Hospitalisations and Deaths Averted by COVID-19 Vaccination in Navarre, Spain, 2021-2022.

In 2021-2022, most of the Spanish population received COVID-19 vaccines and a high proportion of them had SARS-CoV-2 infection. We estimated the rate of hospitalisations and deaths that were averted by risk reduction among vaccinated COVID-19 cases. Hospitalisations and deaths were analysed among COVID-19 cases confirmed in 2021 and 2022 in Navarre, Spain. To calculate the number of prevented outcomes by sex, age, comorbidities, and semester, the difference in the risk of each outcome between unvaccinated and vaccinated cases was multiplied by the number of vaccinated cases. COVID-19 vaccination coverage with any dose reached 88%, 86% with full vaccination, and 56% with a booster dose. The cumulative rates per 1000 inhabitants were 382 COVID-19 confirmed cases, 6.70 hospitalisations, and 1.15 deaths from COVID-19. The estimated rates of prevented events by vaccination were 16.33 hospitalisations and 3.39 deaths per 1000 inhabitants, which was 70.9% and 74.7% of expected events without vaccination, respectively. People aged 80 years and older or with major chronic conditions accounted for the majority of hospitalizations and deaths prevented by COVID-19 vaccination. One hospitalisation and death due to COVID-19 were averted for every 53 and 258 people vaccinated, respectively. The high COVID-19 vaccine effect in reducing the risk of severe outcomes and the high vaccination coverage in risk populations prevented three out of four hospitalisations and deaths due to COVID-19 during a period of intense circulation of SARS-CoV-2.

[COVID-19 infections, hospitalizations, and mortality in Navarre (Spain) between February 2020 and September 2022].

BACKGROUND: Between February 2020 and September 2022, SARS-CoV-2 has circulated uninterruptedly throughout Spain. This study analyses COVID-19 infections, hospitalizations, and deaths in Navarre. METHODS: Enhanced epidemiological surveillance and results of seroepidemiological surveys were used to analyze COVID-19 infections, hospitalizations, and deaths, based on the vaccination coverage and other preventive measures applied from February 2020 to September 2022. RESULTS: A total of 295,424 COVID-19 cases were confirmed (45% of the population in Navarre); 8,594 required hospital admission (1.3%), 832 were admitted to intensive care units (1.3‰) and 1,725 died (2.6‰). Over the first wave of the pandemic, there were 1,934 hospitalizations and 529 deaths from confirmed COVID-19 cases over a few weeks; these figures dropped rapidly following lockdown. Until October 2021, SARS-CoV-2 circulation was modulated by non-pharmacological preventive measures. The subsequent relaxation of these measures led to a wide circulation of the omicron variant, increasing the number of cases by three-fold. The high vaccination coverage against COVID-19 introduced decisive changes in the epidemiology of the disease, reducing to less than 2%, 0.1%, and 0.5% the cases requiring hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, or that died, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Initial lockdown and non-pharmacological preventive measures helped control SARS-CoV-2 transmission until vaccination was extended. Vaccination achieved a decisive reduction of the COVID-19 severity and lethality.

Infecciones, hospitalizaciones y mortalidad por COVID-19 en Navarra entre febrero de 2020 y septiembre de 2022 / COVID-19 infections, hospitalizations, and mortality in Navarre (Spain) between February 2020 and September 2022

Fundamento: El SARS-CoV-2 circuló ininterrumpidamente enEspaña durante el período comprendido entre febrero de 2020y septiembre de 2022. Este estudio analiza su repercusión en lasinfecciones, hospitalizaciones y defunciones en Navarra. Métodos: A partir de la vigilancia epidemiológica reforzada yde los resultados de encuestas sero-epidemiológicas, se hananalizado las infecciones, hospitalizaciones y defunciones porCOVID-19 en función de la cobertura vacunal y otras medidaspreventivas aplicadas durante el período del estudio.Resultados: Se confirmaron 295.424 personas con COVID-19(45% de la población navarra), 8.594 requirieron ingreso hospitalario (1,3%), 832 ingresaron en unidades de cuidados intensi-vos (1,3‰) y 1.725 fallecieron (2,6‰). Durante la primera ondapandémica, en pocas semanas se registraron 1.934 hospitalizaciones y 529 defunciones por COVID-19 confirmado; dicha cifrase redujo significativamente tras el confinamiento domiciliario. Hasta octubre de 2021, la circulación del SARS-CoV-2 estuvomodulada por las medidas preventivas no farmacológicas. Laposterior relajación de las mismas dio paso a una amplia circulación de la variante ómicron, triplicando el número de casosregistrados hasta entonces. La alta cobertura vacunal frente ala COVID-19 introdujo cambios decisivos en su epidemiología,reduciendo la proporción de casos que requirieron hospitalización, ingreso en unidades de cuidados intensivos y fallecimientos a menos del 2%, 0,1% y 0,5%, respectivamente. Conclusiones: El confinamiento domiciliario inicial y las medidas preventivas no farmacológicas contuvieron la circulación delSARS-CoV-2 hasta extenderse la vacunación, con la cual se logróuna reducción decisiva en la gravedad y letalidad de la COVID-19.(AU)

