Postoperative Ovarian Vein Thrombosis and Treatment with Direct Oral Anticoagulant.

Postoperative ovarian vein thrombosis (OVT) is a rare complication following hysterectomy. Due to its ambiguous presentation, most frequently presenting as a fever with no known source and lower quadrant abdominal pain, OVTs are commonly diagnosed incidentally on computed tomography as a low-attenuation thrombus in place of the ovarian vein. The cornerstones of OVT treatment include anticoagulation and antibiotic therapy; however, there are no current guidelines to inform provider decision-making regarding specific anticoagulant agents, dosing, or length of therapy. We present a patient with a history of deep-vein thrombosis, who presented to the emergency department with OVT following a laparoscopic hysterectomy. She was treated with apixaban, a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC), and experienced repeated episodes of vaginal bleeding and hematoma expansion. We present this case to instill a high index of suspicion for OVT after laparoscopic hysterectomy, and to discuss the role of DOACs in patients with thromboembolic disease and concurrent bleeding.

E-Z Point: A New Safe and Reproducible Laparoscopic Entry in the Left Upper Quadrant Using a Veress Needle.

Background: Over half of all fatal complications occur during primary laparoscopic entry. In our practice, we developed a novel modification of closed LUQ entry at Palmer's point and designated it "E-Z" entry. Aims: To evaluate the risks and safety of left subcostal entry, a technique we have designated 'E-Z' entry at our institution. Settings and Design: A retrospective chart review was conducted at a tertiary care medical centre of patients who underwent laparoscopic procedures by a single surgeon known to perform left subcostal entry for the last 10 years, using the E-Z entry technique. Materials and Methods: Retrospective chart review and description of surgical technique. Statistical Analysis Used: Simple descriptive statistics and univariate two-group comparisons. Results: One hundred ninety-eight laparoscopic cases were identified as performed by a single surgeon in the last 10 years: 149 underwent umbilical entry and 49 underwent E-Z entry. The average number of previous abdominal surgeries was higher in the E-Z entry group compared to the umbilical group, 1.3 versus 0.5, respectively (P = 0.003). The umbilical entry group had no complications. One complication was noted with the E-Z entry technique, in which the Veress needle was noted to perforate the liver capsule but was managed expectantly. Conclusion: We propose the E-Z entry technique for Veress needle entry as an ergonomic and easily reproducible entry technique in the left upper quadrant in the setting of suspected intraperitoneal adhesions.

Clinical and Patient Reported Outcomes of Pre- and Postsurgical Treatment of Symptomatic Uterine Leiomyomas: A 12-Month Follow-up Review of TRUST, a Surgical Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Laparoscopic Radiofrequency Ablation and Myomectomy.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy, safety, and healthcare resource use of laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation (LAP-RFA) compared with myomectomy in patients with symptomatic uterine leiomyomas (ULs). DESIGN: This was a secondary analysis of the original postmarket randomized, multicenter, longitudinal, comparative TRUST (Treatment Results of Uterine Sparing Technologies) United States trial in patients with symptomatic ULs. After the procedure, subjects were followed over a 12-month period. SETTING: Multicenter trial, including hospitals with or without an academic affiliation, surgery centers, and fertility centers performing outpatient procedures for uterine myomas. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 57 patients were randomized to either LAP-RFA (n = 30) or myomectomy (n = 27). INTERVENTIONS: LAP-RFA or myomectomy (laparoscopic or abdominal). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The main outcome measures of this study were part of the secondary outcomes of the original TRUST trial. The primary outcome of this study was the reduction of UL symptoms and the improvement in patient-reported outcomes scores over time. Secondary outcomes included postprocedure hospitalization, length of stay, complications, reinterventions, and recovery time. There was a significant improvement in UL symptoms at 3 and 12 months after the procedure within each treatment group, and these improvements were similar between treatment groups. There was a significant reduction in UL symptoms per month between baseline and 12-months after the procedure for both LAP-RFA and myomectomy of 72% and 85%, respectively. A significant improvement was seen in all patient-reported outcomes scores over time for both groups. At 3 and 12 months after the procedure, the percentages of patients who were hospitalized in the LAP-RFA group were 74% and 49% lower than those of patients in the laparoscopic myomectomy group, respectively, with the 3-month difference being statistically significant. The length of hospital stay was significantly shorter in the LAP-RFA group compared with the myomectomy group (8.0 ± 5.7 hours vs 18.8 ± 14.6 hours; p < .05). Doctors recommended taking significantly less time off before returning to work for the patients in the LAP-RFA group compared with those in the myomectomy group (10.3 ± 5.1 days vs 14.5 ± 5.4 days; p < .05). The total number of days until back to normal activity was significantly lower in the LAP-RFA group compared with the myomectomy group (16.3 ± 15.2 days vs 26.5 ± 15.9 days; p < .05). CONCLUSION: The results from this 12-month follow-up study suggest that LAP-RFA is a safe, effective, uterine-sparing alternative to laparoscopic myomectomy in the treatment of ULs. These data points build on previously published studies showing that LAP-RFA has lower healthcare resource use overall, including lower postprocedure hospitalization rate and shorter length of stay. In clinical practice, LAP-RFA is a promising treatment approach to ULs for women.

