Doble cuarto arco aórtico persistente en un perro (Canis familiaris): reporte de caso

El doble arco aórtico persistente es una patología caracterizada por anomalías embrionarias en la vascularización, que pueden afectar de manera indirecta a otros sistemas, como el digestivo y el respiratorio. El objetivo de este documento es reportar un caso de doble arco aórtico, persistente en un cachorro Bull terrier, de seis meses de edad. El paciente ingresó a consulta por motivo de regurgitaciones frecuentes y pérdida ponderal. En el estudio radiográfico, se evidenció dilatación esofágica craneal a la base del corazón y en la toracotomía, se confirmó un doble arco aórtico persistente. Se realizó manejo nutricional y posteriormente, corrección quirúrgica de la anomalía vascular. Este es el primer caso de una anomalía de este tipo en Colombia. Se concluye, que un manejo quirúrgico enfocado a liberar el anillo estenosante y a recuperar la función esofágica, son la base terapéutica de este tipo de alteraciones.

Persistent double aortic arch is a pathology characterized by embryonic vascularization anomalies, which can indirectly affect other systems such as the digestive and respiratory systems. The objective of this document is to report a case of persistent double aortic arch in a six-month-old Bull Terrier puppy. The patient was admitted for consultation due to frequent regurgitation and weight loss. The radiographic study revealed cranial esophageal dilation at the base of the heart, and a thoracotomy confirmed a persistent double aortic arch. Nutritional management was performed and subsequently, surgical correction of the vascular anomaly. This is the first case of an anomaly of this type in Colombia. It is concluded that surgical management focused on releasing the stenosing ring and recovering esophageal function are the therapeutic basis for this type of alteration.

The First Report and Phylogenetic Analysis of Canine Distemper Virus in Cerdocyon thous from Colombia.

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is the etiological agent of a highly prevalent viral infectious disease of domestic and wild carnivores. This virus poses a conservation threat to endangered species worldwide due to its ability to jump between multiple species and produce a disease, which is most often fatal. Although CDV infection has been regularly diagnosed in Colombian wildlife, to date the molecular identity of circulating CDV lineages is currently unknown. Our aim was to evaluate the presence and phylogenetic characterization of CDV detected in samples from naturally infected Cerdocyon thous from Colombia. We sequenced for the first time the CDV infecting wildlife in Colombia and demonstrated the presence of South America/North America-4 Lineage with a higher relationship to sequences previously reported from domestic and wild fauna belonging to the United States of America. Our results are crucial for the understanding of the interspecies transmission of CDV in the domestic/wild interface and for the prevention and control of such an important multi-host pathogen.

Anatomical, morphometric and radiographic study of the humerus in lesser anteater (Tamandua mexicana Saussure, 1860): terminological and functional analyses.

Tamandua is a neotropical mammal genus that belongs to the superorder Xenarthra. The thoracic limbs of Tamandua have anatomical adaptations that widely differ from other mammals, and there are frequently specimens in wildlife care centers with traumas in their limbs. However, there are few studies describing the radiographic and morphometric anatomy of the humerus in Tamandua, or describing partially the bone reliefs. Thus, the main objective of this study was to describe the characteristics of the humerus of Tamandua mexicana based on gross dissections, radiographies and measurements comparing with other studies in the three Vermilingua genera, and establishing more suitable terminology. Twelve thoracic limbs of six death specimens of Tamandua mexicana were analyzed. The bone reliefs, ligaments, muscles and neurovascular structures related to the humerus were identified, and the suitable terminology to the humerus of Tamandua was established. Morphometric measurements of each bone relief were taken, and the data were statistically analyzed with the Wilcoxon non-parametric test for functional proposes. The humerus of Tamandua has anatomical characteristics mainly to offer greater areas to the muscles that act on the shoulder flexion and hand movements. Even the articular reliefs are lesser than the adjacent non-articular reliefs, the muscles and ligaments are the anatomical structures that give more stabilization to the shoulder and elbow joints. The deltosupracondylar ligament can be partially ossified in older adult specimens, and neurovascular structures pass through the supracondylar foramen. These anatomical characteristics must be accounted for in the radiological diagnosis and surgical approaches.

