Gene regulatory landscape of cerebral cortex folding.

Folding of the cerebral cortex is a key aspect of mammalian brain development and evolution, and defects are linked to severe neurological disorders. Primary folding occurs in highly stereotyped patterns that are predefined in the cortical germinal zones by a transcriptomic protomap. The gene regulatory landscape governing the emergence of this folding protomap remains unknown. We characterized the spatiotemporal dynamics of gene expression and active epigenetic landscape (H3K27ac) across prospective folds and fissures in ferret. Our results show that the transcriptomic protomap begins to emerge at early embryonic stages, and it involves cell-fate signaling pathways. The H3K27ac landscape reveals developmental cell-fate restriction and engages known developmental regulators, including the transcription factor Cux2. Manipulating Cux2 expression in cortical progenitors changed their proliferation and the folding pattern in ferret, caused by selective transcriptional changes as revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing analyses. Our findings highlight the key relevance of epigenetic mechanisms in defining the patterns of cerebral cortex folding.

Effects of alpha-tocopherol antioxidant on fracture strength and adhesion of endodontically treated teeth restored after dental bleaching.

This study evaluated the effect of different concentrations of alpha-tocopherol in gel form on fracture strength, hybrid layer formation, and microtensile bond strength of endodontically treated teeth bleached with 40% hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ). Sixty bovine incisors were randomized into one of six groups (n = 10 incisors per group) defined by the interventions carried out after endodontic treatment. In the control group, no additional intervention was carried out, while all teeth in the five intervention groups were bleached with 40% H2 O2 and subsequently treated with alpha-tocopherol at concentrations of 15% (15AT), 20% (20AT), or 25% (25AT), with 10% sodium ascorbate (10SA), or with nothing (40HP). Fracture strength was evaluated in a mechanical testing machine, hybrid layer formation was assessed using scanning electron microscopy, and bond strength was determined using microtensile bond-strength testing. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests. No statistically significant difference regarding fracture strength was observed among groups. Hybrid layer formation was greater in the 15AT group than in groups 40HP and 10SA. Teeth in groups 15AT, 20AT, and 25AT demonstrated higher bond strength than teeth in groups 40HP and 10SA. Alpha-tocopherol, preferably at 15%, effectively reverses the deleterious effects, of bleaching, on hybrid layer formation and bond strength to dentin.

Effect of antioxidants after post-space irrigation on the adhesive interface of glass fiber post cementation.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effects of antioxidants, 10% sodium ascorbate (SA) or 20% alpha-tocopherol (AT), after post-space irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite +17% EDTA (SH) or 1% peracetic acid (PA) on the adhesive interface after glass fiber post cementation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty bovine roots were endodontically treated. After preparation, the post-space was irrigated with SH or PA followed or not by the use of antioxidants (SA or AT) (n = 10). Push-out bond strength test, failure mode, and dentin penetrability analysis using confocal laser microscope were performed in the cervical, middle, and apical thirds. Data from bond strength and dentinal penetrability were evaluated by one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: SH showed the lowest bond strength regardless of the third (p < 0.05). In apical third, mixed failure was the most incident in all groups. Only in the cervical third of the post-space, SH-AT provided the greatest tag extension of the cementation system into dentin (p < 0.05). However, in the middle and apical thirds, SH-AT, SH-SA, and PA-SA provided the largest tag extensions (p < 0.05), but similar to each other (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The use of antioxidants only favored bond strength when SH was used and dentin penetrability of the adhesive and conventional resin cementation, regardless of the solution used to irrigate the post-space. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The use of antioxidants (10% sodium ascorbate and 20% alpha-tocopherol) after post-space irrigation with sodium hypochlorite appears to increase the bond strength favoring the glass fiber post-cementation.

Surface and intra-pulpal temperature variation during tooth whitening photoactivated with LED/laser.