The impact of a wireless audio system on communication in robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery: A prospective controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Robotic surgery presents a challenge to effective teamwork and communication in the operating theatre (OR). Our objective was to evaluate the effect of using a wireless audio headset device on communication, efficiency and patient outcome in robotic surgery. METHODS AND FINDINGS: A prospective controlled trial of team members participating in gynecologic and urologic robotic procedures between January and March 2015. In the first phase, all surgeries were performed without headsets (control), followed by the intervention phase where all team members used the wireless headsets. Noise levels were measured during both phases. After each case, all team members evaluated the quality of communication, performance, teamwork and mental load using a validated 14-point questionnaire graded on a 1-10 scale. Higher overall scores indicated better communication and efficiency. Clinical and surgical data of all patients in the study were retrieved, analyzed and correlated with the survey results. The study included 137 procedures, yielding 843 questionnaires with an overall response rate of 89% (843/943). Self-reported communication quality was better in cases where headsets were used (113.0 ± 1.6 vs. 101.4 ± 1.6; p < .001). Use of headsets reduced the percentage of time with a noise level above 70 dB at the console (8.2% ± 0.6 vs. 5.3% ± 0.6, p < .001), but had no significant effect on length of surgery nor postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: The use of wireless headset devices improved quality of communication between team members and reduced the peak noise level in the robotic OR.

Post-Market Safety of Laparoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Radiofrequency Ablation.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Postoperative safety outcomes with laparoscopic intra-abdominal ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation, as performed by gynecologic surgeons new to the procedure, were evaluated and compared to the premarket, pivotal study. Post-procedure feedback from surgeons was reported. METHODS: This was a post-market, prospective, single-arm analysis with 4 to 8 weeks follow-up among surgeons (n = 29) with varying levels of laparoscopic surgery experience participating in the ongoing, multinational Treatment Results of Uterine Sparing Technologies randomized clinical trial. Patients were premenopausal adult women (n = 110) desiring uterine-conserving treatment for symptomatic fibroids. During run-in, surgeons received proctored training. Following training, and after performing ≥ 2 procedures, surgeons provided self-assessment and feedback using a standardized form. RESULTS: Surgeons performed 105 procedures with 100 per-protocol patients. The average number of proctored cases per surgeon was 2.48. No acute (≤ 48 hours) serious adverse events occurred (0/101, 0.0%) compared with 2 acute serious adverse events in the premarket study (2/137, 1.46%). Both studies reported 1 near-term (∼30 days) serious adverse event (< 1% for both). In this study, the near-term complication was fever of unknown origin requiring hospitalization related to uterine entry/manipulation. This was categorized as probably device-related; the patient was treated with antibiotics and discharged. Twenty-six surgeons completed the evaluation form; none reported experiencing problems with the procedure. CONCLUSION: Minimally invasive gynecologic surgeons can learn laparoscopic intraabdominal ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation and perform it safely (in terms of acute and near-term serious adverse events) after ≥ 2 proctored cases. There were no significant differences in safety outcomes compared to the premarket, pivotal study.

Minimally invasive surgery in pelvic floor repair.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To review the use and efficacy of minimally invasive surgery in pelvic organ prolapse (POP) repair. This review summarizes surgical options for management of POP with special emphasis on minimally invasive surgical approach and discusses the recent experience and feasibility of integrating robot-assisted technology. RECENT FINDINGS: Minimally invasive approaches have equal efficacy and less morbidity than laparotomy for POP repair, particularly apical prolapse. Robotics may facilitate the rate of minimally invasive surgery for POP repair with greater cost and as yet no proven superiority for conventional laparoscopy. SUMMARY: Minimally invasive surgery is the preferred approach to POP repair. Conventional laparoscopic or robotic sacral colpopexy is recommended for apical defect and procidentia.

