Are soluble E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 potential predictors for the development of diabetic retinopathy in young adults, 15-34 years of age? A Swedish prospective cohort study.

The aim of this study was to determine plasma levels of three adhesion molecules that may contribute to the development of diabetic retinopathy; soluble endothelial selectin (sE-selectin), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), in young adults, aged 15-34 years at diagnosis of diabetes, to find potential predictors for development of retinopathy, and to evaluate their relation to diabetes associated autoantibodies. Participants with type 1 (n = 169) and type 2 diabetes (n = 83) were selected from the complications trial of the Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden and classified in two subgroups according to presence (n = 80) or absence (n = 172) of retinopathy as determined by retinal photography at follow-up 8-10 years after diagnosis of diabetes. Blood samples were collected at diagnosis in 1987-88. The levels of sE-selectin, sICAM-1, and sVCAM-1 were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and islet cell antibodies by a prolonged two-colour immunofluorescent assay. Mean HbA1c (p<0.001) and clinical characteristics: mean body mass index (p = 0.019), systolic blood pressure (p = 0.002), diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.003), male gender (p = 0.026), and young age at diagnosis of diabetes (p = 0.015) remained associated with development of retinopathy in type 1 diabetes. However, in a multivariate analysis only HbA1c remained as a risk factor. sE-selectin was significantly higher in the group with type 2 diabetes and retinopathy, compared to the group with type 2 diabetes without retinopathy (p = 0.04). Regarding sE-selectin, sICAM-1, and sVCAM-1 in participants with type 1 diabetes, no differences were observed between the groups with or without retinopathy. This trial confirmed the role of HbA1c and clinical characteristics as predictors for development of retinopathy in type 1 diabetes. sE-selectin stands out as a potential predictor for development of retinopathy in type 2 diabetes, whereas a predictive role for sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 could not be identified neither for type 1 nor type 2 diabetes.

Maternal obesity, interpregnancy weight changes and congenital heart defects in the offspring: a nationwide cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between maternal BMI and congenital heart defects (CHDs) in the offspring when including live births, stillbirths, aborted and terminated pregnancies and to investigate if maternal interpregnancy weight changes between the first and second pregnancy influences the risk of foetal CHDs. METHODS: A nationwide cohort study of all singleton pregnancies in Denmark from 2008 to 2018. Data were retrieved from the Danish Foetal Medicine Database, which included both pre- and postnatal diagnoses of CHDs. Children or foetuses with chromosomal aberrations were excluded. Odds ratios were calculated with logistic regression models for CHDs overall, severe CHDs and five of the most prevalent subtypes of CHDs. RESULTS: Of the 547 105 pregnancies included in the cohort, 5 442 had CHDs (1.0%). Risk of CHDs became gradually higher with higher maternal BMI; for BMI 25-29.9 kg/m2, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.17 (95% CI 1.10-1.26), for BMI 30-34.9 kg/m2, aOR 1.21 (95% CI 1.09-1.33), for BMI 35-39.9 kg/m2, aOR 1.29 (95% CI 1.11-1.50) and for BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2, aOR 1.85 (95% CI 1.54-2.21). Data was adjusted for maternal age, smoking status and year of estimated due date. The same pattern was seen for the subgroup of severe CHDs. Among the atrioventricular septal defects (n = 231), an association with maternal BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 was seen, OR 1.67 (95% CI 1.13-2.44). 109 654 women were identified with their first and second pregnancies in the cohort. Interpregnancy BMI change was associated with the risk of CHDs in the second pregnancy (BMI 2 to < 4 kg/m2: aOR 1.29, 95% CI 1.09-1.53; BMI ≥ 4 kg/m2: aOR 1.36, 95% CI 1.08-1.68). CONCLUSION: The risk of foetal CHDs became gradually higher with higher maternal BMI and interpregnancy weight increases above 2 BMI units were also associated with a higher risk of CHDs.

Clinical implementation of first trimester screening for congenital heart defects.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the feasibility and performance of implementing a standardized fetal cardiac scan at the time of a routine first-trimester ultrasound scan. METHOD: A retrospective, single-center study in an unselected population between March 2021 and July 2022. A standardized cardiac scan protocol consisting of a four-chamber and 3-vessel trachea view with color Doppler was implemented as part of the routine first-trimester scan. Sonographers were asked to categorize the fetal heart anatomy. Data were stratified into two groups based on the possibility of evaluating the fetal heart. The influence of maternal and fetal characteristics and the detection of major congenital heart disease were investigated. RESULTS: A total of 5083 fetuses were included. The fetal heart evaluation was completed in 84.9%. The proportion of successful scans increased throughout the study period from 76% in the first month to 92% in the last month. High maternal body mass index and early gestational age at scan significantly decreased the feasibility. The first-trimester detection of major congenital heart defects was 7/16, of which four cases were identified by the cardiac scan protocol with no false-positive cases. CONCLUSION: First-trimester evaluation of the fetal heart by a standardized scan protocol is feasible to implement in daily practice. It can contribute to the earlier detection of congenital heart defects at a very low false positive rate.