This study evaluated the variation of surface and intra-pulpal temperature, during bleaching protocol, using LED/laser. The 35% (HP35), 15% (HP15) and 6% (HP6) gels were used associated with LED/laser applied every 1 min for 30 min in a human canine. The evaluation of surface temperature variation (∆Ts) was performed using a pHmeter and the intra-pulpal temperature variation (∆Ti) was performed using a digital thermometer, at times of 1-, 5-, 10- 15- and 30-min. Statistical analysis was performed using the two-way repeated measures ANOVA test and Bonferroni post-hoc test was used at a significance level of 5%. HP35 and HP15 showed greater temperature variation than HP6 up to 10 min of surface evaluation, showing no differences between them. In the intra-pulpal evaluation, no group showed differences throughout the procedure.

Impact of cleansing protocols to remove endodontic sealer residues on the adhesive interface: Bonding with universal adhesive systems.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cleansing protocols to remove sealer residues using different cleaning strategies and the effect of bond strength of two universal adhesives to dentin impregnated with epoxy resin-based sealer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty bovine dentin specimens were impregnated with epoxy resin-based sealer containing calcium hydroxide (Sealer Plus) and submitted to cleansing protocols (n = 10): negative control (NC), positive control (PC), 95% ethanol (ET), xylol (XI), and amyl acetate (AA). Specimens were evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Other 100 specimens were submitted to the same protocols (n = 20). Each protocol was divided into subgroups (n = 10) according to the universal adhesive system used: Scotchbond Universal (SU); Ambar Universal (AU). Bond strength was evaluated by micro-shear bond test (µSBT). Persistence of residues data were assessed with Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests. µSBT data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA (α = 5%). RESULTS: ET presented higher persistence of residues compared to AA and XI (p < 0.05). AA and XI were similar from each other (p > 0.05). AU and SU presented similar µSBT values, regardless of the cleansing solution (p > 0.05). SU-NC presented the highest µSBT among all conditions (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The bond strength of universal adhesives was not affected by different amounts of sealer residues after different cleaning protocols. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Non-polar substances such as amyl acetate and xylol are effective for removing residues from epoxy resin-based endodontic sealers.

Sustained negative mental health outcomes among healthcare workers over the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: a prospective cohort study

ObjectiveTo characterize the evolution of healthcare workers mental health status over the 1-year period following the initial COVID-19 pandemic outbreak and to examine baseline characteristics associated with resolution or persistence of mental health problems over time. MethodsWe conducted an 8-month follow-up cohort study. Eligible participants were healthcare workers working in Spain. Baseline data were collected during the initial pandemic outbreak. Survey-based self-reported measures included COVID-19-related exposures, sociodemographic characteristics, and three mental health outcomes (psychological distress, depression symptoms, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms). We examined three longitudinal trajectories in mental health outcomes between baseline and follow-up assessments (namely asymptomatic/stable, recovering, and persistently symptomatic/worsening). ResultsWe recruited 1,807 participants. Between baseline and follow-up assessments, the proportion of respondents screening positive for psychological distress and probable depression decreased, respectively, from 74% to 56% and from 28% to 21%. Two-thirds remained asymptomatic/stable in terms of depression symptoms and 56% remained symptomatic or worsened over time in terms of psychological distress. ConclusionsPoor mental health outcomes among healthcare workers persisted over time. Occupational programs and mental health strategies should be put in place.

Reliability of an instrument on cognitive-practical capacities for the treatment of minimal dental caries intervention in the Dentistry Career / Confiabilidad de instrumento sobre capacidades cognitivo-prácticas para el tratamiento de mínima intervención de caries dental en la Carrera de Estomatología

Objective: The objective of this research was to determine the reliability of the instrument on cognitive-practical capacities necessary for the treatment of minimal intervention of dental caries in the Stomatology Career. Methods: Pilot study that describes the extent to which a previously designed instrument is understandable and functional. The sample consisted of 52 professors from the stomatology career. The information was collected in two stages, a test in which the instrument was applied and after 15 days a retest was performed. The variables consisted of 21 items resulting from the design and prior validation. The mean of variability was calculated for each item at the time of the test and retest, the internal consistency through Cronbach's alpha, a comparison of the mean of the instrument's items according to Student's t test, and the correlation coefficient was calculated. intraclass. Results: The test and retest showed value of the total means of 2.43 and 2.47 respectively, expressing that the objectives of the instrument are partially achieved. The scores showed good coherence (Cronbach's alpha 0.817 and 0.801 in test and retest). The hypothesis test being t ≤0.05 in both moments it is accepted that all the items were related. Conclusions: Reliability was demonstrated with regard to internal consistency and temporal stability in each of its items.