Background: Between February 2020 and September 2022,SARS-CoV-2 has circulated uninterruptedly throughout Spain.This study analyses COVID-19 infections, hospitalizations, anddeaths in Navarre. Methods: Enhanced epidemiological surveillance and results ofseroepidemiological surveys were used to analyze COVID-19 infections, hospitalizations, and deaths, based on the vaccinationcoverage and other preventive measures applied from February2020 to September 2022. Results: A total of 295,424 COVID-19 cases were confirmed (45%of the population in Navarre); 8,594 required hospital admission (1.3%), 832 were admitted to intensive care units (1.3‰)and 1,725 died (2.6‰). Over the first wave of the pandemic,there were 1,934 hospitalizations and 529 deaths from confirmed COVID-19 cases over a few weeks; these figures droppedrapidly following lockdown. Until October 2021, SARS-CoV-2circulation was modulated by non-pharmacological preventivemeasures. The subsequent relaxation of these measures led to awide circulation of the omicron variant, increasing the numberof cases by three-fold. The high vaccination coverage againstCOVID-19 introduced decisive changes in the epidemiology ofthe disease, reducing to less than 2%, 0.1%, and 0.5% the casesrequiring hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, or thatdied, respectively. Conclusions: Initial lockdown and non-pharmacological preventive measures helped control SARS-CoV-2 transmission untilvaccination was extended. Vaccination achieved a decisive reduction of the COVID-19 severity and lethality.(AU)

Infección, hospitalización y mortalidad por COVID-19 en Navarra, febrero de 2020 a septiembre de 2022 / Infection, hospitalization and mortality from COVID-19 in Navarra, February 2020 to September 2022

Fundamento. El SARS-CoV-2 ha circulado ininterrumpidamente en España desde febrero de 2020 hasta septiembre de 2022. El presente estudio estima y describe su repercusión en infecciones, hospitalizaciones y defunciones. Métodos. A partir de la vigilancia epidemiológica reforzada, los resultados de encuestas seroepidemiológicas y los datos de mortalidad diaria, se han analizado las infecciones, hospitalizaciones y defunciones por COVID-19 entre febrero de 2020 y septiembre de 2022 en Navarra. Resultados. Se confirmaron 295.424 personas con COVID-19 (45% de la población), 8594 requirieron ingreso hospitalario (1,3% habitantes), 832 ingresaron en unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) (1,3 por 1000) y 1725 fallecieron (2,6 por 1000). La primera onda pandémica produjo 1934 hospitalizaciones y 529 defunciones por COVID-19 confirmado en pocas semanas, y su número descendió rápidamente tras el confinamiento domiciliario. Hasta octubre de 2021 la circulación del SARS-CoV-2 estuvo modulada por las medidas preventivas no farmacológicas. La extensión de la vacunación frente a la COVID-19 introdujo cambios decisivos en la epidemiología de la enfermedad, reduciendo a menos del 2% los casos que requerían hospitalización, del 0,1% los que ingresaban en UCI y del 0,5% la letalidad. Conclusiones. Coincidiendo con la generalización de la vacunación se produjo una reducción importante de la gravedad y letalidad de la COVID-19, que pasó de comportarse inicialmente como una pandemia, a acabar asemejándose a otras infecciones endémicas por virus respiratorios. El confinamiento domiciliario inicial, las medidas preventivas no farmacológicas y la vacunación de la COVID-19 han sido intervenciones eficaces y oportunas para reconducir el curso de la pandemia en diferentes momentos.(AU)