Risk factors for trachelectomy following supracervical hysterectomy.

INTRODUCTION: We identified risk factors for trachelectomy after supracervical hysterectomy (SCH) due to persistence of symptoms. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective case-control study in a university-affiliated hospital. Seventeen women who underwent a trachelectomy following SCH for nonmalignant indications between June 2002 and October 2014 were compared with 68 randomly selected women (controls) who underwent a SCH within the same time period. Demographics and clinical characteristics were compared between the study and control groups. Univariate analysis identified potential risk factors for trachelectomy following SCH. Univariate logistic regression models predicted which patients would have a trachelectomy following SCH. RESULTS: The occurrence of trachelectomy following SCH during the study period was 0.9% (17/1892). The study group was younger than the control group (mean age 38 ± 6 years vs. 44 ± 5 years; p < 0.001). Patients who had a history of endometriosis [odds ratio (OR) 6.23, 95% CI 1.11-40.5, p = 0.038] had increased risk for trachelectomy. Pathology diagnosed endometriosis only among women in the study group. Preoperative diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.06-0.075, p = 0.016), anemia (OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.01-0.53; p = 0.003), and fibroid uterus (OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.07-0.82, p = 0.024) reduced the risk for future trachelectomy. CONCLUSION: Young age and endometriosis are significant risk factors for trachelectomy following SCH.

Long-term outcomes for different vaginal cuff closure techniques in robotic-assisted laparoscopic hysterectomy: A randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: This randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the outcomes of different vaginal cuff closure techniques in robotic-assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomy. STUDY DESIGN: Ninety women undergoing robotic-assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomy for benign disease were randomized to three vaginal cuff closure techniques: running 2.0 V-Lock™ (Arm 1), 0 Vicryl™ figure-of-eight (Arm 2), and running 0 Vicryl™ with Lapra-Ty® (Arm 3). Patients' records were reviewed for age, body mass index, smoking status and relevant co-morbidities. Operative times for vaginal closure and total length of surgery, estimated blood loss, and peri-operative complications were collected. Patients were evaluated at 2 and 6 weeks post-operatively, and interviewed 1year following surgery by a telephone survey. Outcomes evaluated were vaginal cuff dehiscence, pain, dyspareunia and bleeding. RESULTS: The study arms did not differ with respect to estimated blood loss (50mL in each arm; p=0.34), median vaginal cuff closure time (14.5, 12 and 13min, respectively; p=0.09) or readmission (p=0.55). In the 1-year follow-up (54/90 respondents; 60%), there were no significant differences among study arms for vaginal bleeding, cuff infection or dyspareunia. Only women belonging to arm 3 reported vaginal pain (0%, 0% and 23%, respectively; p=0.01). No cases of vaginal cuff dehiscence were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The type of closure technique has no significant impact on patient outcomes. In the absence of a clear advantage of one technique over the others, the decision regarding the preferred method to close the vaginal cuff in robotic-assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomy should be based on surgeons' preference and cost effectiveness.

How do I cope with pain? Let me count the ways: awareness of pain coping behaviors and relationships with depression and anxiety.

Patients with chronic pain are often undertreated with medications alone and need alternative ways of coping. Identifying pain coping skills patients use may be beneficial; however, no research has investigated whether patients are aware of their coping skills. The purpose of this study was to determine whether patients are aware of their pain coping skills, whether certain patient characteristics were related to using coping strategies, and whether coping strategies were related to psychiatric symptoms. Chart reviews were conducted on seventy-eight chronic pain patients who completed a semi-structured psychological interview. Patients endorsed using more coping strategies on the measure compared to the verbal self-report. Identifying with certain patient demographics was related to higher use of some coping strategies. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were also related to the use of some coping strategies. Anxiety was negatively related to ignoring the pain and using self-talk coping statements and positively related to catastrophizing. Depression was negatively related to the use of distraction, ignoring the pain, and using self-talk coping statements. Depression and pain severity were both positively related to catastrophizing and prayer. Results suggest that clinicians may need to help patients become aware of adaptive coping strategies they already use and that the use of certain coping strategies is related to lower levels of depression and anxiety.

