Removal of chromium(III) from tannery wastewater using activated carbon from sugar industrial waste.

Chromium is commonly found in huge quantities in tannery wastewaters. For this reason, the removal and recovery of the chromium content of tannery wastewaters is crucial for environmental protection and economic reasons. Removal and recovery of chromium were carried out by using low-cost potential adsorbents. For this purpose three types of activated carbon; C1, the waste generated from sugar industry as waste products and the others (C2, C3) are commercial granular activated carbon, were used. The adsorption process and extent of adsorption are dependent on the physical and chemical characteristics of the adsorbent, adsorbate and experimental condition. The effect of pH, particle size and different adsorbent on the adsorption isotherm of Cr(III) was studied in batch system. The sorption data fitted well with Langmuir adsorption model. The efficiencies of activated carbon for the removal of Cr(III) were found to be 98.86, 98.6 and 93 % for C1, C2 and C3, respectively. The order of selectivity is C1>C2>C3 for removal of Cr(III) from tannery wastewater. Carbon "C1" of the highest surface area (520.66 m(2)/g) and calcium content (333.3 mg/l) has the highest adsorptive capacity for removal of Cr(III). The results revealed that the trivalent chromium is significantly adsorbed on activated carbon collected from sugar industry as waste products and the method could be used economically as an efficient technique for removal of Cr(III) and purification of tannery wastewaters.

Chronological study of diazinon in putrefied viscera of rats using GC/MS, GC/EC and TLC.

A qualitative and qualitative weekly study of diazinon in experimental rats after a lethal dose is described. GC/MS and TLC were used for qualitative, and GC/EC for quantitative analysis. The replicate content of diazinon in stomach and intestine (S/I) revealed a high rate of decrease during the first month. The liver (L) content fluctuates through a general trend of decrease. Immediate post-mortem content of 34.5 mg in summer and 94 in winter was found in S/L samples, while it was 0.79 and 0.63 respectively for L-samples. The respective remaining amount after 2 months was 1. 16, 4.40 (S/I), 0.61 and 0.66 mg (L). A round figure of 4% remains in S/L samples. The chronological plots indicate the possibility of detection at longer periods. Interpretation of data is outlined regarding relative contents of organs and the factors affecting persistence of diazinon in putrefied viscera.

Cheng's method for reconstruction of a functionally sensitive penis.

This article introduces a new surgical method for one-stage reconstruction of the penis. It is applied to the reconstruction of the microphallus as well as to traumatic cases with the residual stump of the amputated penis not less than 3 cm long. By transferring the original glans or the residual penile stump to the anterior portion of the newly reconstructed penile body with microsurgical techniques, we have thus rebuilt a penis with more satisfactory results in both appearance and erotic sensation. Seven patients are reported here who were operated on by this method and who have been followed up for 18 months to 10 years. The good results achieved and the method's advantages over other methods are demonstrated and discussed.

Analysis of 136 cases of reconstructed penis using various methods.

Our experience in reconstructive surgery of the penis in 136 cases is reported. The postoperative complication rate was 13.24 percent. Five methods were used: the radial forearm free flap, the superficial inferior epigastric artery flap, the superficial circumflex iliac artery flap, the anterolateral thigh flap, and the combined cutaneous flap. The choice of the method had to be made depending on the patient's condition and prediction of the operative results. The penis not only should have a good appearance with normal size but also should have good sensation and function. The keys to success of this operation are considered to be correct preoperative planning, careful manipulation, and excellent anastomoses.

Diphallus in an adult: microsurgical treatment--case report.

A case of true, complete diphallus in an adult, associated with multiple malformations, is presented. The left urethra was perineal hypospadic; the right posterior urethra was small in caliber; and the right testis and spermatic cord were absent. The chordee was released; the right penis was resected and transferred to elongate the left one; and the urethra was reconstructed with a radial forearm free flap. Follow-up of more than 6 years shows that the patient has a good functional and cosmetic result.