Objetivo: El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la confiabilidad de instrumento sobre capacidades cognitivo-prácticas necesarias para el tratamiento de mínima intervención de la caries dental en la Carrera de Estomatología. Métodos: Estudio piloto que describe en qué medida un instrumento previamente diseñado es comprensible y funcional. La muestra estuvo integrada por 52 profesores de la carrera de estomatología. La información fue recogida en dos etapas, una prueba en la que se aplicó el instrumento y trascurridos 15 días se realizó una segunda prueba. Las variables consistieron en 21 ítems resultantes del diseño y la validación previa. Se calculó la media de variabilidad para cada ítem en el momento de la prueba y la segunda prueba, la consistencia interna a través del alfa de Cronbach, una comparación de la media de los ítems del instrumento según t de Student y se calculó el coeficiente de correlación intraclase. Resultados: La prueba y segunda prueba mostraron valor de las medias totales de 2,43 y 2,47 respectivamente, expresando que los objetivos del instrumento se logran parcialmente. Las puntuaciones mostraron buena coherencia (alfa de Cronbach 0,817 y 0,801 en prueba y segunda prueba). La prueba de hipótesis al ser t ≤0,05 en ambos momentos se acepta que todos los ítems se relacionaron. Conclusiones: Se demostró la confiabilidad en lo que se refiere a la consistencia interna y estabilidad temporal en cada uno de sus ítems.

Hydrocephalus and diffuse choroid plexus hyperplasia in primary ciliary dyskinesia-related MCIDAS mutation.

OBJECTIVE: To report a neuroradiologic phenotype associated with reduced generation of multiple motile cilia (RGMC) and mutations in the multicilin gene. We hypothesize that the observed phenotype may reflect the emerging role that ependymal cilia play in regulating CSF production. METHOD: Clinical and radiologic records were retrospectively reviewed for 7 consecutive patients diagnosed by the Leicester UK national primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) diagnostic laboratory. RESULTS: On MRI scanning, all patients demonstrated hydrocephalus, choroid plexus hyperplasia (CPH), and arachnoid cysts. No patient had any sign of neurologic deficit. All patients had significant lung disease. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that there is a high incidence of hydrocephalus, arachnoid cysts, and CPH in MCIDAS-associated RGMC. In all cases, the observed hydrocephalus seems arrested in childhood without progression or adverse neurologic sequelae. Our new observation of CPH, which is associated with CSF overproduction, is the first macroscopic evidence that ependymal cilia may be involved in the regulation of CSF production and flow. We suggest that brain imaging should be performed in all cases of RGMC and that a diagnosis of PCD or RGMC be strongly considered in patients with unexplained hydrocephalus and a lifelong "wet"-sounding cough.

One-year bleaching efficacy using two HP products with different pH: A double-blind randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: This split-mouth, double-blind, randomized clinical trial evaluated the 1-year bleaching efficacy produced by two hydrogen peroxide gels with different pHs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight patients were divided into two groups corresponding to two different products: Pola Office (pH = 2.0/SDI) and Pola Office Plus (pH = 7.0/SDI). The treatment was assessed during and after the bleaching procedure up to 12 months post-treatment. The assessment consisted of two bleaching scales shade guide units (ΔSGU) and spectrophotometric device (ΔE, ΔE00, and Whiteness Index) of both maxillary quadrants. Results for ΔSGUs in both scales and ΔE00 and Whiteness Index were compared using Mann Whitney test and ΔE measurements through the t-Student test for paired samples in each evaluation time. The color rebound (1- vs 12-month postbleaching data) was evaluated with Wilcoxon test (alpha = .05). RESULTS: During the different times of evaluation, the color variation was similar for both products (P > .05), both for subjective (ΔSGUs) and objective assessments (ΔE, ΔE00, and Whiteness Index). Also, both products showed a slight rebound after 12-month postbleaching (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Concerning the stability of color, in-office dental whitening with two hydrogen peroxide gels of different pHs produced similar results, with no significant of regression, for 12 months postwhitening. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Bleaching using a neutral (pH = 7.0) in-office gel demonstrated similar stability and rebound effect than an acidic one (pH = 2.0).

