Effect of a vehicle's mobility on SNR and SINR in vehicular optical camera communication systems.

The widespread use of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and cameras in vehicular environments provides an excellent opportunity for optical camera communication (OCC) in intelligent transport systems. OCC is a promising candidate for the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), and it uses LEDs as the transmitter and cameras as the receiver. However, the mobility of vehicles has a significant detrimental impact on the OCC system's performance in vehicular environments. In this paper, a traffic light that uses multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology serves as the transmitter, and the receiver is a camera mounted on a moving vehicle. The impact of vehicle mobility on the vehicular MIMO-OCC system in the transportation environment is then examined using precise point spread function (PSF) analysis. The experimental results are used to evaluate the proposed PSF. A good agreement between the laboratory's recorded videos and this PSF model's simulations is observed. Moreover, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) values are evaluated. It is shown that they are greatly influenced by the vehicle's speed, direction of motion, and position of the camera. However, since the angular velocity in a typical transportation environment is low, it does not have a significant impact on the performance of the vehicular OCC systems.

A549 Cell-Covered Electrodes as a Sensing Element for Detection of Effects of Zn2+ Ions in a Solution.

Electrochemical-based biosensors have the potential to be a fast, label-free, simple approach to detecting the effects of cytotoxic substances in liquid media. In the work presented here, a cell-based electrochemical biosensor was developed and evaluated to detect the cytotoxic effects of Zn2+ ions in a solution as a reference test chemical. A549 cells were attached to the surface of stainless-steel electrodes. After treatment with ZnCl2, the morphological changes of the cells and, ultimately, their death and detachment from the electrode surface as cytotoxic effects were detected through changes in the electrical signal. Electrochemical cell-based impedance spectroscopy (ECIS) measurements were conducted with cytotoxicity tests and microscopic observation to investigate the behavior of the A549 cells. As expected, the Zn2+ ions caused changes in cell confluency and spreading, which were checked by light microscopy, while the cell morphology and attachment pattern were explored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The ECIS measurements confirmed the ability of the biosensor to detect the effects of Zn2+ ions on A549 cells attached to the low-cost stainless-steel surfaces and its potential for use as an inexpensive detector for a broad range of chemicals and nanomaterials in their cytotoxic concentrations.