Incidencia de hipotermia perioperatoria inadvertida, en perros sometidos a anestesia general inhalatoria / Incidence of inadvertent perioperatory hypothermia, in dogs submitted to inhalation general anesthesia

RESUMEN La incidencia de hipotermia perioperatoria inadvertida es una de las principales complicaciones perianestésicas en caninos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la incidencia de hipotermia perioperatoria inadvertida en 49 perros sometidos a anestesia general inhalatoria. Al finalizar el periodo preanestésico, transanestésico y postanestésico, se registró la temperatura corporal, de acuerdo con los siguientes rangos: hipertermia (>39,5°C), normotermia (38,5-39,5°C), hipotermia leve (38,4-36,5°C), hipotermia moderada (36,4-34,0°C), hipotermia severa (<34°C). En preanestesia, el 65% de los animales mostraron hipotermia leve y 2% hipotermia moderada. En transanestesia, 55% de los animales tuvieron hipotermia leve, 37% hipotermia moderada y 6,1% hipotermia severa. En postanestesia, 59% de los animales tuvieron hipotermia leve, 29% hipotermia moderada y 6% hipotermia severa. Se encontraron diferencias al comparar la temperatura basal, con la final transanestésica y postanestésica, respectivamente (p<0,001); del mismo modo, se obtuvieron diferencias al comparar la temperatura inicial, con la final del periodo transanestésico (p<0,001). Por otra parte, no hubo relación estadística entre las diferentes clasificaciones ASA, los procedimientos realizados, el sexo y los rangos etarios evaluados, así como tampoco hubo diferencia en el tiempo de extubación frente al tipo de procedimiento realizado. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que, bajo las condiciones aquí planteadas, la incidencia de hipotermia preanestésica es mínima, mientras la aparición de hipotermia transanestésica y postanestésica de carácter leve, moderada y severa es mayor.

ABSTRACT The incidence of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia is one of the main perianesthetic complications in canines. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the incidence of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia in 49 dogs undergoing inhalation general anesthesia. At the end of the pre-anesthetic, trans-anesthetic, and post-anesthetic periods, body temperature was recorded, according to the following ranges: hyperthermia (>39.5°C), normothermia (38.5-39.5°C), mild hypothermia (38,4-36.5°C), moderate hypothermia (36.4-34.0°C), severe hypothermia (<34°C). In pre-anesthesia, 65% of the animals showed mild hypothermia, and 2% moderate hypothermia. In transanesthesia, 55% of the animals had mild hypothermia, 37% moderate hypothermia, and 6% severe hypothermia. In post-anesthesia 59% of the animals had mild hypothermia, 29% moderate hypothermia, and 6% severe hypothermia. Differences were found when comparing the basal temperature with the final trans-anesthetic and post-anesthetic respectively (p<0.001); Similarly, differences were obtained when comparing the initial temperature with the end of the trans-anesthetic period (p<0.001). On the other hand, there was no statistical relationship between the different ASA classifications, the procedures performed, sex, and the evaluated age ranges; as well as there was no difference in the extubation time compared to the type of procedure performed. The results of this study suggest that, under the conditions outlined here, the incidence of pre-anesthetic hypothermia is minimal, while the appearance of mild, moderate, and severe trans-anesthetic and post-anesthetic hypothermia is higher.

Anatomical and radiographic study of the scapula in juveniles and adults of Tamandua mexicana (Xenarthra: Myrmecophagidae).

Tamandua mexicana is a mammal of the superorder Xenarthra geographically located between Mexico and Peru that remains insufficiently studied. These species are characterized by their movement, resting, and eating of termites and ants in arboreal and terrestrial environments, and therefore, their thoracic limbs have been adapted morphologically to move in these environments. Tamandua mexicana is a species constantly threatened by different causes, and their thoracic limbs can be affected in the scapular and shoulder regions as a result; therefore, specific anatomical knowledge of the scapula allows for better clinical procedures, surgical approaches, radiological diagnosis and muscular reconstructions in extinct species of anteaters. The main objective of this study was to report the anatomical and radiographic features of the scapula in juvenile and adult specimens of T. mexicana. Gross dissections and radiographic study were performed in six cadavers. The scapula had large differences compared with other mammals, such as two spines, a foramen for the suprascapular nerve, a long acromion, a cranial transverse scapular ligament and caudolateral fossa for the origin of the muscles teres major, tensor fasciae antebrachii and subscapular. In juvenile specimens, a scapular cartilage, an acromial cartilage, craniomedial and caudolateral coracoscapular ligaments forming the foramen for the suprascapular nerve, and progressive ossification of those ligaments and the cranial transverse scapular ligament were observed. These findings were corroborated by radiography; therefore, these characteristics change with age. The bony reliefs of the scapula of T. mexicana corroborate the specialization of the shoulder in this species.