Indirect estimation of infant mortality in small areas* / Estimação indireta da mortalidade infantil em pequenas áreas / Estimación indirecta de la mortalidad infantil en pequeñas áreas

The Brass-type indirect methods of early-age mortality estimation have been used for more than four decades, providing very robust estimates for countries without reliable vital registration systems. However, when estimation areas become smaller, the number of dead children could be very small, especially among those born to young women, who provide essential information to estimate recent mortality. In these cases, estimates could be affected by random errors and unexpected annual fluctuations. At the same time, although it is very unlikely that demographic trends in a small area would follow patterns very different from those prevailing in the broader environment they belong to, it is possible that some local events may become relevant to small areas, causing some deviations from the assumptions that may hold true to the larger area. The objective of this paper is to propose an adaptation of the indirect estimation approach, which would allow obtaining infant and child mortality estimates for small areas. As such, this proposal belongs to the realm of indirect estimation methods, sharing the limitations and advantages that characterize this type of estimation procedures. The method is illustrated with data from the 2014 Population and Housing Census of Myanmar. The results indicate that the method proposed here provides reliable and consistent infant mortality estimates, compared to the original Brass' method, even in very small areas.

Métodos indiretos do tipo Brass para estimar a mortalidade nas primeiras idades da vida têm sido usados por mais de quatro décadas, fornecendo estimativas muito robustas para países que não possuem sistemas confiáveis de estatísticas vitais. No entanto, quando as áreas de estimativa são pequenas, o número de crianças mortas pode ser muito baixo, especialmente entre os nascidos de mulheres jovens, que fornecem informações essenciais para estimar a mortalidade recente. Nestes casos, as estimativas podem ser afetadas por erros aleatórios e flutuações anuais inesperadas. Ao mesmo tempo, embora seja muito improvável que as tendências demográficas em uma área pequena sigam padrões muito diferentes daqueles prevalecentes no ambiente mais amplo ao qual pertencem, é possível que certos eventos locais se tornem relevantes em pequenas áreas, causando alguns desvios de padrões que na área maior são válidos. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor uma adaptação da abordagem de estimativa indireta, que permita obter estimativas de mortalidade infantil e das crianças em pequenas áreas. Dessa forma, tal proposta pertence ao escopo dos métodos de estimativa indireta, compartilhando as limitações e vantagens que caracterizam essa metodologia de estimativa. O método é ilustrado com dados do Censo de População e Habitação de Myanmar, 2014. Os resultados indicam que o método proposto aqui fornece estimativas confiáveis e consistentes de mortalidade infantil, em comparação com os resultados do método original de Brass, mesmo em áreas muito pequenas.

