Immediate and delayed effects of hypobaric hypoxia during early postnatal period on the functioning of digestive enzymes.

We studied immediate and delayed effects of hypobaric hypoxic stress experienced by rat pups in the early postnatal period on the digestive system. It was shown that hypoxia leads to remarkable changes in the functioning of the small intestine, as well as liver and kidney, especially in adult animals.

[Assessment of the level of homocysteine and the state of haemostasis in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus in remote terms after reconstructive operations on the aorto-iliac segment].

The authors carried out a comparative analysis of the level of homocysteine and the state of haemostasis in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus in the remote terms after endured reconstructive operations on the aorto-iliac segment. They examined a total of eighty-eight patients who had endured reconstructive operations on the aorto-iliac segment at various terms. Of these, forty-two patients were found to have a severe course of type 2 diabetes mellitus (59.9% with decompensation) and forty-six subjects without diabetes constituted the group of comparison. The average age of the patients amounted to 61.9 +/- 1.25 years, with all being smokers. The following parameters were assessed: patency of the bypasses and major arteries of the lower limbs (LL), homocysteine (Hey), fibrinolytic activity, fibrinogen, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), factor XIII, thrombin time, prothrombin index, activity of antithrombin III (AIII), platelet aggregation with ADP, and glycosylated haemoglobin (Hb Aic).

[Digestive enzyme activities in rats kept on standard or surplus breast-feeding and on low-protein diet directly after weaning].

Activities of digestive enzymes (maltase, alkaline phosphatase, amino peptidase M, and glycyl-L-leucine dipeptidase) in small and large intestine, liver, and kidney were studied in rats of different ages kept in normal (8) and low (3) amounts of pups per litter. The low-protein diet for 10 days at once after weaning was found to change the mass of the organs and their digestive enzyme activities in all studied rat groups. The revealed changes were more prominent in rats kept under conditions of breast-overfeeding. In adult animals of this group, distribution of the alkaline phosphatase activity along the small intestine differed from that in control rats. The obtained results seem to confirm the fact that any disturbance of the nutrition quality in early ontogenesis leads to disturbance of the "metabolic programming of enzyme systems" of digestive and non-digestive organs.

Delayed effects of the terms of separation of rat pups from lactating females and low-protein diet on enzyme activity in digestive and non-digestive organs.

Early and late separation of rat pups from lactating females and combined effects of the terms of separation and low-protein diet are essential for the formation of enzymes (maltase, alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase M, and glycyl-L-leucine dipeptidase) in the large and small intestine, liver and kidneys of adult animals. Similarities and differences in the enzyme reactions to early and late weaning and to a combination of untimely weaning and low-protein diet were detected.

[Effect of weaning terms and protein deficit in the rat pup nutrition on activities of digestive enzymes].

Restriction of protein in nutrition of rat pups weaned at different terms has been found to produce changes in activities of digestive enzymes (maltase, alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase M, and glycyl-L-leucine dipeptidase) in the small and large intestine both at once after cessation of nutrition with low-protein diet for 10 days and 4 months later. In adult animals after the earlier or later weaning there are observed not only a decrease or increase of the enzyme activities, but also a different type of distribution of the alkaline phosphatase activity along the small intestine, which is more pronounced in the lately weaned rats. Thus, disturbance of metabolic programming of enzyme systems of the small and large intestine due to a change of quality of nutrition in early ontogenesis depends on terms of weaning of animals.

[Congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava: diagnosis and medical treatment].

Analyzed herein are the findings obtained following an examination and medical treatment of five 17-to-39-year-old male patients (average age 25.0+/-1.83 years) presenting with congenital abnormalities of the inferior vena cava. The diagnosis was made and the level of aplasia was determined based on the findings of a comprehensive instrumental examination (computed and magnetic resonance tomography of the abdominal cavity, duplex scanning of the veins of the lower extremities, of the pelvis and the retroperitoneal space, as well as on the data of pelvic phlebography, and retrograde cavography). In three of the five patients, the disease appeared to have for the first time manifested itself by a clinical picture of peripheral thrombosis (oedema of the crus and femur), and in the remaining two by an elevated body temperature and shivering, followed by oedema of the both lower limbs. Two patients were found to have aplasia of the infrarenal segment of the inferior vena cava, two subjects had aplasia of the infra-, renal and partially suprarenal portions of the vessel, and one patient suffered from aplasia of virtually the whole vena cava, excepting a small part of the suprahepatic portion, toward which converged the hepatic veins and the superior polar renal vein. With the purpose of early diagnosis of congenital abnormalities of the inferior vena cava, the protocol of examination of patients with venous diseases should include ultrasonographic mapping of the supra-, renal and infrarenal portions of the vena cava, and if agenesis is revealed, the use of computed or magnetic resonance tomography, retrograde cavography is strongly recommended. When the diagnosis of IVC aplasia is confirmed, primary medical treatment should consist in prescribing venotonic agents, elastic compression and in cases of deep veins thrombosis -anticoagulant therapy.