Effect of COVID-19 vaccination on the SARS-CoV-2 transmission among social and household close contacts: A cohort study.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 vaccination was expected to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission, but the relevance of this effect remains unclear. We aimed to estimate the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination of the index cases and their close contacts in reducing the probability of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. METHODS: Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection was evaluated in two cohorts of adult close contacts of COVID-19 confirmed cases (social and household settings) by COVID-19 vaccination status of the index case and the close contact, from April to November 2021 in Navarre, Spain. The effects of vaccination of the index case and the close contact were estimated as (1-adjusted relative risk) × 100%. RESULTS: Among 19,631 social contacts, 3257 (17%) were confirmed with SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 vaccination of the index case reduced infectiousness by 44% (95% CI, 27-57%), vaccination of the close contact reduced susceptibility by 69% (95% CI, 65-73%), and vaccination of both reduced transmissibility by 74% (95% CI, 70-78%) in social settings, suggesting some synergy of effects. Among 20,708 household contacts, 6269 (30%) were infected, and vaccine effectiveness estimates were 13% (95% CI, -5% to 28%), 61% (95% CI, 58-64%), and 52% (95% CI, 47-56%), respectively. These estimates were lower in older people and had not relevant differences between the Alpha (April-June) and Delta (July-November) variant periods. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 vaccination reduces infectiousness and susceptibility; however, these effects are insufficient for complete control of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, especially in older people and household setting. Relaxation of preventive behaviors after vaccination may counteract part of the vaccine effect on transmission.

Seroprevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and risk of COVID-19 in Navarre, Spain, May to July 2022.

In Navarre, Spain, in May 2022, the seroprevalence of anti-nucleocapsid (N) and anti-spike (S) antibodies of SARS-CoV-2 was 58.9% and 92.7%, respectively. The incidence of confirmed COVID-19 thereafter through July was lower in people with anti-N antibodies (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.08; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.05-0.13) but not with anti-S antibodies (aOR = 1.06; 95% CI: 0.47-2.38). Hybrid immunity, including anti-N antibodies induced by natural exposure to SARS-CoV-2, seems essential in preventing Omicron COVID-19 cases.

No association between fish consumption and risk of stroke in the Spanish cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Spain): a 13·8-year follow-up study.

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively assess the associations between lean fish, fatty fish and total fish intakes and risk of stroke in the Spanish cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Spain). DESIGN: Fish intake was estimated from a validated dietary questionnaire. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the association between the intakes of lean fish, fatty fish and total fish and stroke risk. Models were run separately for men and women. SETTING: Five Spanish regions (Asturias, San Sebastian, Navarra, Granada and Murcia). SUBJECTS: Individuals (n 41 020; 15 490 men and 25 530 women) aged 20-69 years, recruited from 1992 to 1996 and followed-up until December 2008 (December 2006 in the case of Asturias). Only participants with definite incident stroke were considered as cases. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 13·8 years, 674 strokes were identified and subsequently validated by record linkage with hospital discharge databases, primary-care records and regional mortality registries, comprising 531 ischaemic, seventy-nine haemorrhagic, forty-two subarachnoid and twenty-two unspecific strokes. After multiple adjustments, no significant associations were observed between lean fish, fatty fish and total fish consumption and the risk of stroke in men or women. In men, results revealed a non-significant trend towards an inverse association between lean fish (hazard ratio=0·84; 95 % CI 0·55, 1·29, P trend=0·06) and total fish consumption (hazard ratio=0·77; 95 % CI 0·51, 1·16, P trend=0·06) and risk of total stroke. CONCLUSIONS: In the EPIC-Spain cohort, no association was found between lean fish, fatty fish and total fish consumption and risk of stroke.

Armonización de bases de datos para el estudio de la fragilidad en personas mayores: estudio INTAFRADE / Harmonisation of databases for the study of frailty in older people: INTAFRADE study

Objetivos. Valorar la factibilidad de armonizar la información disponible en una serie de bases de datos independientes con el fin de construir una base de datos integrada para el estudio de la fragilidad. Material y métodos. Este trabajo se basa en el proyecto europeo Integral Approach to the Transition between Frailty and Dependence on older adults: Patterns of occurrence, identification tools and model of care (INTAFRADE), desarrollado por 4 grupos, 3 en España y uno en Francia en el que cada socio aportaba sus bases de datos relacionadas con el estudio de la fragilidad. En un paso previo a la fusión de las 4 bases de datos se ha realizado un mapeo de las características y variables presentes en cada uno de los estudios, analizando su capacidad de ser armonizables. Resultados. Se identificaron 30 variables diferentes que correspondieron a 8 dimensiones: características sociodemográficas, sociales, de estado de salud, hábitos de vida, medidas antropométricas, otras medidas físicas, uso de servicios sanitarios y resultados adversos en salud. De ellas, 28 (93%) resultaron armonizables, aunque solo el 20% estaban presentes en todas las bases de datos y el 47% en 3 de ellas. Con respecto a los instrumentos de evaluación de fragilidad se observó que en ninguno de ellos se disponía de al menos el 50% de los ítems de cada instrumento. El proceso de armonización permitirá analizar de forma conjunta los datos de 2.361 sujetos. Conclusiones. El estudio europeo INTAFRADE permitirá profundizar en el estudio de la fragilidad, aportando la metodología necesaria para la armonización de la información de bases de datos heterogéneas (AU)