Quality of Communication in Robotic Surgery and Surgical Outcomes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Robotic surgery has introduced unique challenges to surgical workflow. The association between quality of communication in robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery and surgical outcomes was evaluated. METHODS: After each gynecologic robotic surgery, the team members involved in the surgery completed a survey regarding the quality of communication. A composite quality-of-communication score was developed using principal component analysis. A higher composite quality-of-communication score signified poor communication. Objective parameters, such as operative time and estimated blood loss (EBL), were gathered from the patient's medical record and correlated with the composite quality-of-communication scores. RESULTS: Forty robotic cases from March through May 2013 were included. Thirty-two participants including surgeons, circulating nurses, and surgical technicians participated in the study. A higher composite quality-of-communication score was associated with greater EBL (P = .010) and longer operative time (P = .045), after adjustment for body mass index, prior major abdominal surgery, and uterine weight. Specifically, for every 1-SD increase in the perceived lack of communication, there was an additional 51 mL EBL and a 31-min increase in operative time. The most common reasons reported for poor communication in the operating room were noise level (28/36, 78%) and console-to-bedside communication problems (23/36, 64%). CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates a significant association between poor intraoperative team communication and worse surgical outcomes in robotic gynecologic surgery. Employing strategies to decrease extraneous room noise, improve console-to-bedside communication and team training may have a positive impact on communication and related surgical outcomes.

Robotic Trachelectomy After Supracervical Hysterectomy for Benign Gynecologic Disease.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A renewed interest in the supra cervical approach to hysterectomy has created a cohort of patients with a retained cervix at risk of persistent symptoms requiring a subsequent trachelectomy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of robotic trachelectomy after a previous supracervical hysterectomy. METHODS: This is a retrospective chart review of women who had robotic trachelectomy after supracervical hysterectomy for benign gynecologic disease from January 2009 through October 2014. RESULTS: Eleven patients underwent robotic trachelectomy for benign conditions during the observed period. Prior supracervical hysterectomy had been performed for pelvic pain (8/11, 73%), abnormal uterine bleeding (7/11, 64%), and dysmenorrhea (5/11, 45%). In 10 of 11 patients, the symptoms leading to robotic trachelectomy were the same as those leading to supracervical hysterectomy. The time from hysterectomy to recurrence of symptoms ranged from 0.5 to 26 months (median, 6), whereas the time interval from previous surgery to robotic trachelectomy ranged from 1 to 57 months (median, 26). Mean age and body mass index at robotic trachelectomy were 42 ± 5.4 years and 32 ± 6.1 kg/m(2). Mean length of surgery was 218 ± 88 minutes (range, 100-405). There was 1 major postoperative complication involving bladder perforation and subsequent vesicovaginal fistula (VVF). Endometriosis was seen in 27% of pathologic specimens and cervicitis in another 27%; 45% showed normal tissue histology. In 6 (55%) cases, symptoms leading to trachelectomy resolved completely after surgery, and the other 5 (45%) patients reported a significant improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Although trachelectomy can be a challenging surgery, our experience suggests that the robotic approach may be a valuable means of achieving safe and reproducible outcomes.

When treating the pain is not enough: a multidisciplinary approach for chronic pelvic pain.

Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is related to psychological distress and interference in daily activities; however, CPP is not as extensively researched as other forms of chronic pain. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among pain, psychological distress, and functional impairment in patients with CPP. There were chart reviews conducted of 107 female patients who completed a psychiatric evaluation at a specialty, CPP clinic as a part of a multidisciplinary evaluation. Results suggest that psychological distress and impairment in daily activities are common in CPP patients. Most areas of functional impairment were not associated with pain variables. Rather, several forms of functional impairment were related to higher levels of depression and anxiety. Results from this study suggest the possibility that psychiatric symptoms are contributing to functional impairment in this population. These findings highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in the evaluation and treatment of CPP patients to help decrease functional impairment in these patients.

Is cervix removal associated with patient-centered outcomes of pain, dyspareunia, well-being and satisfaction after laparoscopic hysterectomy?

