RESUMO
To investigate the role of beta-catenin in mammary gland development and neoplasia, we expressed a stabilized, transcriptionally active form of beta-catenin lacking the NH(2)-terminal 89 amino acids (Delta N 89 beta-catenin) under the control of the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat. Our results show that Delta N 89 beta-catenin induces precocious lobuloalveolar development and differentiation in the mammary glands of both male and female mice. Virgin Delta N 89 beta-catenin mammary glands resemble those found in wild-type (wt) pregnant mice and inappropriately express cyclin D1 mRNA. In contrast to wt mammary glands, which resume a virgin appearance after cessation of lactation, transgenic mammary glands involute to a midpregnant status. All transgenic females develop multiple aggressive adenocarcinomas early in life. Surprisingly, the Delta N89 beta-catenin phenotype differs from those elicited by overexpression of Wnt genes in this gland. In particular, Delta N 89 beta-catenin has no effect on ductal side branching. This suggests that Wnt induction of ductal branching involves additional downstream effectors or modulators.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/genética , Proteínas do Citoesqueleto/genética , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Neoplasias Mamárias Animais/genética , Transativadores , Adenocarcinoma/etiologia , Animais , Diferenciação Celular , Ciclina D1/genética , Citosol , Células Epiteliais , Feminino , Masculino , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/anatomia & histologia , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/citologia , Neoplasias Mamárias Animais/etiologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Mutantes , Camundongos Transgênicos , Gravidez , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/genética , Reprodução , Deleção de Sequência , Caracteres Sexuais , Maturidade Sexual/fisiologia , Distribuição Tecidual , Regulação para Cima , beta CateninaRESUMO
As part of the Minnesota Medical Association's ongoing contract review process, this article provides information to help educate physicians about the major managed care contracts being offered to them. The information provided is not intended to, nor should it be a substitute for legal advice pertaining to an individual's practice and specific contracts with third parties. The MMA will not be making recommendations regarding the merits of any particular contract. A decision to enter into a contract rests with the physician and his or her clinic in consultation with private legal counsel.
Assuntos
Serviços Contratados/legislação & jurisprudência , Atenção à Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Administração Financeira/legislação & jurisprudência , Sistemas Pré-Pagos de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Programas de Assistência Gerenciada/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , MinnesotaRESUMO
The health records of all members of the Three Affiliated Indian Tribes of Fort Berthold, North Dakota were reviewed in order to define the extent of diabetes in this population. Full-inheritance Indians age 35 years and older have a known prevalence rate of diabetes of 22.3 per cent; persons between half- and full-inheritance Indian have a rate of 14.9 per cent; persons less than one-half Indian inheritance have a rate of 4.1 per cent, the same as whites living on this reservation. Below age 35, diabetes is rare among all racial subgroups.