Objectives. The main objective of the present work is to evaluate the feasibility of harmonising the available information from different independent databases, in order to build an integrated database to study frailty. Material and methods. This work is based on the European project, Integral Approach to the Transition between Frailty and Dependence on older adults: Patterns of occurrence, identification tools and model of care (INTAFRADE), developed by 4 groups, 3 in Spain and one in France. Each partner provided their databases related to the study of frailty. As a previous step to the creation of an integrated database the characteristics and variables included in each study were mapped, specifying whether their harmonisation was possible or not. Results. A total of 30 different variables that corresponded to 8 dimensions were identified: Sociodemographic and social characteristics, health status, lifestyle habits, anthropometric measures, other physical measurements, use of health services, and adverse health results. Of them all, 28 (93%) variables were harmonisable, although only 20% were present in all databases, with 47% in 3 of them. In relation to the frailty instruments, all of them were lacking at least 50% of the items. The harmonisation process will allow us to jointly analyse information available on 2,361 people. Conclusions. The European INTAFRADE study will allow a deeper understanding of the frailty process in older people by harmonising information from heterogeneous databases (AU)

[Harmonisation of databases for the study of frailty in older people: INTAFRADE study]. / Armonización de bases de datos para el estudio de la fragilidad en personas mayores: Estudio INTAFRADE.

OBJECTIVES: The main objective of the present work is to evaluate the feasibility of harmonising the available information from different independent databases, in order to build an integrated database to study frailty. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This work is based on the European project, Integral Approach to the Transition between Frailty and Dependence on older adults: Patterns of occurrence, identification tools and model of care (INTAFRADE), developed by 4 groups, 3 in Spain and one in France. Each partner provided their databases related to the study of frailty. As a previous step to the creation of an integrated database the characteristics and variables included in each study were mapped, specifying whether their harmonisation was possible or not. RESULTS: A total of 30 different variables that corresponded to 8 dimensions were identified: Sociodemographic and social characteristics, health status, lifestyle habits, anthropometric measures, other physical measurements, use of health services, and adverse health results. Of them all, 28 (93%) variables were harmonisable, although only 20% were present in all databases, with 47% in 3 of them. In relation to the frailty instruments, all of them were lacking at least 50% of the items. The harmonisation process will allow us to jointly analyse information available on 2,361 people. CONCLUSIONS: The European INTAFRADE study will allow a deeper understanding of the frailty process in older people by harmonising information from heterogeneous databases.

[Smoking and multiple sclerosis]. / Tabaco y esclerosis múltiple.

INTRODUCTION: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disease of unknown etiology, in which genetic and environmental factors interact and determine the disease susceptibility. In recent years, smoking effect has been one of the emerging environmental factors in the study of MS and has been associated with an increased susceptibility and an increase in disease progression. AIM: To review the current evidence on the role of smoking in MS. DEVELOPMENT: The review includes an update of studies that have analyzed different aspects of tobacco in MS, including the potential pathogenic pathways involved, association of smoking and risk of MS, interactions with other risk factors and the effect of smoking in the disease course. CONCLUSIONS: Observational studies show that smoking significantly increases the risk of MS (odds ratio~1.5) and is an independent risk factor. However, MS is a complex disease and this risk may be modified depending on the interaction with other genetic and environmental factors. The role of smoking as a progression factor is more controversial, with confronted results and highly variable studies, making it difficult to draw any conclusion. The mechanisms by which smoking may modify the risk and progression of the disease have to be further investigated.