PURPOSE: To determine the effect of cervix removal at hysterectomy on patient-centered outcomes including post-operative pain, dyspareunia, well-being, and overall satisfaction during the 3-month post-operative period. METHODS: This is a prospective cohort study of 228 women who underwent elective abdominal, laparoscopic and robotic hysterectomy without concomitant urogynecological or cancer-related procedures, at the Henry Ford Hospital (Detroit, MI). Participants completed a baseline survey evaluating quality of life measures including pain, well-being, sexual and daily function and repeated this survey at serial intervals through 12 weeks post-operatively. Medical record review was performed to confirm demographic and obtain surgical data. RESULTS: Hierarchical generalized linear models were used to model the trajectory of pain, well-being and satisfaction over the course of the post-surgical period. Subanalysis including only laparoscopic cases was performed. There was no difference in satisfaction (p = 0.48, OR 0.80 [CI 95% 0.43, 1.48]), well-being (p = 0.55, OR 1.12 [CI 95% 0.84, 1.79]), or dyspareunia (p = 0.57, OR 0.75 [CI 95% 0.27, 2.04]) scores between laparoscopic/robotic supracervical and total hysterectomy groups. This was unchanged when all hysterectomy approaches were included in analysis. Cervix removal was associated with higher pain scores with all surgical approaches although this did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Patient-centered outcomes suggest overall equivalent tolerance of supracervical and total hysterectomy procedures with a trend towards short-term pain improvement with cervical retention.

Vaginal cuff closure during robotic-assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomy: comparing vicryl to barbed sutures.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Empirical evidence is needed to assess clinical appropriateness of any new surgical device or material. Differences in surgical outcomes between Vicryl figure-of-8 and V-Loc barbed sutures for vaginal cuff closure during robotic hysterectomy were assessed. METHODS: We examined the electronic medical records of 202 patients who underwent scheduled robotic-assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomy for benign indications, without concomitant urogynecologic procedures, between January 2008 and November 2010 at the Henry Ford Health System academic medical center. Cuff closure approach was selected by the surgeon. Data on demographics, vaginal cuff suture type, body mass index (BMI), estimated blood loss (EBL), perioperative hemoglobin change, procedure duration, hospital length of stay (LOS), specimen weight, and postoperative complications were obtained. RESULTS: The average age was 46 y (SD = 8.0 y). Women with Vicryl figure-of-8 closures (n = 133) were more likely than women with V-Loc barbed suture closures (n = 69) to have had a LOS > 1 d (48/133, 36.1% vs. 12/69, 17.4%; chi square P < .006), greater EBL (median 75 vs. 50 mL, Wilcoxon Rank Sum WRS P < .001), and longer procedure durations (175 vs. 135 min, WRS P < .001). These differences persisted even after considering uterine weight, BMI, smoking status, and concomitant oophorectomy. No differences with respect to the frequency of major (2 in each closure type) or minor complications were observed (P < .36). CONCLUSIONS: There were no differences in complications between the Vicryl figure-of-8 and V-Loc barbed sutures in our sample. However, the latter had lower EBL and shorter procedure duration and LOS.

Laparoscopic management of pregnancy in a patient with uterus didelphys, obstructed hemivagina, and ipsilateral renal agenesis.

Pregnancy in a rudimentary uterine horn is a rare and potentially lethal condition. The highest risk of rupture is reported to be during the late first and second trimester. The risk of rupture correlates with the thickness of the myometrium surrounding the fetal pole. In 2005, a 20-year-old woman was incompletely diagnosed by imaging studies and laparoscopy to have an absent right kidney, a bicornate uterus with a right rudimentary uterine horn and a single cervix, a transverse vaginal septum with hematocolpos, and endometriosis caused by reflux menstruation. The transverse vaginal septum was excised, and the surgeon observed a single cervix. Oral contraceptives were prescribed as complementary treatment for the endometriosis and associated dysmenorrhea. In 2009, magnetic resonance imaging confirmed resolution of hematocolpos and revealed a right cervix connected to the right horn of a uterus didelphys and covered by a partial longitudinal vaginal septum. The patient had a contraception failure and presented in 2010 at 9(6/7) weeks' gestation. By ultrasonography and subsequent magnetic resonance imaging, the pregnancy was in the right uterus and the corpus luteum was on the left ovary. The myometrium was thinned to 2 to 3 mm atop the gestational sac. Using the Harmonic ACE, laparoscopic excision of the right fallopian tube and a supracervical right hysterectomy with an intact pregnancy was performed. This case supports the Acién hypothesis that the vagina forms from both Müllerian and Wolffian duct elements, and it illustrates the risk for uterine rupture when pregnancy forms in a rudimentary structure; presumed transperitoneal migration of an ovum that was captured by the opposite fallopian tube; and surgical management of the in situ pregnancy by laparoscopic supracervical excision of the rudimentary uterine body.