Efecto de dos maniobras cíclicas de reclutamiento alveolar sobre diversos parámetros de monitoreo microcirculatorio no invasivo en perros / Effect of two cyclical alveolar recruitment maneuvers on different parameters of non-invasive microcirculatory monitoring in dogs

RESUMEN Las maniobras de reclutamiento alveolar (MRA) son importantes para revertir la formación de atelectasias perioperatorias; no obstante, su realización está sujeta a cambios hemodinámicos significativos. El presente estudio evaluó el efecto de dos protocolos cíclicos de reclutamiento alveolar, mediante el incremento de la presión positiva al final de la espiración (PEEP), sobre tres parámetros de monitoreo, a saber: el gradiente de temperatura centro periférico (GT), el tiempo de relleno capilar (TRC) y la oximetría de pulso (SpO2), en 28 perros anestesiados. Los animales, se asignaron aleatoriamente en tres grupos, según la MRA a realizar, así: grupo 1, protocolo corto (PC) reclutado con PEEP de 10cmH2O; grupo 2, protocolo largo (PL) reclutado con PEEP de 20mH2O y grupo 3, protocolo control (PCo) ventilado con PEEP de 0cmH2O. Los parámetros de monitoreo fueron evaluados para cada maniobra en cuatro tiempos: T1 (basal en pre-anestesia), T2 (pre-reclutamiento), T3 (30min post-maniobra) y T4 (60min post-maniobra). En el T2, los valores de TRC presentaron una disminución significativa (p<0,05), respecto al tiempo basal. Posteriormente, en el T3, se evidenció una disminución estadísticamente significativa del GT para el grupo PC frente a los demás tratamientos; en el T4, el TRC presentó una disminución estadísticamente significativa (p<0,05) para el PL frente a los demás tratamientos. Se sugiere que, de acuerdo con los resultados encontrados, el protocolo de ventilación con incrementos de PEEP de hasta 20cmH2O es la MRA de elección, al no producir alteraciones de importancia clínica en los parámetros microcirculatorios evaluados.

ABSTRACT Alveolar recruitment maneuvers (ARM) are important in reversing the formation of perioperative atelectasis; however, its performance is subject to significant hemodynamic changes. The present study evaluated the effect of two cyclic alveolar recruitment protocols, by increasing positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), on three parameters of microcirculatory monitoring in 28 anesthetized dogs. Animals were randomly assigned to one of three groups, according to the ARM to be performed, thus: Group 1, short protocol (SP) recruited with PEEP of 10cmH2O; Group 2, long protocol (LP) recruited with PEEP of 20cmH2O; and Group 3, control protocol (CoP) ventilated with PEEP of 0cmH2O. For each maneuver, the central-peripheral temperature gradient (TG), capillary refill time (CRT) and pulse oximetry (SpO2) were evaluated, in four times namely: T1 (Pre-anesthesia), T2 (pre-recruitment), T3 (30 min post-maneuver) and T4 (60 min post-maneuver). In T2, CRT values showed a significant decrease (p<0.05), with respect to baseline time. Subsequently, in the T3, a significant statistical decrease of the TG for the SP group was evident compared to the other treatments; while in the T4 the CRT presented a significant decrease (p<0.05) for LP group versus the other treatments. It is suggested that under the conditions presented here, the protocol of ventilation with PEEP increments of up to 20cmH2O is the ARM of choice as it does not produce alterations of clinical importance in the microcirculatory parameters evaluated.