TITLE: Tabaco y esclerosis multiple.Introduccion. La esclerosis multiple (EM) es una enfermedad autoinmune de etiologia compleja, hoy por hoy desconocida, en la que factores geneticos y ambientales determinan la susceptibilidad. En los ultimos años, el efecto del tabaco ha sido uno de los factores ambientales que ha emergido en la EM, y se ha asociado tanto a un aumento de la susceptibilidad como a un aumento de la progresion. Objetivo. Revisar la evidencia actual sobre el papel del tabaco en la EM. Desarrollo. Se incluye una actualizacion de los estudios publicados que han analizado distintos aspectos del tabaco en la EM: vias patogenicas implicadas, asociacion del tabaco y riesgo de EM, interaccion con otros factores de riesgo y efecto del tabaco en el curso de la enfermedad. Conclusiones. Los estudios observacionales demuestran que el tabaquismo incrementa de forma significativa el riesgo de EM (odds ratio ~ 1,5) y es un factor de riesgo independiente. Sin embargo, la EM es una enfermedad compleja y el aumento de riesgo por el tabaco puede diferir en funcion de la interaccion con otros factores geneticos y ambientales. El papel del tabaco como factor de progresion es mas controvertido, con resultados contradictorios y estudios de gran variabilidad, lo que dificulta establecer una conclusion firme. Los mecanismos por los que el tabaquismo modifica el riesgo y posiblemente la progresion de la enfermedad no son aun conocidos.

Association between different obesity measures and the risk of stroke in the EPIC Spanish cohort.

INTRODUCTION: There is still a scientific debate on the exact role played by obesity on stroke risk. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to analyze the association between obesity, measured by different indices such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and a new one called A Body Shape Index (ABSI) and the risk of total and ischemic stroke. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 41,020 subjects (15,490 men and 25,530 women) aged 29-69 years participated in the study. All participants were recruited between 1992 and 1996 and followed up until 2008 to ascertain incident cerebrovascular disease events. Cox proportional hazards models were designed to estimate the relative risk and 95% CI between obesity and cerebrovascular disease incidence. RESULTS: After 13.8 years of follow-up, a total of 674 stroke cases (55.3% in men) were registered (531 ischemic, 79 hemorrhagic, 42 subarachnoid hemorrhage and 22 unspecified). WC fourth quartile (HR 1.95; 95% CI 1.20-3.19) and WHR fourth quartile (HR 1.58; 95% CI 1.12-2.25) were positively associated with total stroke only in men. BMI was not associated with stroke incidence. The new index, ABSI, was significantly associated with total stroke incidence only in men (HR 1.54; 95% CI 1.06-2.23). CONCLUSIONS: Data from the Spanish EPIC cohort study show a strong association of WC and WHR with the relative risk of suffering a stroke only in men, while no associations were found for BMI. It supports the suggestion of other authors of using more than one obesity index in the study of stroke risk prediction.

Physical activity and risk of cerebrovascular disease in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Spain study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Large-scale prospective epidemiological data testing the association between physical activity (PA) and cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) are scarce, particularly in Europe. The objective was to assess the risk of CVD according to PA levels in adults. METHODS: We included a total of 13 576 men and 19 416 women aged 29 to 69 years and participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort in Spain, recruited between 1992 and 1996 and followed-up until 2006 to ascertain incident CVD events. The validated European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition PA questionnaire was used to assess metabolic equivalent × hours per week dedicated to different types of PA. Hazard ratios of CVD by PA levels were estimated using multivariate Cox regression. Extensive baseline data collected on diet, lifestyle habits, medical history, and anthropometry were available to adjust for. RESULTS: A total of 210 transient ischemic attacks and 442 stroke cases (80% ischemic, 10% hemorrhagic, 7% subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 3% mixed or unspecified) were registered after 12.3 years of mean follow-up. Recreational activity was inversely associated with risk of CVD in women but not in men. Women walking for ≥3.5 hours per week were at lower risk of stroke than those who did not engage in regular walking. No significant associations were found for other leisure time activities or vigorous PA with CVD in either sex. CONCLUSIONS: Recreational PA of moderate intensity was inversely associated with stroke incidence in women, whereas PA showed no effect on CVD risk in men. Increasing time dedicated to activities such as walking would be expected to help to reduce the stroke burden in women.

A pilot clinical study of hair grafting in chronic leg ulcers.