Low-dose acetylsalicylic acid for the prevention of pre-eclampsia.

Pre-eclampsia affects 3-4% of pregnancies and is associated with maternal and infant mortality and morbidity. High-risk pregnancies in Denmark are recommended prophylactic low-dose acetylsalicylic acid (LDA). If new screening algorithms are implemented, LDA will be recommended to around 10% of pregnant women. The use of LDA may slightly increase the risk of minor bleeding disturbances. Otherwise, there is a lot of promising data regarding the safety of LDA use during pregnancy, as argued in this review.

Impact of an Impaired Maternal-Fetal Environment on Death in Children With Congenital Heart Defects Undergoing Surgery in Denmark From 1994 to 2018.

BACKGROUND: Studies show that an impaired maternal-fetal environment (iMFE) increases the mortality risk in children with single-ventricle congenital heart defects (CHDs). We investigated the impact of an iMFE on death in children with various surgically corrected CHDs. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this nationwide register-based study, we examined the association between an iMFE (including preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, maternal smoking during pregnancy) and death in a large cohort of children with surgically corrected CHDs in Denmark (1994-2018). Survival analysis was done using Cox regression, adjusted for confounding and mediating covariates. The cohort included 3304 children: 1662 (50.3%) with minor CHD and 1642 (49.7%) with major CHD. Among them, 792 (24%) children were exposed to an iMFE. During the study, there were 290 deaths: 71 (9.3%) in children exposed to an iMFE and 219 (8.7%) in those unexposed. There were no differences in mortality risk between children with CHD exposed to an iMFE and those unexposed (hazard ratio [HR], 1.12 [95% CI, 0.86-1.47]; P=0.4). This was consistent across subgroups, including minor CHD (HR, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.39-1.47]; P=0.4), major CHD (HR, 1.23 [95% CI, 0.92-1.64]; P=0.2), and hypoplastic left heart syndrome/univentricular heart (HR, 1.08 [95% CI, 0.64-1.85]; P=0.8). CONCLUSIONS: Impairment of the maternal-fetal environment did not impact the mortality rate in children with CHD undergoing operation in Denmark from 1994 to 2018. We believe the cause of these discrepant findings to previous studies may be due to differences in the composition of CHD and prenatal maternal health care and health status of the population.

Maternal age and the risk of fetal aneuploidy: A nationwide cohort study of more than 500 000 singleton pregnancies in Denmark from 2008 to 2017.

INTRODUCTION: In this register-based study of pregnancies in Denmark, we assessed the associations between maternal age and the risk of fetal aneuploidies (trisomy 21, trisomy 18, trisomy 13, triploidy, monosomy X and other sex chromosome aberrations). Additionally, we aimed to disentangle the maternal age-related effect on fetal aneuploidies by cases with translocation trisomies and mosaicisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We followed a nationwide cohort of 542 375 singleton-pregnant women attending first trimester screening in Denmark between 2008 and 2017 until delivery, miscarriage or termination of pregnancy. We used six maternal age categories and retrieved information on genetically confirmed aneuploidies of the fetus and infant from the national cytogenetic register. RESULTS: We confirmed the known associations between advanced maternal age and higher risk of trisomy 21, 18, 13 and other sex chromosome aberrations, especially in women aged ≥35 years, whereas we found no age-related associations with triploidy or monosomy X. Cases with translocation trisomies and mosaicisms did not influence the overall reported association between maternal age and aneuploidies. CONCLUSION: This study provides insight into the accurate risk of fetal aneuploidies that pregnant women of advanced ages encounter.

Preeclampsia and Long-Term Risk of Venous Thromboembolism.

