[Main mechanisms of secondary ischemic brain damage formation in case of craniocerebral injury]. / Osnovnye mekhanizmy formirovaniya vtorichnykh ishemicheskikh povrezhdenii golovnogo mozga pri cherepno-mozgovoi travme.

OBJECTIVE: To systematize the mechanisms of formation and morphology of secondary ischemic brain damage, formed in the case of craniocerebral injury. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A literature review devoted to the study of formation mechanisms of secondary ischemic brain damage in craniocerebral injury was conducted. The secondary sequential and secondary long-term ischemic brain damage in the posttraumatic period, as well as intracranial and extracranial factors that contribute to their occurrence and progression, were considered. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Analysis of the literature has shown that primary lesions occurring at the time of head injury must be differentiated from sequential and long-term secondary ischemic changes in different brain structures.

[Laboratory examinations in forensic medical expertises on crimes against sexual integrity and sexual freedom]. / Laboratornye issledovaniya v sudebno-meditsinskikh ekspertizakh po prestupleniyam protiv polovoi neprikosnovennosti i polovoi svobody lichnosti.

The article presents the results of analysis of 482 forensic biological and forensic cytological expertises on cases of sexual crimes. A presence of different types of such crimes has been noted. Expertises' effectiveness when examining content of vagina, oral cavity and rectum, impression smears and lavages from suspects' genital organs, subungual content of victims and suspects and other objects has been determined. The dependence of expertises' effectiveness on the terms of object removal has been noted. The article presents a number of objects' examination methods (luminescent-microscopic spermatozoids' identification, diagnosis of cells origin from mucous membranes of the vagina and oral cavity, determination of group belonging of specific cells in specimens, diagnosis of fecal masses presence) allowing to improve expertises' quality.

Age Classification in Forensic Medicine Using Machine Learning Techniques.

The aim of the study was to assess the capabilities of age determination (age group) at death using classification techniques by histomorphometric characteristics of osseous and cartilaginous tissue aging. Materials and Methods: The study material was a database containing the findings of morphometric researches of osseous and cartilaginous tissue histologic specimens from 294 categorized male corpses aged 10-93 years. For data analysis and classification we used modern machine learning methods: k-NN, SVM, logistic regression, CatBoost, SGD, naive Bayes, random forest, nonlinear dimensionality reduction methods (t-SNE and uMAP), and recursive feature elimination for feature selection. Results: The used techniques (algorithms) provided effective representation of a complex data set (76 histomorphometric features), allowing to reveal the cluster structure inside the low dimensional feature space, thus fitting the classifier becomes even more reasonable. During feature selection, we estimated their importance for age group classification and studied the relationship between classification quality and the number of features inside the feature space. Data pre-processing made it possible to get rid of noise and keep most informative features, thereby accelerating a learning process and improving the classification quality. Data projection showed more well-defined cluster structure in the space of selected features. The accuracy of establishing certain groups was equal to 90%. It proves high efficiency of machine learning techniques used for forensic age diagnostics based on histomorphometric findings.

[About the effect of ethanol on the level of substances of low and medium molecular weight]. / O vliyanii etanola na uroven' veshchestv nizkoi i srednei molekulyarnoi massy.

The aim of this work is to study the effect of the concentration of ethanol in the blood on the level of low and medium molecular weight substances in the urine and blood of corpses. The content of LMMWS in the blood and urine of corpses without ethanol in the blood and its concentration of 0.5-1.5 ‰ and 2.0-5.0 ‰ was determined by the method of Malakhova modified by Kopytova at wavelengths of 238-298 nm. The dependence of the concentration of LMMWS in urine on the concentration of ethanol in the blood is shown: the decrease in the parameters of LMMWS in urine is the more pronounced, the higher the concentration of ethanol in the blood. One of the probable mechanisms of such a decrease is the neurotoxic effect of ethanol, leading to polyuria and a decrease in the concentration of various substances in the urine.

[Application of biochemical research methods for solving questions of forensic medical practice]. / Primenenie biokhimicheskikh metodov issledovaniia pri reshenii voprosov sudebno-meditsinskoi praktiki.

A review of the techniques used by Nizhny Novgorod forensic physicians in studying the possibility of using biochemical methods in expert practice is presented. Changes at the molecular level in pathological conditions precede functional and morphological disorders in tissues and organs. The use of biochemical methods - in particular, the study of the concentration of myoglobin and substances of low and medium molecular weight - significantly expands the possibilities of forensic-medical ekspertise. The authors study investigated the effect of the sampling period and the storage conditions of biomaterial on the results of biochemical studies; the dynamics of myoglobin content in determining whether a victim was dead or alive at the time of injury, and how long ago the injury occurred; and the nature of ischemic myocardial damage. The possibility of using substances of low and medium molecular weight in determining the cause of death was evaluated.

[The analysis of the low and medium molecular weight substances for differential diagnostics of deaths from acute small-focal myocardial infarction and other forms of cardiac pathology]. / Analiz veshchestv nizkoi i srednei molekuliarnoi massy dlia differentsial'noi diagnostiki smerti v rezul'tate ostrogo melkoochagovogo infarkta miokarda i drugikh form patologii serdtsa.

The objective of the present study was to analyze the possibilities for the use of the low and medium molecular weight substances for differential diagnostics of deaths from acute small-focal myocardial infarction and other forms of cardiac pathology. We determined the amount of the low and medium molecular weight substances in the urine obtained from the subjects who had died as a result of chronic coronary heart disease, acute myocardial infarction, and alcoholic cardiomyopathy. The levels of the low and medium molecular weight substances in the urine were measured by the method of N.Ya. Malakhov in the modification of T.V. Kopytova [5]. The study has demonstrated the appearance of the products of cardiomyocyte degradation (giving rise to a peak at a wavelength of 278 nm) in the fraction of the low and medium molecular weight substances of the urine from the patients suffering from acute small-focal myocardial infarction and some other forms of cardiac pathology.

[Determination of the blood myoglobin levels for the purpose of forensic medical expertise: the methodological peculiarities and the prospects for the further use]. / Opredelenie soderzhaniya mioglobina v krovi v sudebno-meditsinskoi praktike: metodicheskie osobennosti i perspektivy.

The objective of the present work was to study the dependence of the blood myoglobin levels on the time of death, gender, and age of the subject, methods employed to analyze this protein, and the duration of storage of the biological materials after autopsy. Myoglobin levels were measured in cadaveric blood of the subjects who had died as a result of acute cardiovascular insufficiency and chronic coronary heart disease in the passive hemagglutination reaction with the use of the erythrocyte diagnosticum and in the immunoturbodimetric test combined with the fixed time method. It was shown that the blood myoglobin level depends on prescription of death coming, duration of storage of the biological materials, age and sex of the deceased subject. It is concluded that the immunoturbodimetric method is characterized by the higher accuracy and better reproducibility than the passive hemagglutination reaction with the use of the erythrocyte diagnosticum.

[The quantitative evaluation of the involutional changes in the kidney micropreparations as the method for the determination of the human biological age].

The objective of the present work was to study age-specific histomorphological changes developing in the kidneys in the course of ageing with special reference to the determination of the number of renal glomeruli in the field of vision during the microscopic examination of histological preparations. The study revealed the significant difference between the number of the renal glomeruli in the subjects under and above 50 year old. The results of the work were used to develop the method for the quantitative evaluation of the involutional changes in the kidneys for the determination of the human biological age in the combination with other approaches.