Caracterización de arritmias cardíacas tras el uso de infusiones analgésicas continuas de tramadol o lidocaína en perras ovariohisterectomizadas / Characterization of cardiac arrhythmias following the use of continuous infusions analgesic of tramadol or lidocaine in dogs ovariohysterectomised / Caracterização de arritmias cardíacas após o uso de infusões analgésicas contínuas de tramadol ou lidocaína no pós-operatório de cadelas ovário histerectomizadas

Resumen El uso de infusiones analgésicas continuas (IACs) es una estrategia eficaz para el control del dolor posquirúrgico en caninos; sin embargo, dependiendo del fármaco empleado, la electrofisiología cardiaca puede verse alterada por la presencia de taquiarritmias, bradiarritmias, complejos ventriculares, fibrilación o bloqueos atrioventriculares. El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar la frecuencia cardiaca y caracterizar las anormalidades electrocardiográficas observadas durante el empleo de infusiones analgésicas continuas posoperatorias de tramadol o lidocaína en perras ovariohisterectomizadas mediante la monitorizacion Holter 24 horas. Para ello se emplearon 26 hembras caninas (26,6 ± 17,6 meses; 15,34 ± 7,81 kg) sanas divididas en tres grupos a saber: Grupo 1 NaCl 0,9% como control (n= 7), Grupo 2 lidocaína 100µg/kg/minuto (n=10) y Grupo 3 tramadol 22µg/kg/minuto (n= 9). No se evidenciaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05) entre los grupos evaluados. La frecuencia cardiaca media, mínima y máxima encontrada en cada grupo fue: Control 100, 40 y 253 lpm, Lidocaína 93, 42 y 238 lpm, y Tramadol 90, 43 y 253 lpm; Por otra parte, un total de 20/26 (76,9%) de los animales estudiados, presentaron diversas alteraciones electrocardiográficas que incluyeron en su orden CSVP, BAV, CVP y pausas RR. Se concluye que las IACs de tramadol o lidocaína bajo las condiciones del presente estudio no generan alteraciones electrocardiográficas estadisticamente significativas, pero podrian cumplir un papel en la minimización de las mismas al ser empleadas de manera complementaria durante el periodo posoperatorio.

Abstract The use of continuous analgesic infusions (IACs) is an effective strategy for the control of postoperative pain in canines; however, depending on the used drug, cardiac electrophysiology can be altered by the presence of tachyarrhythmias, bradyarrhythmias, ventricular complexes, fibrillation or atrioventricular block. The aim of this study was to evaluate the heart rate and to characterize the electrocardiographic abnormalities during the use of continuous postoperative analgesic infusions of tramadol or lidocaine in ovariohysterectomized bitches using 24-hour Holter monitoring. For this purpose, 26 healthy canine females (26.6 ± 17.6 months, 15.34 ± 7.81 kg) were divided into three groups: Group 1 NaCl 0.9% as control (n = 7), Group 2 lidocaine 100μg / kg / minute (n = 10) and Group 3 tramadol 22μg / kg / minute (n = 9). As results the mean, minimum and maximum heart rate found in each group were Control 100, 40 and 253 bpm. Lidocaine 93, 42 and 238 bpm and Tramadol 90, 43 and 253 bpm; on the other hand, a total of 20/26 (76.9%) of the studied animals presented several electrocardiographic alterations that included in their order SVPC, AVB, VPC and RR pauses, however, there were no statistically significant differences (p<0.05) between the evaluated groups. It is concluded that the IACs of tramadol or lidocaine under the described experimental conditions do not generate statistically significant electrocardiographic alterations, but could play a role in the minimization of those parameters when used in a complementary way during the postoperative period.

Resumo O uso de infusões contínuas de analgésicos (ICA) é uma estratégia eficaz para o controle da dor pós-operatória em cães. No entanto, dependendo do fármaco utilizado, a eletrofisiologia cardíaca pode ser alterada observando-se a presença de taquiarritmias, bradiarritmias, complexos ventriculares, fibrilação ou bloqueios atrioventriculares. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a frequência cardíaca e caracterizar as anomalias eletrocardiográficas, utilizando-se Holter 24 horas, observadas durante o uso de infusões analgésicas contínuas de Tramadol ou Lidocaína no pós-operatório de cadelas ovário histerectomizadas. Para isso, foram utilizadas 26 cadelas saudáveis (26,6 ± 17,6 meses; 15,34 ± 7,81 kg) divididas em três grupos: Grupo 1 NaCl 0,9% como controle (n=7), Grupo 2 lidocaína 100 µg/kg/minuto (n=10) e Grupo 3 Tramadol 22 µg/kg/minuto (n=9). Não foram evidenciadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p< 0,05) entre os grupos avaliados. A frequência cardíaca média, mínima e máxima encontradas em cada grupo foram: Controle 100, 40 e 238 bpm, Lidocaína 93, 42 e 238 bpm, e Tramadol 90, 43 e 253 bpm. Por outro lado, um total de 20/26 (76,9%) dos animais estudados apresentaram diversas alterações eletrocardiográficas incluindo, em ordem do mais para o menos frequente, CSVP, BAV, CVP e pausas RR. Concluiu-se que as ICA de tramadol ou lidocaína, nas condições do presente estudo, não produziram alterações eletrocardiográficas estatisticamente significativas, mas poderiam minimizar as mesmas se fossem utilizadas de forma complementar durante o período pós-operatório.