Importance: As venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains one of the leading causes of maternal mortality, identifying women at increased risk of VTE is of great importance. Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorder with generalized endothelial dysfunction. Some studies suggest that preeclampsia is associated with an increased risk of VTE, but much controversy exists. Objective: To examine the association between preeclampsia and the risk of VTE during pregnancy, during the puerperium, and after the puerperium. Design, Setting, and Participants: This observational cohort study used Danish nationwide registries to identify all eligible primiparous women who gave birth in Denmark from January 1, 1997, to December 31, 2016. The women were followed up from primiparous pregnancy to incident VTE, emigration, death, or the end of the study (December 31, 2016). Statistical analyses were carried out from January to May 2023. Exposure: Preeclampsia during primiparous pregnancy. Main Outcomes and Measure: The main outcome was incident VTE, and the secondary outcome was all-cause mortality. Results: A total of 522 545 primiparous women (median age, 28 years [IQR, 25-31 years]) were included, and 23 330 (4.5%) received a diagnosis of preeclampsia. Women with preeclampsia were of similar age to women without preeclampsia but had a higher burden of comorbidities. During a median follow-up of 10.2 years (IQR, 5.2-15.4 years), preeclampsia was associated with a higher incidence of VTE compared with no preeclampsia (incidence rate, 448.8 [95% CI, 399.9-503.5] vs 309.6 [95% CI, 300.6-319.9] per 1000 patient-years, corresponding to an unadjusted hazard ratio [HR] of 1.45 [95% CI, 1.29-1.63] and an adjusted HR of 1.43 [95% CI, 1.27-1.61]). When stratified according to the subcategories of VTE, preeclampsia was associated with an increased rate of deep vein thrombosis (unadjusted HR, 1.51 [95% CI, 1.32-1.72] and adjusted HR, 1.49 [95% CI, 1.31-1.70]) as well as pulmonary embolism (unadjusted HR, 1.39 [95% CI, 1.09-1.76]; adjusted HR, 1.36 [95% CI, 1.08-1.73]). These findings held true in landmark analyses during pregnancy, during the puerperium, and after the puerperium. Conclusions and Relevance: This cohort study suggests that preeclampsia was associated with a significantly increased risk of VTE during pregnancy, during the puerperium, and after the puerperium, even after thorough adjustment. Future studies should address how to improve the clinical management of women with a history of preeclampsia to prevent VTE.

Motivation towards first trimester screening for preeclampsia among pregnant women in Denmark: A cross-sectional questionnaire study.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this cross-sectional questionnaire study was to investigate motivation to participate in a possible new screening for preeclampsia in the first trimester of pregnancy among Danish pregnant women through a questionnaire based on Theory of Planned Behavior developed for this specific purpose. The new screening combines maternal characteristics with mean arterial pressure, uterine artery pulsatility index and biochemical markers to predict the risk of preeclampsia, whereas the current Danish screening uses maternal characteristics alone. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Participation was offered to a proportion of women attending a first or a second trimester screening scan at two University Hospitals in Copenhagen. The questionnaire was set up in REDCap® and answers were entered directly into the database, which was accessed via a QR-code. RESULTS: We invited 772 pregnant women to participate in the questionnaire survey between November 2021 and April 2022 at Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet (study site one) (n = 238) and Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre (study site two) (n = 534). The response rate was 71.8% (171/238) at study site one and 33.9% (181/534) at study site two. A total of 352 women were included in the study (total participation rate 45.6%). Most women had a positive attitude towards preeclampsia screening in pregnancy, and 99.4% said they would participate in a risk assessment for preeclampsia if given the opportunity. A total of 97.4% answered "yes" to whether a first trimester preeclampsia screening should be offered to all pregnant women in Denmark. Positive motivation to participate in preeclampsia screening was correlated with having a network with a positive attitude towards preeclampsia screening. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that Danish pregnant women have a positive attitude towards participation in a first trimester screening for preeclampsia. This observation might be useful in relation to possible future implementation in Denmark.

Risk of adverse pregnancy outcome in isolated single umbilical artery diagnosed at the mid-trimester anomaly scan: a large Danish retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of isolated single umbilical artery (iSUA) confirmed at the mid-trimester anomaly scan and adverse pregnancy outcome and congenital malformations with up to 10 years postnatal follow up. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included 116,501 singleton pregnancies consecutively enrolled in first trimester screening for aneuploidies and mid-trimester anomaly scan at three University Hospitals in the Capital Region of Copenhagen, Denmark.Data from the Danish Fetal Medicine Database (2008-2017) were verified by manually scrutinizing pre- and postnatal records. The main outcomes of interest were intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD), small for gestational age (SGA), preterm delivery, cesarean section and unrecognized pre- and postnatal congenital malformations. RESULTS: In total, 775 pregnancies with iSUA were identified. Isolated SUA were associated with a significantly increased risk of IUFD (OR 4.16, 95% CI 2.06-8.44), SGA < 3rd centile (aOR 2.41, 95% 1.85-3.14) and SGA < 10th centile (aOR 1.84, 95% CI 1.53-2.21), but not with preterm delivery or cesarean section. The laterality of the missing artery was not associated with SGA. In total, 4.3% of pregnancies with iSUA had unrecognized congenital malformations. 1.5% with iSUA had congenital cardiovascular malformations, which were considered minor. CONCLUSION: Isolated SUA is associated with IUFD and SGA, supporting surveillance during third trimester. If, during the mid-trimester scan, the sonographer achieves thorough, extended cardiac views and finds no additional malformation other than SUA, fetal echocardiography seems not to be needed.

