Emotional interference and attentional processing in premenstrual syndrome.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is characterized by menstrual cycle-related affective, behavioral, and/or somatic symptoms. By applying the emotional Stroop task (EST) the current study examined if changes in processing emotional information, which have been demonstrated in affective disorders, are also present in PMS. METHODS: Via online screening, telephone interviews, and daily records over two months 55 women for the PMS group (on the basis of the specific inclusion criteria and a prospectively confirmed PMS) and 55 'non-PMS' controls were recruited. All participants completed three emotional Stroop tasks (EST) with neutral and negative word, picture, and facial stimuli, during the follicular and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. RESULTS: Mixed 2 × 2 univariate analyses of variance and post-hoc comparisons showed primarily a greater emotional Stroop effect with respect to picture and facial stimuli in the luteal menstrual cycle phase in women with PMS, compared to the control group. No significant group differences were observed for word stimuli. With respect to the facial stimuli, a kind of paradox effect was revealed (Stroop facilitation) in the PMS group. LIMITATIONS: This study provides important information regarding cognitive processes in women suffering from PMS that have to be interpreted in the light of the following limitations: a limited representativeness of the sample, the determination of menstrual cycle phases based on symptom diaries but not hormone levels, and a limited interpretability of our results as causal relationships. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings are in line with the assumption that alterations in cognitive-emotional processes are associated with PMS. Further research on the etiology of PMS should focus more on cognitive-emotional processing and its interaction with biological changes relating to the menstrual cycle.

Stress response of brown pelican nestlings to ectoparasite infestation.

Measurement of corticosterone has become a useful tool for assessing the response of individuals to ecological stressors of interest. Enhanced corticosterone levels can promote survival of stressful events; however, in situations where a stressor persists and corticosterone levels remain elevated, the adrenocortical response can be detrimental. A potential ecological stressor for wild birds is parasitism by ectoparasites. We studied the stress response of 11-23-day-old brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) nestlings by measuring plasma corticosterone levels in relation to the presence of the soft tick Carios capensis at two colonies in South Carolina in 2005. We expected to see higher baseline and stress-induced levels of corticosterone for parasitized chicks compared to those nestlings with no ticks. Although nestlings mounted a response to capture stress, tick category was not associated with corticosterone levels at either colony. Our results appear to contrast those of previous studies and indicate that the adrenocortical response of the host is likely dependent on the type of ectoparasite and the degree of infestation.