Assessment of the potential efficacy of blind perineural injection techniques for blockade of the saphenous, obturator, and lateral cutaneous femoral nerves in dog cadavers.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the potential efficacy of blind perineural injection techniques to provide nerve blockade of the saphenous, obturator, and lateral cutaneous femoral nerves by assessing the distribution along those nerves of 3 volumes of an injected staining solution in dog cadavers. ANIMALS 18 canine cadavers. PROCEDURES The anatomic characteristics of the target nerves were evaluated by dissection in 3 cadavers. The saphenous nerve was located by the use of superficial anatomic landmarks and a loss-of-resistance test. The obturator and lateral cutaneous femoral nerves were located by the use of superficial anatomic landmarks. Following perineural administration of 3 volumes (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mL/kg) of staining solution near the target nerves in 15 cadavers, the distribution of the staining solution along the nerves was evaluated. Staining that extended ≥ 2 cm along the target nerves was considered to be compatible with an effective clinical nerve block. RESULTS In all cadavers, nerves were appropriately stained by the blind techniques used here. The staining distribution along the nerves was considered to be optimal after perineural injection of 0.2 mL of staining solution/kg in the obturator and lateral cutaneous femoral nerves and 0.3 mL of staining solution/kg in the saphenous nerve. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that the evaluated blind perineural injection techniques may be an inexpensive, safe, and clinically effective method to block the saphenous, obturator, and lateral cutaneous femoral nerves in dogs.

Embolismo fibrocartilaginoso (EFC), una causa poco común de infarto de la medula espinal: reporte de dos casos sospechosos / Fibrocartilaginous embolism (FCE), a rare cause of spinal cord infarction: two suspicious cases

En el presente informe se expone el caso clínico de dos caninos de raza Schnauzer, que presentaron un cuadro agudo de monoparesis de miembro torácico, seguido de hemiparesis, sin reporte de trauma físico o ejercicio vigoroso previo. El diagnóstico tentativo de infarto fibrocartilaginoso (IFC) obedeció a evidencias clínicas como: aparición aguda y no progresiva del cuadro, compromiso hemilateral, ausencia de dolor a la palpación de la columna vertebral, raza y edad de los pacientes.

In this report the clinical cases and the medical evolution of two canine of Schnauzer breed are examined. The dogs presented an acute clinical picture of monoparesis of the thoracic limbs, followed by hemiparesis without evidence of physical trauma or previous vigorous exercise. The tentative diagnose of fibrocartilaginous embolism (EFC) is supported by clinical evidence such as: acute and non progressive appearance of the clinical sings, hemilateral commitment, absence of pain to spine palpation, as well as breed and age of the patients.

Reporte de un caso clínico: Técnica quirúrgica combinada de omentalización y drenaje transabdominal múltiple en un paciente canino con abscesos prostáticos / Combined surgical technique of omentalization and multiple transabdominal drainage in canine patients with prostatic abscess

Se expone el caso clínico de un paciente canino mestizo de 7 años de edad, que fue presentado a consulta médica en la clínica de Pequeños Animales de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad del Tolima, por presentar un cuadro clínico consistente en: polaquiuria, disuria, tenesmo, fiebre, pérdida ponderal. La información obtenida a partir de la anamnesis, examen físico y estudios paraclínicos permitieron diagnosticar abscesos prostáticos, el tratamiento quirúrgico consistió en aplicar la combinación de dos técnicas quirúrgicas, la técnica de drenaje múltiple con dren de penrose mas omentalización.