Lack of an association between first-trimester concentration of mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide and risk of early-onset preeclampsia <34 weeks' gestation.

AIM: We examined the heart failure biomarker mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide during the first trimester of pregnancy in relation to early-onset preeclampsia <34 weeks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This case-control study included 34 women with singleton pregnancies with a preeclampsia diagnosis and delivery before 34 weeks of gestation who had attended the routine first-trimester ultrasound scan at 11-13+6 weeks of gestation between August 2010 and October 2015 at the Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark, and 91 uncomplicated singleton pregnancies matched by time of the routine first-trimester blood sampling at 8-13+6 weeks. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed for maternal characteristics and obstetric and medical history for the case versus the control group. Concentrations of mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide, placental growth factor, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1, and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A between early-onset preeclampsia cases and the control group were compared using Students t-test and the Mann-Whitney U test. Biochemical marker concentrations were converted into multiples of the expected median values after adjustment for gestational age. RESULTS: Mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide levels were not significantly different between early-onset preeclampsia cases and the control group in the first trimester of pregnancy. As expected, both placental growth factor and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A levels were significantly lower in early-onset preeclampsia, whereas soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 levels were not statistically significantly different. CONCLUSION: The maternal first-trimester concentration of mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide, a peptide with multiple biological functions including a relation to cardiovascular disease, was not significantly different in women with early-onset preeclampsia.

Triple trouble: uncovering the risks and benefits of early fetal reduction in trichorionic triplets in a large national Danish cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Triplet pregnancies are high risk for both the mother and the infants. The risks for infants include premature birth, low birthweight, and neonatal complications. Therefore, the management of triplet pregnancies involves close monitoring and may include interventions, such as fetal reduction, to prolong the pregnancy and improve outcomes. However, the evidence of benefits and risks associated with fetal reduction is inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the outcomes of trichorionic triplet pregnancies with and without fetal reduction and with nonreduced dichorionic twin pregnancies and primary singleton pregnancies. STUDY DESIGN: All trichorionic triplet pregnancies in Denmark, including those with fetal reduction, were identified between 2008 and 2018. In Denmark, all couples expecting triplets are informed about and offered fetal reduction. Pregnancies with viable fetuses at the first-trimester ultrasound scan and pregnancies not terminated were included. Adverse pregnancy outcome was defined as a composite of miscarriage before 24 weeks of gestation, stillbirth at 24 weeks of gestation, or intrauterine fetal death of 1 or 2 fetuses. RESULTS: The study cohort was composed of 317 trichorionic triplet pregnancies, of which 70.0% of pregnancies underwent fetal reduction to a twin pregnancy, 2.2% of pregnancies were reduced to singleton pregnancies, and 27.8% of pregnancies were not reduced. Nonreduced triplet pregnancies had high risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes (28.4%), which was significantly lower in triplets reduced to twins (9.0%; difference, 19.4%, 95% confidence interval, 8.5%-30.3%). Severe preterm deliveries were significantly higher in nonreduced triplet pregnancies (27.9%) than triplet pregnancies reduced to twin pregnancies (13.1%; difference, 14.9%, 95% confidence interval, 7.9%-21.9%). However, triplet pregnancies reduced to twin pregnancies had an insignificantly higher risk of miscarriage (6.8%) than nonreduced twin pregnancies (1.1%; difference, 5.6%; 95% confidence interval, 0.9%-10.4%). CONCLUSION: Triplet pregnancies reduced to twin pregnancies had significantly lower risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes, severe preterm deliveries, and low birthweight than nonreduced triplet pregnancies. However, triplet pregnancies reduced to twin pregnancies were potentially associated with a 5.6% increased risk of miscarriage.

Increased nuchal translucency in children with congenital heart defects and normal karyotype-is there a correlation with mortality?

