 e 238 bpm, Lidocaína 93, 42 e 238 bpm, e Tramadol 90, 43 e 253 bpm. Por outro lado, um total de 20/26 (76,9%) dos animais estudados apresentaram diversas alterações eletrocardiográficas incluindo, em ordem do mais para o menos frequente, CSVP, BAV, CVP e pausas RR. Concluiu-se que as ICA de tramadol ou lidocaína, nas condições do presente estudo, não produziram alterações eletrocardiográficas estatisticamente significativas, mas poderiam minimizar as mesmas se fossem utilizadas de forma complementar durante o período pós-operatório.

Reporte de un caso clínico: Técnica quirúrgica combinada de omentalización y drenaje transabdominal múltiple en un paciente canino con abscesos prostáticos / Combined surgical technique of omentalization and multiple transabdominal drainage in canine patients with prostatic abscess

Se expone el caso clínico de un paciente canino mestizo de 7 años de edad, que fue presentado a consulta médica en la clínica de Pequeños Animales de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad del Tolima, por presentar un cuadro clínico consistente en: polaquiuria, disuria, tenesmo, fiebre, pérdida ponderal. La información obtenida a partir de la anamnesis, examen físico y estudios paraclínicos permitieron diagnosticar abscesos prostáticos, el tratamiento quirúrgico consistió en aplicar la combinación de dos técnicas quirúrgicas, la técnica de drenaje múltiple con dren de penrose mas omentalización.