RESUMO
A pilot health education project stressing prevention and individual responsibility was developed and presented at two high schools. The health record, maintained by the individual, focuses on health maintenance and illness prevention; although it allows for recording illnesses as well. Preliminary results are encouraging. Students were interested in the course and the record and indicated their intent to continue using the record. The article describes the health record, the educational process used and directions for future research.
Assuntos
Educação em Saúde , Registros , Instituições Acadêmicas , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Currículo , Projetos PilotoAssuntos
Antagonistas de Entorpecentes/história , História do Século XX , Humanos , Levalorfano/síntese química , Metilação , Morfinanos/síntese química , Nalorfina/história , Nalorfina/farmacologia , Nalorfina/uso terapêutico , Antagonistas de Entorpecentes/síntese química , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
This report-the second of a series on codeine and its alternates for pain and cough relief-contains a detailed evaluation of experimental and clinical data on newer substances having analgesic properties comparable to and in approximately the same range as those of codeine. The data are discussed under the headings: analgesic effects in animals; clinical usefulness; side-effects with particular reference to dependence and abuse liability.
Assuntos
Codeína/uso terapêutico , Tosse/tratamento farmacológico , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Amidas/uso terapêutico , Analgésicos/uso terapêutico , Animais , Antitussígenos/uso terapêutico , Azepinas/uso terapêutico , Carisoprodol/uso terapêutico , Gatos , Galinhas , Ciclazocina/uso terapêutico , Dextropropoxifeno/uso terapêutico , Ácidos Difenilacéticos/uso terapêutico , Cães , Patos , Cobaias , Humanos , Indenos/uso terapêutico , Indóis/uso terapêutico , Isoquinolinas/uso terapêutico , Camundongos , Morfinanos/uso terapêutico , Nalorfina/uso terapêutico , Antagonistas de Entorpecentes/uso terapêutico , Pentazocina/uso terapêutico , Fenetilaminas/uso terapêutico , Pirrolidinas/uso terapêutico , Ratos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Talidomida/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
This report-the third of a series on codeine and its alternates for pain and cough relief-presents a detailed review of the physiology and pathophysiology of cough, the methods for the experimental and clinical measurement of the antitussive action of drugs, possible mechanisms of action of antitussive agents, and includes a compilation of experimental results and clinical experience with codeine as an antitussive.
Assuntos
Antitussígenos , Codeína , Animais , Antitussígenos/administração & dosagem , Antitussígenos/farmacologia , Antitussígenos/normas , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Codeína/normas , Tosse/fisiopatologia , Cães , Humanos , Lactente , Métodos , Camundongos , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Coelhos , RatosRESUMO
In this report-the fourth of a series on codeine and its alternates for pain and cough relief-an attempt is made to evaluate, on the basis of experimental and clinical data, and wherever possible in comparison with codeine, the effectiveness of a number of antitussive substances currently in clinical use. In the discussion of the undesired side-effects particular attention is paid to the risk of dependence and abuse.
Assuntos
Antitussígenos/administração & dosagem , Codeína/administração & dosagem , Tosse/tratamento farmacológico , Alcaloides/administração & dosagem , Animais , Antitussígenos/efeitos adversos , Gatos , Cães , Cobaias , Antagonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos H1/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Isoquinolinas/administração & dosagem , Meperidina/administração & dosagem , Metadona/administração & dosagem , Camundongos , Morfinanos/administração & dosagem , Fenantrenos/administração & dosagem , Fenotiazinas/administração & dosagem , Ratos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de SubstânciasRESUMO
This chapter concludes the survey of experimental and clinical data on the analgesic and antitussive properties of codeine and its potential therapeutic alternates. From an evaluation of their effectiveness on the one hand and the side-effects, including tolerance, dependence and abuse liability on the other, it would appear that the therapeutic goals of codeine could be achieved by other substances, except perhaps where analgesia, cough relief, and sedation are required simultaneously. The use of these other substances would, however, result in no particular gain and probably no particular loss.
Assuntos
Antitussígenos/administração & dosagem , Codeína/administração & dosagem , Tosse/tratamento farmacológico , Analgésicos/administração & dosagem , Animais , Antitussígenos/efeitos adversos , Codeína/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de SubstânciasRESUMO
This report-the first of a series on codeine and its alternates for pain and cough relief-presents a detailed evaluation of experimental and clinical data concerning the analgesic action of codeine (the antitussive action will be assessed separately). The authors discuss the pharmacology of the drug, including side-effects and toxicity; effects on the respiratory, circulatory, digestive and urinary systems; tolerance, dependence and liability to abuse; metabolic effects; and mechanism of action.Though codeine is generally more toxic than morphine to animals on account of its convulsant action, it is less toxic to man, possibly because it produces less respiratory depression. Again, tolerance to its analgesic effects has been demonstrated in several animal species, but dependence in man is observed far less frequently than it is with morphine, and the abstinence syndrome is less intense. From their extensive review of the evidence available, the authors conclude that codeine is a good analgesic and that little risk to public health is likely to arise from its clinical use to relieve pain.