Los métodos indirectos del tipo Brass para estimar la mortalidad en las edades tempranas se han utilizado durante más de cuatro décadas y han proporcionado estimaciones muy robustas para países que no cuentan con sistemas de estadísticas vitales fiables. Sin embargo, cuando las áreas de estimación son pequeñas, el número de niños muertos podría ser muy reducido, especialmente entre los nacidos de mujeres jóvenes, quienes proporcionan información esencial para estimar la mortalidad reciente. En estos casos, las estimaciones podrían verse afectadas por errores aleatorios y fluctuaciones anuales inesperadas. Al mismo tiempo, aunque es muy poco probable que las tendencias demográficas en un área pequeña sigan patrones muy diferentes de los que prevalecen en el entorno más amplio al cual pertenecen, es posible que ciertos eventos locales se tornen relevantes en áreas pequeñas, causando algunas desviaciones de los supuestos que para el área más grande pueden ser válidos. El objetivo de este trabajo es proponer una adaptación del enfoque de estimación indirecta que permita obtener estimaciones de mortalidad infantil y en la niñez para áreas pequeñas. Como tal, esta propuesta pertenece al ámbito de los métodos de estimación indirecta, por lo que comparte las limitaciones y ventajas que caracterizan a esta metodología de estimación. El método se ilustra con datos del censo de población y vivienda de Myanmar de 2014. Los resultados obtenidos indican que el método aquí propuesto brinda estimaciones de mortalidad infantil confiables y consistentes, en comparación con los resultados del método original de Brass, incluso en áreas muy pequeñas.

Analysis of an ordinal endpoint for use in evaluating treatments for severe influenza requiring hospitalization.

Background/Aims A single best endpoint for evaluating treatments of severe influenza requiring hospitalization has not been identified. A novel six-category ordinal endpoint of patient status is being used in a randomized controlled trial (FLU-Intravenous Immunoglobulin - FLU-IVIG) of intravenous immunoglobulin. We systematically examine four factors regarding the use of this ordinal endpoint that may affect power from fitting a proportional odds model: (1) deviations from the proportional odds assumption which result in the same overall treatment effect as specified in the FLU-IVIG protocol and which result in a diminished overall treatment effect, (2) deviations from the distribution of the placebo group assumed in the FLU-IVIG design, (3) the effect of patient misclassification among the six categories, and (4) the number of categories of the ordinal endpoint. We also consider interactions between the treatment effect (i.e. factor 1) and each other factor. Methods We conducted a Monte Carlo simulation study to assess the effect of each factor. To study factor 1, we developed an algorithm for deriving distributions of the ordinal endpoint in the two treatment groups that deviated from proportional odds while maintaining the same overall treatment effect. For factor 2, we considered placebo group distributions which were more or less skewed than the one specified in the FLU-IVIG protocol by adding or subtracting a constant from the cumulative log odds. To assess factor 3, we added misclassification between adjacent pairs of categories that depend on subjective patient/clinician assessments. For factor 4, we collapsed some categories into single categories. Results Deviations from proportional odds reduced power at most from 80% to 77% given the same overall treatment effect as specified in the FLU-IVIG protocol. Misclassification and collapsing categories can reduce power by over 40 and 10 percentage points, respectively, when they affect categories with many patients and a discernible treatment effect. But collapsing categories that contain no treatment effect can raise power by over 20 percentage points. Differences in the distribution of the placebo group can raise power by over 20 percentage points or reduce power by over 40 percentage points depending on how patients are shifted to portions of the ordinal endpoint with a large treatment effect. Conclusion Provided that the overall treatment effect is maintained, deviations from proportional odds marginally reduce power. However, deviations from proportional odds can modify the effect of misclassification, the number of categories, and the distribution of the placebo group on power. In general, adjacent pairs of categories with many patients should be kept separate to help ensure that power is maintained at the pre-specified level.

Relaxant and anti-inflammatory effect of two thalidomide analogs as PDE-4 inhibitors in pregnant rat uterus

