Conformance testing of interoperability in health information systems in Finland.

Conformance testing has been studied extensively but the current state of the art varies very much in different software companies in the healthcare domain. In this paper we present findings of a survey of conformance testing of interface specifications in the healthcare domain. The survey was conducted among software companies and their customers, i.e. hospital districts, in Finland. The findings of the survey show that the quality of the applications should be improved, that there is a reluctance to use external interface testing services, and that software vendors do not adequately fulfill customers' requirements in relation to testing. However, conformance testing is considered to be very important and should be improved. The main contribution of this study is the analysis of the findings and we give some recommendations for healthcare organizations, software companies, and authorities to improve the conformance testing related to the interoperability of the applications.

Gathering, structuring and describing information needs in home care: a method for requirements exploration in a "gray area".

The aim of our research is to develop a method for "requirements exploration"--gathering, structuring and describing requirements for information systems in previously weakly understood areas. In health care, information systems are usually developed for a single organization, or for information flow from one organization to another. In our case domain, multi-professional and multi-organizational home care, this approach is not very helpful. Moreover, home care takes place in "no-man's-land"; outside the organizations' infrastructure, in the customer's home, and technology is used scarcely. In this paper, we describe how information requirements were explored in this scantly understood domain by using an activity-theoretical approach. We also explain how this approach served our purposes. The method proved useful in grasping the network of activities and the information needs. The holistic nature of the method was particularly important, since technology is not the only solution to the needs we discovered.

Specification levels and collaborative definition for the integration of health information systems.

In this paper, we extend our previous work for defining interoperability for health information systems into proposed documentation levels for specifying integration, and a model for defining various interoperability aspects in collaboration between integrators, health service providers and system providers. We are using these models in defining solutions for a set of different integration needs in PlugIT project in Finland. We propose collaborative definition and clear levels of integration specifications to promote adequacy, consistency and efficiency of integration solutions and software component specifications in health information systems.