The influence of semantic fit on on-line sentence processing.

The interactive influence of verb complement preferences and noun phrase semantic fit on resolution of temporary syntactic ambiguity was investigated in an eye movement experiment. The present semantic fit manipulation included noun phrases that fit well as direct objects of the verbs that they followed and noun phrases that were possible but less likely direct objects of the verbs in question. This contrasted with existing research on the use of verb complement preferences and semantic fit during sentence processing, in which processing of noun phrases that are possible direct objects has been compared with processing of noun phrases that are not possible direct objects of the verbs that they follow. Verb complement preference information and noun phrase semantic fit interacted at early stages of on-line sentence processing. Implications of these results for interactive and structural models of sentence processing are discussed.

Splenic cysts: a new approach to partial splenectomy--case report and review of the literature.

Cysts of the spleen are rare entities and can be classified as either primary or secondary depending on the presence of a true epithelial lining. We report such a case in a young woman who presented with a symptomatic primary splenic cyst that was located in the lower pole of the spleen. We performed a partial splenectomy using a TA-90 stapler. The stapler provided excellent hemostasis and represents a convenient and safe technique for a resection. We recommend employment of this technique when faced with a similar case.

Public health nutrition: a historical perspective.

This historical perspective describes important milestones and selected threads of concern in the development of public health nutrition services. Emphasis is given to nutrition service for mothers, children, and families from the mid-1800s through the 20th century. Efforts in the 1800s were primarily directed to building the foundation for public health nutrition services: organizing state health departments and voluntary health agencies, initiating early nutrition investigations, and establishing milk stations and school lunch programs in large cities to supplement the food of the poor and to combat the high rates of morbidity and mortality of infants and children. During the 20th century, demographic changes; advances in nutrition science and technology; and social, political, and economic changes influenced the growth and development of public health nutrition services. Such changes included the high rates of disease and deaths among mothers and children, foods shortages during the wars; an increasing number of children in day care as more mothers went to work; the development of new programs to serve special groups such as the mentally retarded, chronically ill and handicapped, recent immigrants, and the aged; the continuing presence of poverty and hunger; the rising prevalence of behavior-related problems (eg, adolescent pregnancy and substance abuse); and a greater recognition of the benefits of health promotion and disease prevention. The number of public health nutritionists employed at national, state, and local levels increased to meet the rising demand for nutrition services. Graduate-level training programs and continuing education opportunities were developed and a broad range of nutrition standards and guidelines evolved. Throughout the 20th century, continuing threads of concern included nutrition policy and planning; development and evaluation of public health nutrition programs; organization, administration, and management of programs; quality of public health nutrition services, and the transfer and application of research into public health nutrition practice.

Traumatic hemipelvectomy: a survivable injury.

Traumatic injury remains an unfortunate and all-too-common event in the United States military population. Traumatic hemipelvectomy is a rare but devastating injury with few survivors recorded in the medical literature. We report a surviving case of traumatic hemipelvectomy and review an approach to management.

Financing nutrition services in a competitive market.

Budget deficits and inflationary medical care costs threaten nutrition services, which until recently have been funded largely by federal, state, and local revenues. Nutritionists and dietitians responding to demands in the marketplace should develop innovative programs and pursue new sources for financing through the private sector, third-party payers, business/industry health promotion, and consumer fees for their services, as well as targeted federal, state, and locally funded food assistance, nutrition education, and health care programs. Trail-blazing dietitians are successfully offering their services in health maintenance organizations (HMOs), hospital or industry fitness programs, private practice, voluntary health agencies, and official agency programs. With the new federalism, nutritionists must articulate their role in comprehensive health care and market their services at the state and local levels in addition to the federal level. Nutrition services are defined to include assessment, planning, counseling, education, and referral to supportive agencies. Data management, managerial, and marketing skills must be developed for dietitians to compete effectively. Basic educational preparation and continuing education for practicing professionals must develop these competencies.

Public health nutrition services: issues today and tomorrow.

The accomplishments of the past are reviewed in this paper to give public health nutritionists perspective in dealing with the problems of the present and of the future. Positive and negative observations on the current scene in nutrition services follow. Issues and concerns for the future that are discussed are: Defining and planning for public health nutrition services, paying for nutrition services, training for public health nutrition, and advocacy for nutrition services.

Federal nutrition support programs for children.

In summary, the physician as a concerned citizen, contributing taxpayer, and key provider of child health care can provide responsible leadership in assuring that nutrition support services for children include assessment of their nutritional status, provision of a safe food supply adequate in quality and quantity, nutrition counseling for specific nutritional problems, and sound nutrition education for children, parents, and all other caretakers of children.

The elemental diet.

The elemental diet is a precisely formulated, predigested liquid diet capable of providing adequate nutrition for growth, development and tissue repletion in normal and debiliatated patients. It can be used as the sole means of nutritional support for a variety of gastrointestinal problems provided that there is an adequate length of small intestine with functioning mucosa. The elemental diet also can be used to supplement either intravenous or other enteral feedings to prevent a chronic hypocaloric state. Although safer and less complicated to administer than its intravenous counterpart, there are, nonetheless, certain important policies which must be rigidly observed to assure successful treatment and to prevent complications. Similar to intravenous hyperalimentation, administration is best carried out under the auspices of experienced and interested personnel who have a specific interest in surgical nutrition.