Objectives: Our objective was to investigate if an increased nuchal translucency (NT) was associated with higher mortality in chromosomally normal children with congenital heart defects (CHD). Methods: In a nationwide cohort using population-based registers, we identified 5,633 liveborn children in Denmark with a pre- or postnatal diagnosis of CHD from 2008 to 2018 (incidence of CHD 0.7%). Children with chromosomal abnormalities and non-singletons were excluded. The final cohort compromised 4,469 children. An increased NT was defined as NT > 95th-centile. Children with a NT > 95th-centile vs. NT < 95th-centile including subgroups of simple- and complex CHD were compared. Mortality was defined as death from natural causes, and mortalities were compared among groups. Survival analysis with Cox-regression was used to compare rates of mortality. Analyses were adjusted for mediators (possibly explanatory factors between increased NT and higher mortality): preeclampsia, preterm birth and small for gestational age. And for confounding effects of extracardiac anomalies and cardiac intervention, due to their close association to both the exposure and the outcome (i.e., confounders). Results: Of the 4,469 children with CHD, 754 (17%) had complex CHD and 3,715 (83%) simple CHD. In the combined group of CHDs the mortality rate was not increased when comparing those with a NT > 95th-centile to those with a NT < 95th-centile [Hazard ratio (HR) 1.6, 95%CI 0.8;3.4, p = 0.2]. In simple CHD there was a significantly higher mortality rate with a HR of 3.2 (95%CI: 1.1;9.2, p = 0.03) when having a NT > 95th centile. Complex CHD had no differences in mortality rate between a NT > 95th-centile and NT < 95th-centile (HR 1.1, 95%CI: 0.4;3.2, p = 0.8). All analysis adjusted for severity of CHD, cardiac operation and extracardiac anomalies. Due to limited numbers the association to mortality for a NT > 99th centile (>3.5 mm) could not be assessed. Adjustment for mediating (preeclampsia, preterm birth, small for gestational age) and confounding variables (extracardiac anomalies, cardiac intervention) did not alter the associations significantly, except for extracardiac anomalies in simple CHD. Conclusion: An increased NT > 95th-centile is correlated with higher mortality in children with simple CHD, but the underlying cause is unknown and undetected abnormal genetics might explain the correlation rather than the increased NT itself, hence further research is warranted.

First-trimester prediction of preterm prelabour rupture of membranes incorporating cervical length measurement.

OBJECTIVES: To examine early pregnancy risk factors for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM) and develop a predictive model. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of a cohort of mixed-risk singleton pregnancies screened in the first and second trimesters in three Danish tertiary fetal medicine centres, including a cervical length measurement at 11-14 weeks, at 19-21 weeks and at 23-24 weeks of gestation. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed to identify predictive maternal characteristics, biochemical and sonographic factors. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine predictors for the most accurate model. RESULTS: Of 3477 screened women, 77 (2.2%) had PPROM. Maternal factors predictive of PPROM in univariable analysis were nulliparity (OR 2.0 (95% CI 1.2-3.3)), PAPP-A < 0.5 MoM (OR 2.6 (1.1-6.2)), previous preterm birth (OR 4.2 (1.9-8.9)), previous cervical conization (OR 3.6 (2.0-6.4)) and cervical length ≤ 25 mm on transvaginal imaging (first-trimester OR 15.9 (4.3-59.3)). These factors all remained statistically significant in a multivariable adjusted model with an AUC of 0.72 in the most discriminatory first-trimester model. The detection rate using this model would be approximately 30% at a false-positive rate of 10%. Potential predictors such as bleeding in early pregnancy and pre-existing diabetes mellitus affected very few cases and could not be formally assessed. CONCLUSIONS: Several maternal characteristics, placental biochemical and sonographic features are predictive of PPROM with moderate discrimination. Larger numbers are required to validate this algorithm and additional biomarkers, not currently used for first-trimester screening, may improve model performance.