Effect of body mass index on robotic-assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomy.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To estimate the impact of body mass index (BMI) on the surgical outcomes of patients undergoing robotic-assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomy. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Henry Ford Health System academic medical center (Henry Ford and Henry Ford West Bloomfield Hospitals) PATIENTS: A total of 135 patients who underwent scheduled robotic-assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomy for benign indications, without concomitant urogynecologic procedures between January 2008 and June 2010. INTERVENTIONS: Patients underwent robotic-assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomy as the intention to treat. Two cases were converted to laparotomy. MEASUREMENTS & MAIN RESULTS: Electronic medical records of all patients that underwent robotic-assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomy at Henry Ford Health System were reviewed. Data on demographics, BMI (kg/m(2)), estimated blood loss, perioperative hemoglobin change, procedure duration, hospital length of stay, specimen weight, pathology, and postoperative complications were obtained. The women's median age was 45 years (range 30-68), 61.5% were black, and BMI ranged from 14.8-56.2 kg/m2; 23.4% of women were normal weight or less (BMI <25, n = 31), 52.7% of women were obese (BMI >30, n = 70) and 36 of these patients (27.1%) were morbidly obese (BMI ≥35). BMI did not correlate with procedure duration (Spearman r = .12, p = .16), length of stay (Spearman r = .10, p = .24), or estimated blood loss (Spearman r = .12, p =.18). Our analysis did not identify any meaningful associations between BMI and absolute change in hemoglobin. In addition BMI was not associated with an increase in major or minor complications. CONCLUSION: BMI is not associated with blood loss, duration of surgery, length of stay, or complication rates in patients undergoing robotic-assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomy. Robotic assistance may help surgeons overcome adverse outcomes sometimes found in obese patients.

Surgical outcomes for robotic-assisted laparoscopic myomectomy compared to abdominal myomectomy.

A retrospective cohort of 100 robotic-assisted laparoscopic myomectomy (RM) patients and 48 laparotomic myomectomy (LM) patients at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, MI, USA was examined to compare surgical outcomes of RM with LM. Details of age, race, body mass index (BMI), procedure duration, estimated blood loss (EBL), length of stay (LOS), diameter of the largest leiomyoma and number of leiomyomata removed were collected. Procedure duration was significantly longer among RM patients (median: 194 min vs. 127.5 min; Wilcoxon rank sum (WRS) P < 0.001). EBL and LOS were both significantly greater among LM patients (EBL medians 200 vs. 100 ml, WRS P < 0.001; LOS medians 3 vs. 1, WRS P < 0.01). Among the RM patients, 39.4% had a LOS of at least 2 days compared to 89.4% among LM patients. Leiomyomata characteristics did not affect the observed associations. RM could enable widespread use of a minimally invasive approach for leiomyoma treatment.

Analysis of the impact of body mass index on the surgical outcomes after robot-assisted laparoscopic myomectomy.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To estimate the impact of body mass index (BMI) on surgical outcomes in patients undergoing robotic myomectomy. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort data analysis (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). SETTING: Community-based teaching hospital. PATIENTS: A total of 77 consecutive patients from January 2005 through November 2008 with symptomatic leiomyomata. INTERVENTION: Robotic-assisted laparoscopic myomectomy. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Body mass index ([BMI] expressed as kg/m(2)) was abstracted from the medical charts of all patients undergoing robotic myomectomy. Data on estimated blood loss, procedure time, length of hospital stay, diameter of the largest fibroid, and specimen weight were also extracted. Overall patient demographics between the groups were similar. Thirty-two patients (41.6%) were obese or morbidly obese (BMI>30). The parameters analyzed for associations with the continuous measure of BMI included length of postoperative hospital stay (LOS), estimated blood loss (EBL), and procedure duration. Median (range) procedure time among all patients was (195 minutes, 98-653 minutes), estimated blood loss was (100 mL, 10-700 mL), and length of hospital stay was (1 day, 1-5 days). No associations were determined between BMI and LOS (r=0.14, p=.22), EBL (r=0.25, p=.03), or procedure duration (r=0.16, p=.22) with Spearman correlations. The size of the largest leiomyoma diameter did not affect these associations. CONCLUSION: Preoperative obesity is not a risk factor for poor surgical outcome in patients undergoing robotic myomectomy.