Epidermal sheets spread centrifugally postinjury from the hair follicle infundibulum to reepithelialize the wound bed. Healing progresses faster in skin areas rich in terminal hair follicles. These observations are consistent with the role of the hair follicle as a major reservoir for progenitor cells. To evaluate the feasibility and potential healing capacity of autologous scalp follicular grafts transplanted into the wound bed of chronic leg ulcers, 10 patients with ulcers of an average 36.8 cm(2) size and a 10.5-year duration were included in this pilot study. Within each ulcer we randomly assigned a 2 × 2 cm "experimental" square to receive 20 hair grafts and a nongrafted "control" square of equal size. The procedure seemed to be safe, although major unrelated complications occurred in two patients. At the 18-week end point, we observed a 27.1% ulcer area reduction in the experimental square as compared with 6.5% in the control square (p = 0.046) with a maximum 33.5% vs. 9.7% reduction at week 4 (p = 0.007). Histological analyses showed enhanced epithelialization, neovascularization, and dermal reorganization. We conclude that terminal hair follicle grafting into wound beds is feasible in an outpatient setting and represents a promising therapeutic alternative for nonhealing chronic leg ulcers.

Mortality by causes in HIV-infected adults: comparison with the general population.

BACKGROUND: We compared mortality by cause of death in HIV-infected adults in the era of combined antiretroviral therapy with mortality in the general population in the same age and sex groups. METHODS: Mortality by cause of death was analyzed for the period 1999-2006 in the cohort of persons aged 20-59 years diagnosed with HIV infection and residing in Navarre (Spain). This was compared with mortality from the same causes in the general population of the same age and sex using standardized mortality ratios (SMR). RESULTS: There were 210 deaths among 1145 persons diagnosed with HIV (29.5 per 1000 person-years). About 50% of these deaths were from AIDS. Persons diagnosed with HIV infection had exceeded all-cause mortality (SMR 14.0, 95% CI 12.2 to 16.1) and non-AIDS mortality (SMR 6.9, 5.7 to 8.5). The analysis showed excess mortality from hepatic disease (SMR 69.0, 48.1 to 78.6), drug overdose or addiction (SMR 46.0, 29.2 to 69.0), suicide (SMR 9.6, 3.8 to 19.7), cancer (SMR 3.2, 1.8 to 5.1) and cardiovascular disease (SMR 3.1, 1.3 to 6.1). Mortality in HIV-infected intravenous drug users did not change significantly between the periods 1999-2002 and 2003-2006, but it declined by 56% in non-injecting drug users (P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Persons with HIV infection continue to have considerable excess mortality despite the availability of effective antiretroviral treatments. However, excess mortality in the HIV patients has declined since these treatments were introduced, especially in persons without a history of intravenous drug use.

Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and risk of coronary heart disease in the Spanish EPIC Cohort Study.

No known cohort study has investigated whether the Mediterranean diet can reduce incident coronary heart disease (CHD) events in a Mediterranean population. This study examined the relation between Mediterranean diet adherence and risk of incident CHD events in the 5 Spanish centers of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Analysis included 41,078 participants aged 29-69 years, recruited in 1992-1996 and followed up until December 2004 (mean follow-up:10.4 years). Confirmed incident fatal and nonfatal CHD events were analyzed according to Mediterranean diet adherence, measured by using an 18-unit relative Mediterranean diet score. A total of 609 participants (79% male) had a fatal or nonfatal confirmed acute myocardial infarction (n = 468) or unstable angina requiring revascularization (n = 141). After stratification by center and age and adjustment for recognized CHD risk factors, high compared with low relative Mediterranean diet score was associated with a significant reduction in CHD risk (hazard ratio = 0.60, 95% confidence interval: 0.47, 0.77). A 1-unit increase in relative Mediterranean diet score was associated with a 6% reduced risk of CHD (95% confidence interval: 0.91, 0.97), with similar risk reductions by sex. Mediterranean diet adherence was associated with a significantly reduced CHD risk in this Mediterranean country, supporting its role in primary prevention of CHD in healthy populations.

Plant sterol intake and education level in the Spanish EPIC cohort.

OBJECTIVE: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Spanish European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort to investigate the association among education level, as a measurement of socioeconomic position, gender, and dietary nutrient intake, focusing on plant sterols, in a Mediterranean population. METHODS: A sample of 25 615 women and 15 552 men (29-69 y old) from the Spanish EPIC cohort was recruited in 1992-1996. Nutrient and plant sterol intakes were estimated using a validated dietary history questionnaire and Spanish food composition tables. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Few differences in nutrient or plant sterol consumption existed between men and women with different education levels. Age and energy-adjusted linear regression models of plant sterol intake showed a small increase in subjects with lower education and higher consumption in men than in women. Homogeneity of healthy dietary habits across different socioeconomic groups in this population reflects a wide availability of characteristic Mediterranean foods at the time of recruitment. However, current changes in food supply and the increasing cost of healthy foods may lead to socioeconomic inequalities in Spain parallel to those taking place in other European populations.