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relaxant and anti-inflammatory effects of two thalidomide analogs as phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) inhibitors in pregnant rat uterus. Uteri from Wistar female rats were isolated at 19 day of pregnancy. Uterine samples were used in functional studies to evaluate the inhibitory effects of the thalidomide analogs, methyl 3-(4-nitrophthalimido)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-propanoate (4NO2PDPMe) and methyl 3-(4-aminophthalimido)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-propanoate (4APDPMe), on prostaglandin-F2α (PGF2α)-induced phasic, K⁺-induced tonic, and Ca²⁺-induced contractions. Accumulation of cAMP was quantified in uterine homogenates by ELISA. Anti-inflammatory effect was assessed by using ELISA for determination of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin (IL)-1β, and anti-inflammatory IL-10, from uterine explants stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Nifedipine, forskolin and rolipram were used as positive controls where required. Both thalidomide analogs induced a significant inhibition of the uterine contractions induced by the pharmaco- and electro-mechanic stimuli. Nifedipine and forskolin were more potent than the analogs to inhibit the uterine contractility, but these were more potent than rolipram, and 4APDPMe was equieffective to nifedipine. Thalidomide analogs increased uterine cAMP-levels in a concentration-dependent manner. The LPS-induced TNFα and IL-1β uterine secretion was diminished in a concentration-dependent fashion by both analogs, whereas IL-10 secretion was increased significantly. The thalidomide analogs induced utero-relaxant and anti-inflammatory effects, which were associated with the increased cAMP levels as PDE-4 inhibitors in the pregnant rat uterus. Such properties place these thalidomide analogs as potentially safe and effective tocolytic agents in a field that urgently needs improved pharmacological treatments, as in cases of preterm labor.

Utility of eye-tracking technology for preparing medical students in Spain for the summative objective structured clinical examination / 보건의료교육평가

No abstract available.

Nitrogen fixation in a non-heterocystous cyanobacterial mat from a mountain river.

In situ nitrogen fixation was investigated in a cyanobacterial mat growing on the bed of rocks of the Muga River, Spain. The filamentous non-heterocystous cyanobacterium Schizothrix dominated the mat, showing nitrogenase activity in the light at similar rates to those found in nearby heterocystous Rivularia colonies. N2 fixation in the light was significantly increased by an inhibitor of PSII and oxygen evolution, DCMU (3-[3,4-dichlorophenyl]-1,1-dimethylurea), and anaerobic conditions. However, no nitrogenase activity was found in the dark. Addition of fructose as a respiratory substrate induced nitrogenase activity in samples incubated under aerobic conditions in the dark but not in anaerobic conditions. Microelectrode oxygen profiles showed internal microaerobic microzones where nitrogen fixation might concentrate. Analyses of the 16S rRNA gene revealed only the presence of sequences belonging to filamentous non-heterocystous cyanobacteria. nifH gene diversity showed that the major phylotypes also belonged to this group. One of the three strains isolated from the Schizothrix mat was capable of fixing N2 and growing in the absence of combined N. This was consistent with the nifH gene analysis. These results suggest a relevant contribution of non-heterocystous cyanobacteria to nitrogen fixation in these mats.

Migración en tiempos de crisis: Exploraciones del concepto de resiliencia social transnacional en Apaseo el Alto, Guanajuato, México / Migration in times of crisis: exploring the concept of social transnacional resiliencie in Apaseo el Alto, Guanajuato, Mexico

Este trabajo busca explorar la viabilidad de utilizar el concepto de Resiliencia Social en un contexto trasnacional como el que se construye cotidianamente con la migración mexicana a los Estados Unidos. Se enfoca especialmente en la dinámica vivida por las familias migrantes guanajuatenses, desde el inicio del siglo XXI. Para ello destacamos los procesos de adaptación y transformación al entorno creado por los cambios del sistema migratorio emprendidos en los Estados Unidos. El objetivo del trabajo es explicar cómo, dentro de un proceso histórico de larga duración, los migrantes transforman su vida adaptándose de un espacio local, a uno transnacional. Concluye considerando la importancia de estudiar la dinámica migratoria desde una perspectiva adaptativa individual y familiar utilizando un trabajo exploratorio realizado en Apaseo el Alto, Guanajuato, con lo cual creemos se abre una interesante veta de investigación para la realización de futuros trabajos.(AU).

This paper aims to explore the feasibility of the concept Social Resilience in a transnational context as the Mexican Migration to the United States. Our analysis focuses specifically on the dynamics experienced by Guanajuato migrant families in the XXI Century, and it will highlight the processes of adaptation and transformation to the changing environment defined as the US immigration system. The goal of the paper is to explain how, within a historical -long-term- process, migrant persons and their families transform and adjust their life and local space into a transnational one. We conclude by considering the importance of studying the migratory dynamics within a transnational social resilience perspective from individual and family level. We use exploratory field-work done in Apaseo el Alto, Guanajuato, as case study, which, we believe, opens an interesting research agenda in the future.(AU).

