Incidental thyroid carcinoma diagnosed after total thyroidectomy for benign thyroid diseases: incidence and association with thyroid disease type and laboratory markers.

Objective. Currently, total thyroidectomy (TT) is widely used to treat benign thyroid diseases and thyroid carcinoma. The differential diagnosis between benign and malignant thyroid disorders and the potential identification of thyroid microcarcinomas with biochemical markers remain controversial. This retrospective study aimed to estimate the prognostic validity of thyroid autoantibodies, thyroglobulin (Tg), and the thyroid disease type in diagnostic approaches regarding the co-existence of incidental thyroid carcinoma (ITC) with benign thyroid diseases. Methods. A cohort of 228 patients was treated with TT for benign thyroid disorders between 2005 and 2010. Thyroid autoantibodies and Tg were preoperatively estimated. Patients were classified according to the preoperative and histologically established diagnoses, and the median values of the biochemical markers were compared between the groups. Results. ITC was detected in 33/228 patients and almost exclusively in the presence of nontoxic thyroid disorders (P = 0.014). There were no statistically significant differences in the median values of the biochemical markers between the benign and malignant groups. There was also no significant association between ITC and chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. Conclusions. The co-existence of ITC with benign and especially nontoxic thyroid diseases is significant, and treatment of these disorders with TT when indicated can lead to the identification and definitive cure of microcarcinomas. Further studies are required to establish precise markers with prognostic validity for TC diagnosis.

Juxtacortical clavicular chondrosarcoma: diagnostic dilemmas: case report and review of literature.

Juxtacortical chondrosarcoma is a rare primary malignant cartilaginous tumor accounting for 0.2% of all bone tumors. Wide surgical resection is the treatment of choice for juxtacortical chondrosarcomas. Accurate preoperative diagnosis is important in ensuring appropriate management, staging, and treatment of the patient. A combination of radiographs, three-dimensional imaging with computerized tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can typically allow accurate diagnosis of juxtacortical chondrosarcomas. Bone scan and chest x-ray or CT chest scans are indicated for appropriate staging of the patient. Pet scan, ultrasound, bone scan, etc. are not typically needed for the diagnosis. Certainly, pulmonary imaging and bone scan are required for staging and could be commented upon.

Epidemiology and survival of patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer subjected to total thyroidectomy in Thrace area, Northern Greece: a 20-year experience.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate epidemiology and survival of patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WTC) treated with total thyroidectomy (TT) in the area of Thrace, Northern Greece. METHODS: The study was conducted on 80 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy from January 1985 to December 2004 for WTC. Patients' medical records and demographics, including age, sex, histological type (papillary, follicular, mixed type papillary-follicular, Hurthle), stage according to TNM staging, coexistence or future postoperative occurrence of local recurrence or distal metastases and overall and specific survival were analyzed and survival rates were calculated. RESULTS: Papillary carcinoma was found in 56.3% and follicular in 43.8%. Statistical analysis revealed significant correlation of male gender with the high-risk population (P = 0.017), follicular carcinoma with high-risk population (P < 0.0001) and high-risk population with local recurrence or metastatic disease (P < 0.0001). Overall year, 5-year and 10-year survival were 100%, 94% and 91.8% respectively. Further analysis showed a significant reduction in survival regarding to age > 45 years (P = 0.03), follicular type (P = 0.009), high-risk population (P = 0.008), presence of local recurrence or metastatic disease (P < 0.0001) and not significant correlation with male gender (P = 0.086). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, total thyroidectomy should be the surgical treatment of choice in all cases with WTC, especially in male patients > 45 years of age since they have a higher frequency of advanced malignant disease at presentation, a fact that affects prognosis. Patients must be accurately categorized postoperatively, and follow-up must be personalized, in order to diagnose recurrence as early as possible.

Multifocality of thyroid carcinomas: a "privilege" of papillary tumors or not?

AIM: To study the frequency of multifocality in well-differentiated non-medullary thyroid carcinomas and correlate it with various epidemiological factors, as well as with patients' survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 80 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy from January 1985 to December 2004 in the First Department of Surgery of University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece, for well-differentiated non-medullary thyroid cancer (papillary and follicular). Patients' medical records and demographics, including age, gender, histological type (papillary, follicular), multiple foci of tumors, overall and specific survival were analyzed. RESULTS: Multifocality was established in 17/80 patients (21,25%). Multifocal tumors were found in 4/20 male patients (20%) and 13/60 female ones (21,67%), percentages which are almost identical. Increased rates of multifocal tumors were found in the age groups of 20-29, 30-39 and 70-79 years old, while low rates were documented in the age groups of 0-9, 10-19 and 60-69 years old. Follicular tumors had a 20% rate, similar to papillary tumors (22,2%), and an impressive multifocal rate of mixed papillary-follicular neoplasms (75%) was found. Finally, survival was not found to be influenced by the multifocality of the tumor, under the prerequisition that total thyroidectomy is applied. CONCLUSIONS: Multifocality should not be considered as a "privilege" of papillary thyroid tumors, but as a privilege of thyroid carcinomas in general. If total thyroidectomy is applied in all benign and malignant thyroid diseases, the presence of multiple foci does not affect the prognosis and the survival of the patients.

Colorectal carcinoma: correlation between age, gender and subsite distribution.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown a migration in the occurrence of colorectal cancer (CRC) toward a proximal colonic location. The aim of this study was to examine the interrelationship between the anatomical distribution of CRC and gender, age at presentation, and incidence rates for the disease in the inhabitants of Thrace, Northern Greece. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on CRC cases diagnosed in a northern part of Greece (Evros region, 150.000 inhabitants), in the First Department of Surgery of the University General Hospital of Thrace, between 1982 and 1997. Two time periods were compared (1982-1989 and 1990-1997), at which age at diagnosis (28-88 years), gender, the incidence and subsite location of CRC were identified in the patients. Tumors were classified into right-sided cancers (from the cecum to and including the splenic flexure), left-sided cancers (located in the descending and the sigmoid colon), and rectal cancers (rectal lesions). The chi-square test and Fischer's exact test were used to compare the data. RESULTS: During the entire study period (1982-1997), 143 cases of CRC were identified in our department. This cohort comprised 71 males and 72 females, with mean ages of 66 years and 64.7 years, respectively. The population remained almost stable during this time period. The incidence of CRC was significantly higher in the latter part of the study (1990-1997 compared to 1982-1989) for both genders (p < 0.001), with this increase being higher among the female patients with CRC (by 17.32%, p = 0.474). The analysis also revealed that the disease occurred at a significantly higher frequency at a later age (p = 0.002), especially in patients with RC (p = 0.001). A proximal migration of CRC was observed in the latter part of the study (p = 0.495), with the frequency of right-sided cancers increasing significantly among the females (by 119%, p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of CRC has increased in our region. In addition, a proximal migration of tumors over time was identified, especially in older and female individuals, which was linked to a decrease in the incidence of left colon cancer. These findings have important implications for the choice of CRC screening strategies.