First-trimester biomarkers and ultrasound biometries in relation to growth discordance in monochorionic diamniotic twins.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the association and predictive value between intertwin discordance in first trimester biometries crown-rump length (CRL) and nuchal translucency (NT), and the first trimester biochemical markers PAPP-A and free ß-hCG in relation to birth weight discordance (BWD) ≥25% in monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) twin pregnancies.Methods: First trimester screening information and pregnancy outcome data on MCDA twin pregnancies with delivery from July 2008 to July 2017 were retrieved from the Danish Fetal Medicine Database. CRL discordance was divided into: <10% (reference group) and ≥10%. NT discordance was divided into: <20% (reference group) and ≥20%. The twin pregnancies were classified according to BWD into the following groups: <10% (reference group), 10-24.9%, and ≥25% including cases undergoing umbilical cord occlusion due to selective fetal growth restriction (sFGR). The twin pregnancies with the most severe BWD (BWD ≥25%) were subdivided into three groups including cases with only one growth-restricted (<10th centile) infant defined as sFGR, and cases where both twins were <10th centile. Median multiples of the median (MoM) values of PAPP-A and free ß-hCG were compared with the group with BWD <10% using the Wilcoxon two-sample test. The ability of CRL discordance and NT discordance to predict BWD ≥25% was examined by the area under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve.Results: A total of 762 MCDA pregnancies were included. The proportion of pregnancies with CRL discordance ≥10% and NT discordance ≥20% was significantly higher in the group with severe BWD discordance (27.0% vs. 4.7% (p < 0.001) and 40.9% vs. 23.9% (p = 0.001), respectively). When examining the three subgroups of severe BWD, we found a significantly higher percentage of pregnancies with CRL discordance ≥10% in the group where umbilical cord occlusion was performed (52.6% vs. 4.7% in the group with BWD <10% (p < 0.001)) and in the group of BWD ≥25% with sFGR (21.7% vs. 4.7% (p < 0.001)). Additionally, a significantly higher percentage of pregnancies with NT discordance ≥20% was found in the group where umbilical cord occlusion was performed (52.6% vs. 23.9% (p = 0.005)) and in the group with both twins <10th centile (66.7% vs. 23.9% (p = 0.003)). No statistically significant differences were found when comparing levels of PAPP-A and free ß-hCG MoMs with the group with BWD <10%. In ROC curves, CRL discordance yielded an AUC for prediction of BWD ≥25% of 0.70 (95% CI 0.63-0.76), and for NT discordance AUC was 0.59 (95% CI 0.52-0.66)). OR for any BWD ≥ 25% was 6.7 (95% CI 3.8-12.0) for pregnancies with a CRL discordance ≥10% compared to pregnancies with a CRL discordance <10%.Conclusions: This study shows that a discordance in CRL and NT in MCDA twins are both significantly associated with development of BWD. The most important predictor remains CRL discordance ≥10%, thereby suggesting the unequal growth pattern in many cases with BWD is evident already in the first trimester of the pregnancy. No association was found between first trimester biochemical markers and severe BWD.

Risks and pregnancy outcome after fetal reduction in dichorionic twin pregnancies: a Danish national retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Twin pregnancies carry a higher risk of congenital and structural malformations, and pregnancy complications including miscarriage, stillbirth, and intrauterine fetal death, compared with singleton pregnancies. Carrying a fetus with severe malformations or abnormal karyotype places the remaining healthy fetus at an even higher risk of adverse outcome and pregnancy complications. Maternal medical conditions or complicated obstetrical history could, in combination with twin pregnancy, cause increased risks for both the woman and the fetuses. To our knowledge, no previous studies have evaluated and compared the outcomes of all dichorionic twin pregnancies and compared the results of reduced twins with those of nonreduced and primary singletons in a national cohort. These data are important for clinicians when counseling couples about fetal reduction and its implications. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe and compare the risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including the risk of pregnancy loss, in a national cohort of all dichorionic twins-reduced, nonreduced, and primary singletons. In addition, we examined the implications of gestational age at fetal reduction on gestational age at delivery. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study of all Danish dichorionic twin pregnancies, including pregnancies undergoing fetal reduction and a large proportion of randomly selected primary singleton pregnancies with due dates between January 2008 and December 2018. The primary outcome measures were adverse pregnancy outcomes (defined as miscarriage before 24 weeks, stillbirth from 24 weeks, or single intrauterine fetal death in nonreduced twin pregnancies), preterm delivery, and obstetrical pregnancy complications. Outcomes after fetal reduction were compared with those of nonreduced dichorionic twins and primary singletons. RESULTS: In total, 9735 dichorionic twin pregnancies were included, of which 172 (1.8%) were reduced. In addition, 16,465 primary singletons were included. Fetal reductions were performed between 11 and 23 weeks by transabdominal needle-guided injection of potassium chloride, and outcome data were complete for all cases. Adverse pregnancy outcome was observed in 4.1% (95% confidence interval, 1.7%-8.2%) of reduced twin pregnancies, and 2.4% (95% confidence interval, 0.7%-6.1%) were delivered before 28 weeks, and 4.2% (95% confidence interval, 1.7%-8.5%) before 32 weeks. However, when fetal reduction was performed before 14 weeks, adverse pregnancy outcomes occurred in only 1.4% (95% confidence interval, 0.0%-7.4%), and delivery before 28 and 32 weeks diminished to 0% (95% confidence interval, 0.0%-5.0%) and 2.8% (95% confidence interval, 0.3%-9.7%), respectively. In contrast, 3.0% (95% confidence interval, 2.7%-3.4%) of nonreduced dichorionic twins had an adverse pregnancy outcome, and 1.9% (95% confidence interval, 1.7%-2.1%) were delivered before 28 weeks, and 7.3% (95% confidence interval, 6.9%-7.7%) before 32 weeks. Adverse pregnancy outcomes occurred in 0.9% (95% confidence interval, 0.7%-1.0%) of primary singletons, and 0.2% (95% confidence interval, 0.1%-0.3%) were delivered before 28 weeks, and 0.7% (95% confidence interval, 0.6%-0.9%) before 32 weeks. For reduced twins, after taking account of maternal factors and medical history, it was demonstrated that the later the fetal reduction was performed, the earlier the delivery occurred (P<.01). The overall risk of pregnancy complications was significantly lower among reduced twin pregnancies than among nonreduced dichorionic twin pregnancies (P=.02). CONCLUSION: In a national 11-year cohort including all dichorionic twin pregnancies, transabdominal fetal reduction by needle guide for fetal or maternal indication was shown to be safe, with good outcomes for the remaining co-twin. Results were best when the procedure was performed before 14 weeks.