Does refurbishing composites lead to short-term effects or long-lasting improvement?

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical performance of refurbished resin composite restorations compared to untreated (negative control) restorations over a period of 10 years. METHODS: 26 subjects (having a total of 52 composite restorations) were recruited. All restorations in the refurbished group showed clinical features rated bravo according to modified USPHS criteria. Untreated restorations were those that had been deemed acceptable (alpha or bravo rated); these were used as controls. Two examiners performed assessments at baseline and during the 5th and 10th years after the intervention. Wilcoxon tests were performed for within-group comparisons, Friedman tests were used for multiple within-group comparisons, and Mann Whitney tests were used for between-groups comparisons. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were calculated, and the Mantel-Cox test was used to compare curves. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: In both groups, 10-year scores were significantly different from baseline scores in all clinical parameters except secondary caries. There were no statistically significant differences in the survival analysis of groups (log-rank test, P = 0.376). Refurbishing treatment improved the anatomy, roughness, luster, and marginal adaptation of restorations with a short-term effect, with most properties rated acceptable after 10 years of clinical service. The clinical characteristics were similar for all groups at the 10th year.

Is there difference of Streptococcus mutans count and adherence on amalgam and resin occlusal restorations? A blind clinical study

To compare the number of colony forming units CFU and agar adherence of S. mutans on amalgam AM and resin composite RC occlusal restorations. Sixty-five healthy patients older than 18 years with high caries risk who had at least one occlusal AM and RC restorations n=130 were selected. METHODS: The restorations were evaluated according to the alpha Ryge criteria Cohen-Kappa 0.8. For each patient, a biofilm sample was taken using an impression tray technique with previously loaded with solid trypticase yeast extract cysteine sucrose with bacitracin agar placed over the AM restorations and RC restorations in the same patients. The tray was placed inside an oven at 37 °C for 48 h, and the S. mutans count was then performed. Data were analyzed with the test Wilcoxon with a 95% confidence level. RESULTS: RC restorations had statistically significant higher number of CFU of S. mutans than AM restorations p<0.05. CONCLUSIONS: In adult patients with high caries risk, RC occlusal surfaces showed greater agar adherence of S. mutans count than AM restorations...

Reporte de lesiones mucosas en leishmaniosis tegumentaria americana, en el litoral (Costa) Ecuatoriano / Report on mucous membrane lesions in American tegumentary leishmaniosis, in the Ecuadorian coastal region

En la región litoral o costa ecuatoriana existen 5 especies de Leishmania que afectan al ser humano, con un amplio espectro de lesiones cutáneas y linfáticas bien documentadas. Las lesiones en la mucosa rino-oro-faríngea y aún laríngea, no son reportadas con frecuencia. Se presentan cuatrocasos con esta afección, de origen indudable del litoral: 1) la lesión mucosa aparece luego de 25 años de la lesión dérmica; 2) las cicatrices de la piel en la cara y las lesiones de mucosa nasal, muy próximas; 3) Lesiones muy graves de todo el área, incluye laringe; 4) Lesión dérmica en pierna y lesión nasal al cabo de 7 años. Este reporte permite actualizar esta dolencia en el diagnóstico diferencial y ofrecer mejor tratamiento y pronóstico a los pacientes.

Selection of image fusion quality measures: objective, subjective, and metric assessment.

Accurate quality assessment of fused images, such as combined visible and infrared radiation images, has become increasingly important with the rise in the use of image fusion systems. We bring together three approaches, applying two objective tasks (local target analysis and global target location) to two scenarios, together with subjective quality ratings and three computational metrics. Contrast pyramid, shift-invariant discrete wavelet transform, and dual-tree complex wavelet transform fusion are applied, as well as levels of JPEG2000 compression. The differing tasks are shown to be more or less appropriate for differentiating among fusion methods, and future directions pertaining to the creation of task-specific metrics are explored.