RESUMO
The risks of low bone mineral density, osteoporosis and fractures, are major concerns in postmenopausal women. Although postmenopausal hormone therapy is effective for reducing these risks, safety issues have been raised by the results of studies such as the Women's Health Initiative. Although there are scientifically valid reasons to be wary of the general applicability of the Women's Health Initiative findings, the study has underscored the continuing need for research into new forms of menopausal hormone therapy. Low-dose transdermal estrogen monotherapy can preserve bone density while relieving vasomotor symptoms. Transdermal administration may offer advantages, including lack of first-pass liver metabolism, which permits the use of lower doses and avoids a negative impact on the lipid profile. Moreover, a recently published 2-year study of ultra-low-dose transdermal estrogen monotherapy in an older population similar to that of the WHI reported significant increases in bone mineral density, accompanied by significant reductions in markers of bone turnover, with no increased risk of endometrial hyperplasia or other side effects. Additional studies are warranted to shed further light on the possible benefits of low-dose estrogen monotherapy for the prevention of bone loss in postmenopausal women.
Assuntos
Estrogênios/administração & dosagem , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/prevenção & controle , Administração Cutânea , Densidade Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Difosfonatos/uso terapêutico , Terapia de Reposição de Estrogênios/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Progestinas/administração & dosagem , Cloridrato de Raloxifeno/uso terapêutico , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Saúde da MulherRESUMO
Approximately 1% to 3% of all pregnancies in the United States are multiple gestations. The vast majority (97-98%) are twin pregnancies. Multiple pregnancies constitute significant risk to both mother and fetuses. Antepartum complications-including preterm labor, preterm premature rupture of the membranes, intrauterine growth restriction, intrauterine fetal demise, gestational diabetes, and preeclampsia-develop in over 80% of multiple pregnancies as compared with approximately 25% of singleton gestations. This article reviews in detail the maternal physiologic adaptations required to support a multiple pregnancy and the maternal complications that develop when these systems fail or are overwhelmed.
Assuntos
Prole de Múltiplos Nascimentos , Complicações na Gravidez/fisiopatologia , Gravidez Múltipla/fisiologia , Feminino , Morte Fetal/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Trabalho de Parto Prematuro/fisiopatologia , GravidezRESUMO
We have for the first time exposed estrogen's role in the epithelial ovarian cancer (OVCA) metastatic cascade and discovered that it is related to the induction of ezrin over-expression. 17beta Estradiol (E2) was administered to SKOV3 (ERalpha>beta) and DOV13 (ERalphaAssuntos
Estradiol/farmacologia
, Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo
, Divisão Celular/efeitos dos fármacos
, Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos
, Colágeno
, Proteínas do Citoesqueleto
, Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga
, Combinação de Medicamentos
, Receptor alfa de Estrogênio/metabolismo
, Receptor beta de Estrogênio
, Estrogênios/metabolismo
, Feminino
, Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica
, Humanos
, Laminina
, Neoplasias Ovarianas
, Proteoglicanas
, Cloridrato de Raloxifeno/farmacologia
, Tamoxifeno/farmacologia
, Células Tumorais Cultivadas