Multivitamin intake and the risk of congenital heart defects: A cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common type of congenital birth defect, but little is known about possible modifiable behavioral risk factors. The study aimed to assess whether intake of periconceptional or postconceptional multivitamin was associated with a decreased risk of CHD in the offspring. STUDY DESIGN: The study population comprised 15,567 women from the Copenhagen Pregnancy Cohort with complete data on multivitamin intake before and during pregnancy, who gave birth to live-born singletons from October 2012 to October 2016. Main outcome measure was CHD defined according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), 10th revision. Cases of CHD were classified into five subgroups based on the clinical phenotype: 1) Conotruncal defects, 2) Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, 3) Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, 4) Septal defects, and 5) Other CHD. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed with adjustment for maternal age, chronic disease, assisted reproductive technology, smoking status, and alcohol consumption. RESULTS: Of the 15,567 included women, 31.9 % reported a daily multivitamin intake in the periconceptional period, 53.7 % in the postconceptional period, and 14.4 % women did not report a daily multivitamin intake. The prevalence of CHD in the population was 0.7 % (n = 112). Periconceptional and postconceptional multivitamin intake was not associated with risk of overall CHD in offspring: Adjusted OR was 0.64 (95 % CI 0.36-1.13) and 0.77 (95 % CI 0.47-1.30), respectively. CONCLUSION: The current large cohort study did not show a preventive effect of multivitamin intake in the periconceptional or postconceptional period on the risk of CHD in the offspring.

A Rare Dichorionic Triamniotic Triplet Pregnancy with Spontaneous Twin Anemia-Polycythemia Sequence between Two Dichorionic Fetuses.

INTRODUCTION: This report presents a rare case of spontaneous twin anemia-polycythemia sequence (TAPS) between two dichorionic fetuses in a spontaneous, homozygotic, dichorionic, triamniotic, triplet pregnancy treated with multiple intrauterine blood transfusions (IUTs) and partial exchange transfusions (PETs). CASE PRESENTATION: The pregnancy was diagnosed with stage IV TAPS at gestational week 25+1. The patient was treated with laser surgery combined with multiple IUTs and PETs. The triplets were delivered at a planned caesarean section at gestational week 28+1 with postnatal hemoglobin values of 18.21, 26.43, and 11.92 g/dL in triplet 1, 2, and 3, respectively. At 4 years of age, triplet 1 is considered healthy, triplet 2 is diagnosed with mild mental retardation, and triplet 3 with profound mental retardation and dystonic cerebral palsy. DISCUSSION: This is an extremely rare case of TAPS between dichorionic fetuses in a triplet pregnancy, and routine surveillance with measurement of middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity in dichorionic pregnancies may contribute to the detection of similar cases in the future. Furthermore, this case contributes with rare long-term follow-up data of children treated for high-stage TAPS with multiple IUTs and PETs.