[Hemostasis system disturbances and their correction in patients with pyonecrotic forms of diabetic foot].

Severe hypercoagulation syndrome was diagnosed in patients with various forms of diabetic foot. Pathology at coagulogram parameters reflects systemic metabolic and inflammatory disturbances. Anticoagulant therapy should be combined with correction of glycemia, treatment of infection and critical ischemia. Only this complex therapy can normalize coagulation parameters and reduce the risk of thrombotic complications.

[Effect of peptide Livagen on activity of digestive enzymes in gastrointestinal tract and non-digestive organs in rats of different ages].

It is stated that Livagen (Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala) is a weakly hydrolyzed peptide. Peptide hydrolases of small intestine do not hydrolyze Livagen even to a small extent. Under in vitro conditions Livagen reduces glycil-L-leucinedipeptidase activity in small intestine by 50%. After two weeks of Livagen administration per os in rats the digestive enzymes activity in young animals reduces, while in old animals it increases. It should be mentioned that the activity of enzymes in old rats after Livagen administration in the majority of cases approaches to the level of the activity in young animals of control group.

Relationship between protein deficiency in the ration of rats during early ontogeny and function of enzyme systems of digestive and non-digestive organs in adult life.

Low protein content in the ration of rat pups during transfer from mixed to definitive nutrition (days 21-30 of life) has a negative impact on digestive function of the small intestine and trophic and barrier functions of the large intestine, liver, and kidneys and increases (sucrase, glycyl-L-leucin dipeptidase) or decreases (alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase M, glycyl-L-leucine dipeptidase) enzyme activities in these organs in 6-month-old rats. Protein deficiency during the early ontogeny modulates functioning of the enzyme systems in digestive and non-digestive organs in adult life, which can lead to the development of not only gastrointestinal, but other visceral diseases.

[Major resections of the liver in patients with high surgical risk]. / Obshirnye rezektsii pecheni u bol'nykh s vysokim khirurgicheskim riskom.

Experience with 75 major anatomic resections of the liver in patients with high surgical risk due to low functional reserve of the liver, spontaneous disruption of hepatic tumor, chronic purulent infection in patients with hepatic abscesses, posttraumatic sequestration of the liver with hemobilia, giant hepatic hemangiomas, old age and severe concomitant diseases was analyzed. General postoperative lethality was 14.7% which was determined mainly by unfavorable outcomes in postoperative patients in spontaneous disruption of tumor and massive intraabdominal bleeding, and also by severe postoperative hepatic insufficiency in patients after right-sided hemihepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma with postnecrotic cirrhosis of the liver. Immediate results of surgery in patients with obstructive jaundice and biliary hepatic cirrhosis were better that ones of patients with postnecrotic cirrhosis. There were no lethal outcomes in group of patients after surgery for giant hemangiomas, abscesses and posttraumatic sequestration of the liver. Thorough selection of patients based on detailed study of functional hepatic reserves and also volume of removed hepatic parenchyma is necessary for improvement of immediate results of surgical treatment. It is valid to perform portal venous embolization before right-sided hemihepatectomy in patients with postnecrotic, biliary cirrhosis, and also in old patients to decrease the risk of postresection hepatic insufficiency. Roentgenondovascular occlusion of the hepatic artery, Cell-Seiver use for intraoperative blood reinfusion and in some cases--use of methods of complete vascular isolation of the liver are indicated for patients with giant hepatic hemangiomas.

Protein-deficient diet in pregnant females impairs functional activity of enzyme systems in digestive and non-digestive organs in the offspring.

Activity of disaccharidases in various portions of the small intestine markedly increased in 6-month-old offspring of pregnant females feeding a protein-deficient diet. Activities of amino- and dipeptidases decreased in the kidneys, while alkaline phosphatase activity remained practically unchanged. Probably, information about protein restriction in nutrition of pregnant females is stored in the biochemical memory of adult offspring and promotes the development of metabolic disturbances.

[Effects of thyroxine and dexamethasone on kinetic characteristics of the small intestine enzymes in rat pups following a low-protein diet in female rats during lactation]. / Vliianie tiroksina i deksametazona na kineticheskie kharakteristiki fermentov tonkoi kishki krysiat pri nizkobelkovom ratsione samok v period laktatsii.

It is shown, that the value of Km for maltase, alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase M and glycyl-L-leucinedipeptidase, prepared from the jejunum and ileum of 10-day rat litter in membrane and soluble forms in most cases differed but a little in control animals and the rat litter whose mothers in the period of lactation had a diet with 2.5-fold reduced content of protein, and did not change under action of injected thyroxin and dexamethasone. It may be assumed that in the given experimental conditions each of the investigated digestive hydrolases in membrane and soluble forms represents the same enzyme. In conditions of the protein insufficiency in lactating females diet and under action of exogene hormones, apparently, no significant changes occur in structure of synthesised enzymes.