The impact of anti-hypertensive treatment on foetal growth and haemodynamics in pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes - An explorative study.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the impact of anti-hypertensive treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension on foetal growth and hemodynamics in women with pre-existing diabetes. METHODS: A prospective cohort study of 247 consecutive pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes (152 type 1 diabetes; 95 type 2 diabetes), where tight anti-hypertensive treatment was initiated and intensified (mainly with methyldopa) when office blood pressure (BP) ≥135/85 mmHg and home BP ≥130/80 mmHg. Foetal growth was assessed by ultrasound at 27, 33 and 36 weeks and foetal hemodynamics were assessed by ultrasound Doppler before and 1-2 weeks after initiation of anti-hypertensive treatment. RESULTS: In 215 initially normotensive women, anti-hypertensive treatment for pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders was initiated in 42 (20%), whilst 173 were left untreated. Chronic hypertension was present in 32 (13%). Anti-hypertensive treatment for pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders was not associated with foetal growth deviation (linear mixed model, p = 0.681). At 27 weeks, mainly before initiation of anti-hypertensive treatment, the prevalence of small foetuses with an estimated foetal weight <10th percentile was 12% in women initiating anti-hypertensive treatment compared with 4% in untreated women (p = 0.054). These numbers were close to the prevalence of birth weight ≤10th percentile (small for gestational age (SGA)) (17% vs. 4%, p = 0.003). Pulsatility index in the umbilical and middle cerebral artery remained stable after the onset of anti-hypertensive treatment in a representative subgroup (n = 12, p = 0.941 and p = 0.799, respectively). CONCLUSION: There is no clear indication that antihypertensive treatment causes harm in this particular at-high-risk group of pregnant women with diabetes, such that a larger well-designed study to determine the value of tight antihypertensive control would be worthwhile.

Second-trimester cardiovascular biometry in growth-restricted fetuses; a multicenter cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Intrauterine growth restriction is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular changes neonatally. However, the underlying pathways are poorly understood, and it is not clear whether the dysfunction is already present in the fetus. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate fetal cardiac dimensions assessed from images at the second trimester anatomy scan from fetuses classified postnatally as small for gestational age and intrauterine growth restricted and compare them with appropriate for gestational age fetuses. STUDY DESIGN: This was a substudy from The Copenhagen Baby Heart Study, a prospective, multicenter cohort study including fetuses from the second trimester of pregnancy in Copenhagen from April 2016 to October 2018. The mothers were recruited at the second trimester anatomy scan that included extended cardiovascular image documentation followed by consecutively measured heart biometry by 2 investigators blinded for the pregnancy outcome. The fetuses were classified postnatally as small for gestational age and intrauterine growth restricted according to the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2020 guidelines using birthweight and with a retrospective assessment of Doppler flow. The mean differences in the cardiovascular biometry were adjusted for gestational age at the time of the second trimester scan and the abdominal circumference. The z-scores were calculated, and the comparisons were Bonferroni corrected (significance level of P<.005). Receiver operating characteristic curves were computed after performing backward regression on several maternal characteristics and biomarkers. RESULTS: We included 8278 fetuses, with 625 (7.6%) of them being small for gestational age and 289 (3.5%) being intrauterine growth restricted. Both small for gestational age and intrauterine growth restricted fetuses had smaller heart biometry, including the diameter at the location of the aortic valve (P<.005), the ascending aorta in the 3-vessel view (P<.005), and at the location of the pulmonary valve (P<.005). The intrauterine growth restricted group had significantly smaller hearts with respect to length and width (P<.005) and smaller right and left ventricles (P<.005). After adjusting for the abdominal circumference, the differences in the aortic valve and the pulmonary valve remained significant in the intrauterine growth restricted group. Achievement of an optimal receiver operating characteristic curve included the following parameters: head circumference, abdominal circumference, femur length, gestational age, pregnancy associated plasma protein-A multiples of median, nullipara, spontaneous conception, smoking, body mass index <18.5, heart width, and pulmonary valve with an area under the curve of 0.91 (0.88-0.93) for intrauterine growth restricted cases. CONCLUSION: Intrauterine growth restricted fetuses had smaller prenatal cardiovascular biometry, even when adjusting for abdominal circumference. Our findings support that growth restriction is already associated with altered cardiac growth at an early stage of pregnancy. The heart biometry alone did perform well as a screening test, but combined with other factors, it increased the sensitivity and specificity for intrauterine growth restriction.

Atypical severe intrauterine growth retardation and affected placental function after COVID-19 infection.

This case report describes an atypical progression of pregnancy in a woman who was infected with COVID-19 in her second trimester and initially presented with signs of absent foetal movements. The foetus was diagnosed with severe intrauterine growth restriction and abnormal foetal Doppler flows. The condition slowly improved over months, and the pregnancy was terminated with an acute caesarean section in gestational week 35. Placenta was tested negative for SARS-CoV-2-nucleocapsid. Four days old, the child was found COVID-19-positive, but remained asymptomatic. This case is a rare example considering the improvement of placental function over time.